WO1999067045A1 - Procede pour preparer un moule de coulee - Google Patents
Procede pour preparer un moule de coulee Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1999067045A1 WO1999067045A1 PCT/FR1999/001307 FR9901307W WO9967045A1 WO 1999067045 A1 WO1999067045 A1 WO 1999067045A1 FR 9901307 W FR9901307 W FR 9901307W WO 9967045 A1 WO9967045 A1 WO 9967045A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- filter
- housing
- molten metal
- mold
- joint plane
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000476 thermogenic effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005058 metal casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22C—FOUNDRY MOULDING
- B22C9/00—Moulds or cores; Moulding processes
- B22C9/08—Features with respect to supply of molten metal, e.g. ingates, circular gates, skim gates
- B22C9/086—Filters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing a casting mold comprising at least one molding cavity adapted to receive molten metal directed towards said cavity by at least one pouring funnel opening into a pouring channel extending downstream of the pouring funnel to said cavity, this process being implemented on an automatic casting machine and comprising a step of preparing two mold halves and a step of assembling the two mold halves along a plane substantially vertical joint.
- molds are deposited on a closed circuit conveyor on which the molds pass successively through stations for preparing the two mold halves, for assembling these two halves along a substantially vertical joint plane, pouring molten metal into the mold thus formed, solidifying the metal poured inside the mold, disassembling the mold to release the cast part or the cast parts.
- the method of the aforementioned type is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- a recess is formed in a first half of the mold forming a pouring funnel extending to the joint plane;
- - It is arranged at the joint plane, at the periphery of said recess, a housing substantially parallel to said joint plane and having at its upper part an upper opening, said housing having, parallel to said joint plane, predetermined dimensions larger than those of said funnel and, in the direction perpendicular to said joint plane, a predetermined thickness;
- a second recess is arranged in the second half of the mold, having a opening of dimensions smaller than the corresponding dimensions of the housing, this recess being closed at its upper part and communicating downstream with a pouring channel; - The two mold halves are assembled along the joint plane;
- a filter which has dimensions substantially smaller than the corresponding predetermined dimensions of the housing, and which is suitable for filtering molten metal so that molten metal poured into the funnel crosses said filter and is then channeled through the second recess to the pouring channel.
- the housing in the first mold half is open at the top and allows easy and reliable introduction of the filter into the upper opening of said housing.
- This housing is closed at its periphery by the edges defining the opening of the recess of the second mold half.
- molten metal enters the funnel, this molten metal presses the filter against the second mold half.
- the filter is thus applied in a substantially airtight manner against the edges of the opening of this second mold half, which forces the molten metal to pass through the filter to be filtered before reaching the molding cavity.
- We thus manage to provide a passage for molten metal allowing a filter to be introduced through this passage without disturbing the operation of an automatic casting machine.
- This introduction of the filter can be carried out either during any waiting time of the mold, for example during the duration, a few seconds, of the casting of molten metal in one of the preceding molds, even during displacement of the mold.
- the vibrations of a movement can further facilitate this introduction of the filter.
- the housing and the filter are given, in cross section by a plane parallel to the joint plane, respective complementary contours shaped so as to automatically center the filter relative to the housing, for example contours trapezoid-shaped with its small base at the bottom.
- a filter comprising a series of at least two filter plates of refractory material defining between two adjacent plates a corresponding cavity, these plates each comprising a series of holes allowing the passage and filtration of the metal in melting, at least one of the cavities containing a material for treating the molten metal in the form of a compressed, sintered or molded plate, the plate of treatment material having a shape such that, viewed in the direction of passage of the molten metal it leaves on each filter plate at least one region not covered with filtration holes not blocked by said plate to allow the molten metal having penetrated into the cavity to come into contact with the material for processing the plate and to flow around said plate then through the filtration holes of the second filter plate.
- Such a filter is known, in particular from EP-A-0 578 517 and FR 98 01 634 in the name of the applicant.
- the cavity formed between the two plates is filled with molten metal substantially at the same time as the funnel, which weighs down the filter. This weighing down of the filter, combined with the fact that the molten metal present in the funnel presses the filter against the edges of the second recess, so that there is no risk of the filter rising up under the effect of ferrostatic pressure. .
- the molten metal is not only filtered but also treated under excellent conditions of reliability and homogeneity of the treatment.
- the molten metal casting mold according to the present invention comprising at least one molding cavity adapted to receive molten metal directed towards said cavity by at least one pouring funnel opening into a channel extending downstream from the funnel to said cavity, a filter being interposed on the passage of molten metal, is characterized in that said mold has been prepared by implementing the method according to the first aspect of the 'invention.
- FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view, along a plane perpendicular to the joint plane, of a casting mold according to an embodiment of the present invention
- - Figure 2 is a top view of the mold of Figure 1;
- FIG. 3 is a partial sectional view along III-III in Figure 1;
- FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view along IV-IV in Figure 1;
- FIG. 5 is a sectional view along V-V in Figure 6 of an embodiment of a filter used in the mold of Figures 1 to 4;
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view along VI-VI in Figure 5 of the filter shown in said figure
- FIG. 7 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing another embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 8A and 8B are half-views juxtaposed in section respectively along VIIIA-VIIIA and VIIIB-VIIIB in Figure 7;
- - Figure 9 is a view similar to Figure 7 of another embodiment of the invention.
- - Figure 10 is a sectional view along X-X in Figure 9, the filter not being shown for clarity of the figure;
- Figure 11 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a partial sectional view along XII-XII in Figure 11;
- - Figure 13 is a partial sectional view along XIII-XIII in Figure 11; - Figure 14 is a top view of the embodiment of Figure 11; - Figure 15 is an enlarged schematic view of a detail of Figure 14.
- a casting mold 1 comprising at least one molding cavity 60 (see FIG. 11) adapted to receive molten metal which is directed towards said cavity 60 by at least one funnel 2 for casting opening into a channel
- Such a mold 1 adapted to be prepared on an automatic casting machine in closed circuit, for example a machine of the type " DISAMATIC "®, consists of two mold halves 1a, 1b, which are assembled one against the other along a substantially vertical joint plane 4.
- the method for preparing a casting mold 1 is characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- a recess 2 is formed in a first half of the mold 1 forming a pouring funnel 2 extending to the joint plane 4;
- a housing 5 substantially parallel to the joint plane 4 and having at its upper part an upper opening 6, the housing 5 having, parallel to the plane of joint 4, predetermined dimensions larger than those of said funnel 2 and, in the direction 7 perpendicular to the joint plane 4, a predetermined thickness; - one arranges in the second half lb of the mold
- a filter 12 which has dimensions substantially smaller than the corresponding predetermined dimensions of the housing 5 and which is adapted to filter molten metal, so that molten metal poured into the funnel 2, passes through the filter 12 and is then channeled through the second recess 8 towards the pouring channel 3.
- the filter 12 is any known filter, such a filter made of refractory material (ceramic) with holes for the passage of molten metal.
- the dimensions of the housing and those of the filter are predetermined to take account of the manufacturing tolerances and the clearances necessary to allow easy and reliable introduction of the filter 12 into the housing 5.
- the funnel 2 is preferably defined to direct the molten metal over the entire width and substantially the entire height of the filtering zone of the filter, for example the zone pierced with holes for the passage of molten metal.
- the second recess 8 alone constitutes a first section of the pouring channel 3 and extends substantially vertically downward beyond the lower seat 10 of the housing 5. It opens into a second section 11 of the pouring channel which is arranged at least partially in the first half 1a of the mold 1, and which is adapted to direct molten metal towards the molding cavity 60 of the mold 1.
- the second section 11 could also extend horizontally on one side, or on each side, from the second housing 8, or in any direction and in any direction, towards said cavity.
- the second section 11 of the pouring channel 3 can obviously be arranged astride the two halves 1a, 1b of the mold 1 on either side of the joint plane 4.
- the housing 5 and the filter 12 are given, in cross section by a plane parallel to the joint plane 4, respective complementary contours shaped so as to center automatically the filter 12 relative to the housing 5.
- the filter 12 is given, in cross section by a plane parallel to the joint plane 4, a contour having the shape of a trapezoid having its small base in the lower part.
- This substantially trapezoidal shape can be limited to the lower part of the housing 5 and of the filter 12. The same can be done for the housing 5.
- Such a concave seat may have a rounded shape, or a re-entrant dihedral shape, as shown schematically in 13a in FIG. 3.
- the essential condition to be respected is that the filter is positioned automatically inside the housing 5, with sufficient precision so that the filter 12, pressed against the peripheral edges of the opening 9 of the second recess 8, covers by its peripheral contour all the edges of the opening 9 to force all the molten metal poured into the funnel 2 to pass through the filter 12 to then be directed by the first section 8 and by the second section 11 of the pouring channel 3 towards the molding cavity, as shown diagrammatically by the arrow 31 in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 shows in solid lines the respective contours of the housing 5 and of the filter 12, and in dashed lines the contour of the funnel 2 at the level of the housing 5.
- the lower edges 5a, 12a are thus shown, lateral 5b, 5c; 12b, 12c and upper 12d respectively of the housing 5 and of the filter 12, on their faces parallel to the joint plane 4.
- the filter 12 has its lateral edges 12b, 12c guided on one side by the corresponding edge 5b, 5c of the housing 5, on the other side by the corresponding edge 9b, 9c of the second recess 9.
- edges 12b, 12c, 12d of the filter are pressed against the corresponding edges 9b, 9c, 9d of the opening 9 of the second recess 8, while its seat 13 rests over its entire length on the seat 10 of the housing 5, so as to force all the molten metal to pass through the filter 12.
- a filter 12 comprising a series of at least two filter plates 14, 15 made of refractory material defining between two adjacent plates 14, 15 a corresponding cavity 16.
- These filter plates 14, 15 each have a series of filter holes 17 allowing the passage and filtration of the molten metal, at least one of the cavities 16 containing a material for treating the molten metal.
- the plates 14, 15 are for example ceramic plates baked in the oven, in particular around 1400 ° C., if the metal to be treated is cast iron or steel.
- a treatment material is used in the form of a compressed, sintered or molded plate 18, the plate 18 of treatment material having a shape such that, seen in the direction 19 of the flow of molten metal, it leaves on each filter plate 14, 15 at least one region 20 not covered comprising filter holes 17 not closed by said plate 18 to allow the molten metal having penetrated into the cavity 16, passing through the first filter plate 14, to come into contact with the material for treating the wafer 18 and to flow around said wafer 18, then through the filtration holes 17 of the second filter plate 15.
- the treatment material is usually chosen from desulphurizers, thermogens, inoculants, spheroidizers, vermiculants, recarburants, refiners, modifiers, and addition alloys.
- a weight of treatment material of between 0.001% and approximately 2% of the weight of the molten metal to be treated is used.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show, by way of nonlimiting examples, in the left half of these two figures, a plate of substantially octagonal section which leaves in each of the four corners of the cavity 16 an uncovered region 20 comprising non-covered filtration holes 17, shown in solid lines in FIG. 6.
- This octagonal plate may have in its center a hole 21 of any diameter. There is shown, in the right part of FIGS. 5 and 6, a plate of substantially circular section also leaving in each of the four corners of the cavity 16 an uncovered region 20.
- the circular section plate may also have, for example in its center, a hole (not shown) of any diameter.
- each of the filter plates 14, 15 has on one side a peripheral flange 22, and the two plates 14, 15 are joined to one another along their respective peripheral flanges 22, after insertion of the plate 18 into the cavity, by a seal 23.
- the housing 5 and / or the mold 1 are provided with means for creating frictional forces opposing the Archimedes thrust exerted by the molten metal on the filter 12 when said molten metal press the filter 12 against the edges 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d of the opening 9.
- the housing 5 extends substantially vertically, along a plane 33 inclined downward and downstream, in the direction 19 of passage of the molten metal, a small angle A predetermined with respect to the vertical plane.
- the lower end 5a of the housing 5 is more advanced in the direction 19 than the upper end 5d of said housing.
- the housing 5 is, at least in its lower part, formed in the second half lb of the mold 1.
- this housing 5 is arranged so as to facilitate the production of the two halves la, 1b of the mold 1, while allowing the edges of the filter 12 to rest on the edges of the opening 9 under the thrust of the molten metal poured into the funnel 2.
- the angle A is for example approximately 7 ° to 8 ° relative to the vertical.
- the thrust 34 directed substantially horizontally, exerted by the molten metal on the inlet face 35 of the filter 12 has a component 36 perpendicular to this inlet face 35 which supports the filter 12 against the edges of the opening 9, and a component 37 parallel to this entry face and directed downwards, which presses the filter 12 against the lower seat 10.
- the opening 9 is limited in its lower part by a dam 41 whose face facing the filter 12 forms the lower edge 9a on which the lower edge 12a of the filter rests.
- the second half lb of the mold 1 has a central tongue 38 extending from the rear face 39 of the second recess 8 in the direction opposite to the direction 19 of passage of the metal, and having a front face 40 on which the filter 12 rests, over the entire height or any part of the height of the recess 8.
- the tongue 38 thus separates the second recess 8 into two parts 8a, 8b which extend in any way, either in a single channel 11 directed downwards, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 9, or in two separate channels (not shown ) extending in any way towards a single molding cavity or towards several distinct molding cavities.
- the bearing face 40 of the tongue 38 is in the plane comprising the edges 9a to 9d of the opening 9, and constitutes not only a bearing surface, but also an additional friction surface between the filter 12 and the mold 1.
- one has at least one, in the present case, each of the substantially vertical longitudinal walls 51, 52 of the housing 5 a convex part 53, 54 projecting towards the interior of said housing 5 towards the other wall 52, 51, so as to create a slight constriction adapted to guide and center the lower part of the filter 12 which passes through this constriction during the introduction of said filter 12 into the housing 5.
- the convex parts 53, 54 have their respective upper faces 53a, 54a which forms a progressive angle with the corresponding wall 51, 52, so as to cooperate with the necessarily rounded angles of the lower corners 55, 56 of the filter 12 to ensure progressive guiding then a progressive tightening of said filter as said filter penetrates deeper into the cavity 5.
- the dam 41 constituting the lower edge 9a of the opening 9 on which the lower edge 12a of the filter 12 is supported in this example consists of a bridge 42 formed in the lower part of the recess 8 over all or part of the width occupied by the holes of the filter 12, and extending in direction 19 to the bottom of the recess 8 which is separated into two channels.
- FIGS. 11 to 15 show curved portions 53, 54 in the case of a vertical housing 5. It is obviously possible to provide these curved parts in the case of an inclined housing of the type shown in FIGS. 7 to 10, and to associate these curved parts at will with a dam 41 and / or a tongue 38.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
- Molds, Cores, And Manufacturing Methods Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP99922255A EP1091818B1 (fr) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-03 | Procede pour preparer un moule de coulee |
DE69906294T DE69906294D1 (de) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-03 | Verfahren zum präparieren einer giessform |
US09/720,298 US6540005B1 (en) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-03 | Method for preparing a casting mould |
AU39370/99A AU3937099A (en) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-03 | Method for preparing a casting mould |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9808088A FR2780322B3 (fr) | 1998-06-25 | 1998-06-25 | Procede pour preparer un moule de coulee |
FR98/08088 | 1998-06-25 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1999067045A1 true WO1999067045A1 (fr) | 1999-12-29 |
Family
ID=9527871
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1999/001307 WO1999067045A1 (fr) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-03 | Procede pour preparer un moule de coulee |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6540005B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP1091818B1 (fr) |
AU (1) | AU3937099A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69906294D1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2780322B3 (fr) |
TR (1) | TR200003822T2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1999067045A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA200007785B (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106001431A (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2016-10-12 | 共享装备股份有限公司 | 一种双包合浇用浇口盆 |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6860315B2 (en) * | 2001-07-26 | 2005-03-01 | Copeland Corporation | Green sand casting method and apparatus |
US6913063B2 (en) * | 2003-04-02 | 2005-07-05 | Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America, Inc. | Apparatus and method for inserting parts into a mold |
US20050189083A1 (en) * | 2004-03-01 | 2005-09-01 | Stahl Kenneth G.Jr. | Casting mold and method for casting achieving in-mold modification of a casting metal |
EP1657042B1 (fr) * | 2004-11-15 | 2014-06-25 | Ip Ag | Procédé de moulage centrifuge pour l'encadrement un bord et moule utilisant un tel procédé |
CN101422808B (zh) * | 2008-10-17 | 2012-05-23 | 浙江佳力风能技术有限公司 | 过滤器在浇注大型铸件中的使用方法 |
US8662144B2 (en) | 2011-10-03 | 2014-03-04 | Emerson Climate Technologies, Inc. | Methods of casting scroll compressor components |
CN104511568A (zh) * | 2014-12-30 | 2015-04-15 | 西峡县众德汽车部件有限公司 | 一种直浇口流道结构 |
CN115464100A (zh) * | 2022-09-02 | 2022-12-13 | 芜湖泓鹄材料技术有限公司 | 一种浇注熔渣分级过滤的方法 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE8711468U1 (de) * | 1986-11-21 | 1987-10-08 | Foseco International Ltd., Nechells, Birmingham | Gießform |
JPS6343740A (ja) * | 1986-08-11 | 1988-02-24 | Kubota Ltd | 網状フイルタ−を備えた立型造型鋳型 |
JPH01266942A (ja) * | 1988-04-18 | 1989-10-24 | Foseco Japan Ltd:Kk | 鋳型にセラミツクフイルターを設置する方法 |
EP0578517A1 (fr) * | 1992-05-29 | 1994-01-12 | Daussan Et Compagnie | Procédé pour traiter du métal en fusion dans une opération de coulée avec interposition d'un filtre, et filtre pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé |
-
1998
- 1998-06-25 FR FR9808088A patent/FR2780322B3/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-06-03 AU AU39370/99A patent/AU3937099A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-06-03 US US09/720,298 patent/US6540005B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-03 WO PCT/FR1999/001307 patent/WO1999067045A1/fr active IP Right Grant
- 1999-06-03 DE DE69906294T patent/DE69906294D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-03 EP EP99922255A patent/EP1091818B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-03 TR TR2000/03822T patent/TR200003822T2/xx unknown
-
2000
- 2000-12-21 ZA ZA200007785A patent/ZA200007785B/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS6343740A (ja) * | 1986-08-11 | 1988-02-24 | Kubota Ltd | 網状フイルタ−を備えた立型造型鋳型 |
DE8711468U1 (de) * | 1986-11-21 | 1987-10-08 | Foseco International Ltd., Nechells, Birmingham | Gießform |
JPH01266942A (ja) * | 1988-04-18 | 1989-10-24 | Foseco Japan Ltd:Kk | 鋳型にセラミツクフイルターを設置する方法 |
EP0578517A1 (fr) * | 1992-05-29 | 1994-01-12 | Daussan Et Compagnie | Procédé pour traiter du métal en fusion dans une opération de coulée avec interposition d'un filtre, et filtre pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
MODERN CASTING, April 1984 (1984-04-01), pages 16 - 18, XP002089205 * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 012, no. 260 (M - 720) 21 July 1988 (1988-07-21) * |
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 014, no. 026 (M - 921) 18 January 1990 (1990-01-18) * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106001431A (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2016-10-12 | 共享装备股份有限公司 | 一种双包合浇用浇口盆 |
CN106001431B (zh) * | 2016-07-27 | 2017-12-26 | 共享装备股份有限公司 | 一种双包合浇用浇口盆 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP1091818A1 (fr) | 2001-04-18 |
DE69906294D1 (de) | 2003-04-30 |
FR2780322A1 (fr) | 1999-12-31 |
AU3937099A (en) | 2000-01-10 |
US6540005B1 (en) | 2003-04-01 |
TR200003822T2 (tr) | 2001-06-21 |
ZA200007785B (en) | 2001-12-21 |
FR2780322B3 (fr) | 2000-05-12 |
EP1091818B1 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
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