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WO1999067864A1 - Dispositif de protection - Google Patents

Dispositif de protection Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999067864A1
WO1999067864A1 PCT/SE1999/001099 SE9901099W WO9967864A1 WO 1999067864 A1 WO1999067864 A1 WO 1999067864A1 SE 9901099 W SE9901099 W SE 9901099W WO 9967864 A1 WO9967864 A1 WO 9967864A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrodes
energy
members
electrode gap
supply
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/SE1999/001099
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Mikael Bergkvist
Hans Bernhoff
Mats Ekberg
Jan Isberg
Anders Sunesson
Original Assignee
Abb Ab
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/SE1998/001192 external-priority patent/WO1999034489A1/fr
Priority claimed from SE9802203A external-priority patent/SE9802203L/xx
Application filed by Abb Ab filed Critical Abb Ab
Priority to AU48159/99A priority Critical patent/AU4815999A/en
Publication of WO1999067864A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999067864A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/025—Disconnection after limiting, e.g. when limiting is not sufficient or for facilitating disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/06—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage using spark-gap arresters

Definitions

  • This invention relates to device for protection of an electrical object comprising at least one electric connection member coupled in parallel to the object, said connection member comprising at least one electrode gap normally electrically substantially isolating and which is adapted to establish an electric connection of the object on occurrence of an abnormal condition.
  • Said abnormal condition may regard both current and voltage.
  • Over voltages may arise as a consequence of atmospheric dis- turbances, such as lightning strokes, coupling over voltages etc.
  • Over currents may occur as a consequence of various faults, such as ground faults.
  • the device according to the invention may be used for protec- tion of a variety of different objects, for instance objects connected in series.
  • a concrete example of application relates to protection of capacitors, in particularly capacitor banks for series compensation in electric power networks.
  • Plants of the series compensator type may be very large. As an example may be mentioned system voltages up to 800 kV, nominal currents up to 4 kA (effect level 2 GW at 500 kV) and fault currents up to 100 kA.
  • the surface of a large plant is considerable, in the order of a football ground or more. Protection of series compensation capacitor banks occurs traditionally by means of spark gaps and breakers and possibly surge diverters (varistors). These devices allow protection against over voltages with varying speed.
  • the capacitors must be protected against over currents and over voltages by diversions/restriction measures.
  • the varistor enters into operation at a certain level and allows passage of such a current required for the voltage reduction.
  • the varistor may also up to a certain limit adopt fault currents and allows the capacitor to remain in the network so that compensation still occurs. This may be important from the point of view of stability.
  • the capacitor On more serious faults (short circuits etc) the capacitor is generally removed from the network by means of the spark gap. Until the spark gap is fired, the varistor is subjected to the full fault current. In this connection it should be observed that the so called thermal limit of the varistor is not exceeded.
  • the consideration in this connection is directed towards stability.
  • the capacitor may as a rule be short circuited, but when there are faults on an adjacent line, it may be a requirement that the capacitor remains irrespective of whether over currents and over voltages exist.
  • a problem with the prior protection devices is that the spark gaps have a comparatively prolonged closing time.
  • the time is not shorter than 2-5 milliseconds (ms).
  • ms milliseconds
  • the object of the present invention is to devise ways to develop the protection device so that it is provided with better possibilities to efficiently protect the electrical object, in particular the capacitor plant.
  • the invention especially aims at creating possibilities to reduce the disadvantage being associated to the fact that the spark gaps according to the prior art react comparatively slowly.
  • the object presented is fulfilled by the closing device comprising members to cause or at least initiate the electrode gap or at least a part thereof to assume electric conductivity by supply of triggering energy to the electrode gap to bring the gap or at least a part thereof to the form of a plasma by means of this energy.
  • the invention is based upon the idea to establish a very rapid closing of a conduction path with low resistivity through the electrode gap by supplying to the same triggering energy and in this way rapidly establish a plasma in the electrode gap.
  • the rapid operation of the closing means of the invention as compared to conventionally occurring spark gaps means that in case of a varistor occurs, it may be dimensioned in an optimum manner with focus on the over voltage protection aspect as a consequence of the fact that the closing means according to the invention react very rapidly to over currents and divert these over currents past the varistor/capacitors.
  • the rapid operation of the closing means according to the invention of course also means a reduced load on the capacitor banks.
  • the closing means according to the invention will by its character be imparted conductivity by supply of triggering energy obtain a very high triggering safety.
  • a closing means according to the invention create possibilities of dimen- sioning for achieving a very high strength against spontaneous electric brake through in untrigged state.
  • the triggering energy is supplied as radiation energy.
  • the radiation may be of different character, for example electrons, electromagnetic wave motions are preferred and particularly such wave motion which emanates from lasers.
  • the members for supply of radiation energy to the electrode gap preferable developments are defined regarding a.o. the members for supply of radiation energy to the electrode gap.
  • the radiation energy is supplied to the electrode gap in two or more spots or ar- eas for the purpose of achieving the highest possible safety as concerns bringing the electrode gap to assume an electrically conducting state.
  • the energy supply members may be designed to supply the radiation energy along an elongated area in the desired conduction path between the electrodes. According to an optimum design this elongated area may entirely or substantially entirely bridge the gap between the electrodes.
  • the members for supply of triggering energy may be arranged to apply the radiation energy in a volume assuming tubular shape. This is particularly preferable when one of the electrodes present an opening, through which the radiation energy is supplied and the radiation energy supplied in a tubular volume is applied relatively closely to the electrode provided with an opening .
  • the energy supply members may be designed to supply the radiation energy in several substantially parallel elongated areas extending between the electrodes.
  • the radiation energy may also be supplied to the electron gap transversely relative to an axis of the electrodes in one or more spots located between the electrodes.
  • Fig 1 is a diagram illustrating a first embodiment of the protection device
  • Fig 2 is a view illustration an embodiment completed with a varistor
  • Fig 3 is a view of an embodiment comprising two closing means according to the invention
  • Fig 4 is a view illustrating the embodiment according to Fig 2 with a more developed electric switch in parallel over the closing means;
  • Fig 5 is a view similar to the embodiment according to Fig 4 but illustrating an electric switch in series with the closing means
  • Fig 6 is a diagramatical detail view illustrating a possible design of the over current reducing arrangement
  • Fig 7 is a view similar to Fig 6 of a variant
  • Fig 8 is a diagramatical view illustrating an optical system for energy supply to the electrode gap
  • Fig 9 is a view illustrating an alternative optical system placed at the side of one of the electrodes.
  • Fig 1 0 is a further alternative to an optical system arranged to supply the radiation energy, without need for an opening in one of the electrodes, around one of the electrodes and coaxially relative to the same;
  • Fig 1 1 is a view of an optical system based on the use of optical fibres
  • Fig 12 is a view illustrating the function of detractive axicone for producing an elongated focal area between the electrodes
  • Fig 13 is a view illustrating the use of a diffractive axicone (a kinoform) capable of generating focal areas with different geo- metrical shapes;
  • Fig 14 is a view illustrating how the radiation energy may be supplied so that several substantially parallel electrically conducting channels are formed between the electrodes; and
  • Fig 15 is a view illustrating a preferred axicone embodiment.
  • the closing means according to the invention and transferable to an electrically conducting state by supply of triggering energy is denoted 1 0 and will be described more closely hereafter.
  • a line 1 there is provided a capacitor assembly 2 diagrammatically indicated.
  • the closing means 10 is coupled in parallel over the capacitor.
  • a current limiter 3 is arranged in series with the closing means 10.
  • the current limiter may have the character of a damping reactor.
  • An electric switch is coupled in parallel over the capacitor 2 as well as the closing means 10.
  • a control unit is generally denoted 5.
  • An arrangement for de- tecting abnormal conditions such as over currents, over voltages etc, is connected to the control unit 5 and denoted 6. It is stressed that the illustrations of this detector arrangement are diagramatical. In reality the arrangement may have an arbitrary number of sensors of differing character for establishing whether abnormal conditions exist or not.
  • the control unit 5 actuates the closing means 10 and the electric switch 4 respectively via control members 7 and 8 respectively.
  • the device illustrated in Fig operates in the following manner: the closing means 1 0 normally extinguished and the electric switch 4 open.
  • a fault condition for example an over current or an over voltage
  • control unit 5 which via the control member 7 activates the closing means 10 by supply of triggering energy.
  • This energy transfers the closing means 10 to an electrically conducting state within a time period which is within 1 millisecond (ms) after detection, and preferably within a time period which is a slow as near or below 1 microsecond.
  • the electric current path through the closing means 10 relieves the capacitor 2 via the current limiter 3.
  • the latter functions normally as a current maximiser, for instance at the level 100 kA or what is otherwise suitable for the individual case.
  • a corresponding signal is delivered to the control unit 5, which via the control member 8 closes the electric switch 4.
  • This causes a conduction path to be established in parallel over the closing means 10 so that accordingly the voltage drop over the same disappears.
  • This causes deionisation of the electrode gap in the closing means 10 so that the closing means is transferred to an electrically insulating state.
  • the control unit 5 thereafter controls the electric switch 4 to opening, whereupon the device according to Fig 1 is present in a normal position of operation.
  • the described function of the electric switch 4 motivates it to be denominated as a shunt breaker.
  • Fig 2 illustrates a variant differing from what has been described with assistance of Fig 1 only with regard to a surge diverter in the form of a varistor 1 1 having been added in Fig 2.
  • This varistor acts essentially as an over voltage protection but may to a certain limit adopt over currents.
  • the embodiment is normally intended to be such that the varistor 1 1 functions as an over voltage protection whereas the closing means 10 primarily functions as an over current protection.
  • the closing means 10 according to the invention could in practice function independently to fulfil over current as well as over voltage reducing tasks.
  • the embodiment illustrated in Fig 3 differs from the one in Fig 1 by a further closing means 10' according to the invention having been added. Furthermore, a second electric switch 4' has been provided. This electric switch 4' has been provided. This electric switch 4' and the further closing means 10' are arranged in series with each other in a branch which is parallel with the branches, in which the closing means 10 and the electric switch 4 are present.
  • the closing means 10 is intended to define a higher protection level whereas the closing means 10' is conceived to function at a lover level.
  • the electric switch 4 is open in normal operation. On the contrary, the electric switch 4' is normally closed.
  • the control unit 5 controls at a first lower level the closing means 10' to closing for dirversion of the actual over voltage or over current.
  • the control unit also controls the closing means 10 to open for achieving a good protection of the capacitor 2.
  • the closing means 10 and 10' respectively are extinguished by closing the electric switch 4 and opening the electric switch 4'. This provides for removal of the voltage drop over the closing means and thus extinguishing thereof. Thereafter, the electric switches return to the positions according to Fig 3.
  • a shunt line denoted 12 is coupled parallel over the electric switch 4a, said shunt line comprising one or more components 13 for avoiding arcs on separation of contacts of the electric switch 4a by causing the shunt line 12 to take over current conduction from the contacts.
  • the shunt line 12 is closeable to conduction via the control unit 5a and a control member denoted 14.
  • the components 13 may for instance be formed by controllable semiconductor components.
  • a surge diverter 15 (over voltage protection) may be coupled in parallel over the semiconductor components 13.
  • a switch 16 which is controlled by the control unit 5a via control member 1 7.
  • the electric switch 4a described is intended to be of relatively rapid design and operates in the following manner: the electric switch 4a is normally open. When the closing means 10a in a fault situation is brought to conduction and then again is to be extinguished, this occurs by the electric switch 4a being closed. The voltage drop over the closing means 10 ceases to exist and the arc is extinguished. Thereafter the control unit 5a provides for closing of the switch 16 in the shunt line. The control unit 5a insures furthermore, via the control member 14, that the semiconductor components 13 are conductive. This means that the current conduction over the electric switch 4a ceases or is low. Opening of the electric switch 4a is therefore possible without arc or at least such that the arc is soon extinguished. In the next step the control unit 5a controls the components 13 to breake the shunt line 12. Thereafter, if so desired, the switch 16 may be opened so that the shunt line 12 obtains a galvanic interruption.
  • FIG 5 reminds about the embodiment according to Fig 3.
  • an elec- trie switch 4b' provided with a shunt line 12b has been placed in series with the closing means 10b' whereas the further breaker 10b is in a branch line of its own in parallel with the closing means 10b' and furthermore, the electric switch 4b is placed in parallel over the closing means 10b.
  • the electric switch 4b In the normal position the electric switch 4b is open whereas the electric switch 4b' is closed.
  • the components 13b' maintain the shunt line 12b broken.
  • the closing means 10b' is first closed, which means by-pass of the consequences of the fault past the capacitor 2b.
  • the closing means 1 0b is normally adjusted to be brought into an electrically conducting state at a higher level of occurring faults then the closing means 10b'.
  • the closing means 10b may be said to function as backup.
  • Fig 6 illustrates a first embodiment of the over-current reducing arrangement having a closing means denoted 10.
  • the closing means 1 0 comprises electrodes 23 and a gap 24 present therebetween.
  • the closing means comprises members 25 to trigger the electrode gap 24 to form an electrically conducting path between the electrodes.
  • a control member 7 is adapted to control, via the control unit 5, operation of the members 25.
  • the members 25 are in the example arranged to cause or at least initiate the electrode gap to assume electric conductivity by ensuring that the gap or a part thereof is caused to form a plasma. It is then essential that the members 25 are capable of supplying triggering energy to the electrode gap with a great speed. It is then preferred that the triggering energy is supplied in the form of radiation energy capable of effecting ionisation/plasma initiation in the electrode gap.
  • the members 25 comprise at least one laser, which by en- ergy supply to the electrode gap provides for ionisation/plasma formation in at least a part of the electrode gap.
  • the invention it is preferred to supply, by means of one of more lasers or other members 25, energy to the electrode gap 24 so that almost momentarily the entire electrode gap is ionised and brought to the form of a plasma respectively so that also the entire gap 24 is immediately brought to electric conductivity.
  • the members 25 may, however, in use of the invention be adapted so that they are capable of achieving ionisation/plasma formation in only one or more parts of the gap 24.
  • the members 25 supply radiation energy in one single point or area 28.
  • the invention includes also application of radiation energy in several spots or areas in the electrode gap, including also on one of or on both of the electrodes, or in one or more rod like areas extending continuously or substantially continuously between the electrodes.
  • the closing means 10 When the closing means 10 is coupled between two lines or units 2, 8 as is diagrammatically indicated in Fig 6, i.e. with one of the electrodes 23 connected to 2 and the other electrode connected to 8, there will between the electrodes normally occur a voltage difference giving rise to an electric field.
  • the electric field in the gap 24 may be used to promote or cause an electric breakthrough between the electrodes as soon as the members 25 have been controlled to triggering, i.e. given rise to ionisa- tion/plasma formation in one or more parts of the electrode gap.
  • This established ionisation/plasma formation will be driven by the electric field to bridge the gap between the electrodes so as to provide in this way an electrically conducting channel with low resistivity, i.e. an arc, between the electrodes 23.
  • the invention is not intended to be restricted only to use on occurrence of such an electric field.
  • the intention is that the members 25 should be capable of establishing electric conduction between the electrodes also without such a field, or with a weak field.
  • the closing means 10 As a consequence of the requirement on the closing means 10 to close very rapidly for current diversion, it is, accordingly, desirable, when only a restricted part, e.g. a spot like part, of the gap is ionised, that the closing means is dimensioned so that the strength of the electric field in the gap 24 becomes sufficient for safe closing.
  • the closing means 10 in its insulating state of rest should have a very high electric strength to break-through between the electrodes. Seen against this background, the strength of the electric field in the gap 24 should be comparatively low. However, this reduces in one spot ionisation the speed, with which the closing means may be caused to establish the current diverting arc between the electrodes.
  • the closing means is designed in such a way with regard taken to its operational environment that the electric field in the gap 24, when the gap forms an electrical insulation , has a field strength which is not more than 30% of the field strength at which spontantaneous breakthrough normally occurs. This provides for an extremely low probability for a spontantaneous breakthrough.
  • the strength of the electric field in the electrode gap 24 in the insulating state thereof is suitably not more than 20% and pref- erably not more than 10% of the field strength, at which spontantaneous breakthrough normally occurs.
  • the strength in the electric field is at least 0.1 % , suitably at least 1 % and preferably at least 5% of the field strength, at which spontantaneous breakthrough normally occurs.
  • the electrode gap 24 is as appears from Fig 4 enclosed in a suitable housing 32.
  • the gap 24 there may exist a vacuum as well as a medium in the form of gas or even a liquid suitable for the purpose.
  • the medium in the gap is intended to be adapted so that it on triggering may be ionised and brought to a plasma form. In such a case it would be suit- able to initiate ionisation/plasma formation in the gap 24 in at least one spot somewhere between the electrodes 23.
  • Fig 6 is illustrated a case where there exists in the gap 24 either vacuum or a suitable medium.
  • initiation of closing occurs by the laser 25 illustrated in Fig 6 being caused to focus, via a suitable optical system 27, the emitted radiation energy in at least one area 28 on or adjacent to one of the electrodes.
  • This causes the electrode to function as an electrone and ion emitter for establishing an ionised environment/a plasma in the electrode gap 24 so that, accordingly, an arc will be formed between the electrodes.
  • one of the electrodes 23 may comprise an opening 29, through which the laser 25a is adapted to deliver radiation energy to the area 28 with the assistance of the optic system 27.
  • Fig 7 illustrates a closing means variant 10b where instead the system laser 25b/optics 27b focuses the radiation energy in at least one triggering area 28b located between the electrodes and in a medium therebetween. On triggering a development of plasma to bridging of the electrodes is, accordingly, intended to occur from this area.
  • Diffractive, refractive and reflective optical elements may be used in the invention.
  • Diffractive optical elements are elements, in which the wave fronts of the light, which wave fronts determine the propagation of the light, are formed by diffraction rather than refraction.
  • Diffractive optical elements may be produced by holographic technique, which does not admit arbitrary functions to be realised.
  • a more flexible mode of production is computer generation, in which the optical function may be calculated in a computer. In principle entirely arbitrary optical functions may then be realised, which functions often are impossible to provide by conventional refractive and reflective optics.
  • Such computer generated, phase controlling surface relief components are often termed kinoforms.
  • a well known example is the Fresnel-lens. This may, as all difractive optics, be designed as a binary structure consisting of only two relief levels or as a multi-level relief, which provides for a considerably better diffraction efficiency (functional efficiency of the optical element).
  • Fig 8 illustrates an embodiment based upon an optical system 27e comprising a lens system 35, via which arriving laser pulses are delivered to a diffractive optical phase element 36, a kino- form.
  • This element is designed to have a plurality of focal points 28e generated starting from a single arriving laser pulse. These focal points 28e are distributed along the axis of symmetry between the electrodes 23e. Since the focal points 28e are distributed along a line between the electrodes 23e, a more safe establishment of an electric conduction path between the electrodes is achieved, which means as high a probability for trig- gering as possible at as low a voltage/electric field strength as possible and with as small a time delay as possible.
  • the kinoform 36 is low-absorbing and may, accordingly, withstand extremely high optical energy densities. The kinoform is produced from a dielectrical material so that it will not in a seri- ous degree disturb the electric field between the electrodes.
  • Fig 9 illustrates a variant where generally the only dif- ference as compared to the embodiment according to Fig 8 is that here the diffractive optical element (kinoform) 36f is placed radially outwardly of one of the electrodes 23f.
  • the optical element 36f is as before designed to divert the laser light and focus the same in a number of spots distributed along the desired electric conduction path between the electrodes.
  • the radiation bundles forming the spots 28f have each their own deflection angle. Thus, the radiation bundles have to move different distances to the respective spots 28f.
  • the advantage of locating is that the kinoform will be located beside the largest electric field so that the field disturbance becomes a minimum.
  • the electrode design is also simplified since there is not needed any opening for the laser light.
  • Fig 10 illustrates an embodiment where a laser 25g via an optical system 27g supplies the laser radiation symmetrically in a plurality of focal points 28g distributed along the length of the electrode gap without any opening being required in the electrodes 23g .
  • the optical system 27g comprises a prisma or a ra- diation divider 37 arranged to break up the laser beam around the adjacent electrode 23g.
  • kinoforms 36g diffractive optical elements
  • Fig 1 1 illustrates a variant where a laser beam by means of an optical system 27h comprising optical fibres 38 is directed for formation of focal points 28h located at different places between the electrodes 23h.
  • the optical fibres 38 may be arranged to emit the light via lenses 39.
  • the light may be focused, by means of an axicone 36i, in an elongated focal area 28i located between the electrodes 23i.
  • This elongated focal area may ac- cording to one embodiment of the invention extend continuously the whole distance between the electrodes but could also assume only a part of the gap therebetween.
  • the invention is not only limited to such axi- cones which are purely linearly conical.
  • axicones are included, the mantle surface of which deviates from the linear cone, which will get a direct influence on the focal intensity distribution.
  • Fig 13 illustrates an embodiment where a specially shaped dif- tractive axicone 36n, a kinoform, has been designed to provide focal areas 28n and 28n' respectively with different shapes.
  • the focal area 28n is elongated and provided on the axis of symmetry of the axicone 36n and the electrodes.
  • the focal area 28n' on the contrary has as is in- dicated to the left in Fig 18 obtained a cross-sectionally tubular shape.
  • This tubular shape is advantageous most closely to an electrode 23n provided with an opening 29n since the periphery of the tubular focal area 28n' will be located relatively close to the electrode 29n provided with the opening.
  • Both focal areas 28n and 28n' have in Fig 1 8 a substantially constant intensity along the axis of symmetry but perpendicularly thereto there occurs, as concerns the focal area 28n, a substantially Gauss- shaped or Bessel-function shaped intensity distribution.
  • An advantage of an entirely or substantially conical or diffractive, coaxially focusing component as for example in Fig 8, 9, 10, 13 is that along the efficient direction of propagation of the radiation energy, which direction may be said to be a straight line, that plasma volume which is formed firstly, which occurs most closely to that electrode, at which the supply of the radia- tion energy occurs, will not screen, reflect or influence to a serious degree the radiation energy focused in points/areas located further away from the supply electrode.
  • This "shadowing effect" of the plasma volumes first formed could otherwise have prevented the radiation energy from efficiently reaching later foci. This is a consequence of the fact that the plasma has the property to be able to reflect or absorb radiation energy.
  • Fig 14 It is illustrated in Fig 14 that several substantially parallel electrically conducting channels may be formed between the elec- trodes 23p.
  • the electrically conducting channels may, viewed from the side, be located in one single row. However, it is possible to arrange a plurality of electrically conducting plasma channels in not only rows by also columns between the electrodes. The occurrence of a plurality of simultaneously electri- cally conducting channels increases the conduction capacity of the closing means.
  • an axicone may be said to be each rotationally symmetrical wave movement directing element, which by refrac- tion, reflection, diffraction or combinations thereof deflects light from a point source on the axis of symmetry of the element in such a way that the wave movement intersects this axis of symmetry not in one single point, as would be the case with a conventional spherical lens, but along a continuous line of points along a considerable extent of this axis of symmetry.
  • Fig 1 5 illustrates an embodiment of the invention where such an axicone 36r is used.
  • This axicone forms more specifically a radiation energy line 28r between the electrodes 23r.
  • the axicone 36r is so designed and the substantially collimated radiation 40 incident to the axicone so directed that the radiation energy line 28r is at least partly displaced laterally a distance d in relation to a centre axis 41 of the incident, substantially colli- mated radiation.
  • axicone 36r In the case of an axicone 36r as in Fig 15, this means that the axicone 36r has its optical axis/axis of symmetry 42 laterally displaced from the axis 41 of the incident collimated radiation. It appears from Fig 15 that the incident radiation 40 passes through the axicone 36r and is deflected thereby in a peripheri- cal area thereof. The consequence thereof is that the axicone 36r will direct the radiation energy obliquely as indicated by means of the arrow 43 but nevertheless the radiation energy line 28r, along which the radiation energy is focused, will be substantially parallel to the incident collimated radiation 40.
  • the axicone 36r is adapted to apply the radiation energy along the radiation energy line so that a substan- tially rod-shaped area results along said line, said area being ionised/formed to a plasma and bridging, entirely or substantially entirely, the distance between the electrodes 23r for creating favourable, to a maximum degree, conditions for arc formation between the electrodes.
  • At least one of the electrodes has an opening 29r, through which the axicone 36r is adapted to direct the radiation energy.
  • the opening 29r extends obliquely relative to an axis 44 of symmetry of the electrodes 23r.
  • the opening 29r is eccentric relative to the axis 44 of symmetry of the electrodes.
  • the axis 42 of the axicone coincides with the radiation energy line 28r.
  • the axicone 36r is adapted to apply the radiation energy so that it arrives upon a lateral surface, denoted 45, of the opening 29r in one of the electrodes 23r. It is pointed out that the axicone
  • the 36r is adapted to apply the radiation energy line 28r so that it is substantially parallel to the axis 44 of symmetry of the electrodes 23r.
  • the lateral surface 45 forms an angle ⁇ to the axis 44 of symmetry.
  • the radiation directed to the adjacent electrode 23r by the axicone 36r forms an angle ⁇ with the axis 44 of sym- metry.
  • the angle ⁇ is smaller than the angle ⁇ , preferably about half the angle ⁇ . This means that the radiation 43 will hit upon the lateral surface 45, a fact which promotes formation of a plasma extending between the electrodes 23r.
  • the axicone 36r is designed to be rotatable about its axis 42 of symmetry. This means the advantage that if a portion of the axicone 36r present opposite to the opening 29r would be influenced negatively by the arc between the electrodes, it is possible to move forward, by rota- tion of the axicone 36r, such a portion of the axicone, which is in good condition, to such an area that the collimated radiation energy from the radiation source in an adequate manner may be deflected and applied along the previously discussed radiation energy line 28r.

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Abstract

Selon cette invention, un dispositif de protection d'un objet électrique (2) comprend un organe de connexion électrique (10) couplé en parallèle à l'objet, ledit élément de connexion comprenant un écartement des électrodes qui, à l'état normal, est diélectrique. L'organe de connexion est conçu pour établir une connexion électrique à travers l'objet (2) lorsque se produit un événement anormal. L'élément de connexion (10) forme un dispositif de fermeture électrique qui comprend des organes destinés à conférer la conductivité électrique à l'écartement des électrodes en déclenchant l'alimentation électrique de l'écartement des électrodes pour former un plasma dans l'écartement au moyen de l'énergie électrique.
PCT/SE1999/001099 1998-06-17 1999-06-17 Dispositif de protection WO1999067864A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU48159/99A AU4815999A (en) 1998-06-17 1999-06-17 A protection device

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SEPCT/SE98/01192 1998-06-17
PCT/SE1998/001192 WO1999034489A1 (fr) 1997-12-17 1998-06-17 Commutateur electrique
SE9802203A SE9802203L (sv) 1998-06-18 1998-06-18 Skyddsanordning
SE9802203-1 1998-06-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999067864A1 true WO1999067864A1 (fr) 1999-12-29

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/SE1999/001099 WO1999067864A1 (fr) 1998-06-17 1999-06-17 Dispositif de protection

Country Status (2)

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AU (1) AU4815999A (fr)
WO (1) WO1999067864A1 (fr)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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CN104659769A (zh) * 2013-11-21 2015-05-27 中国电力科学研究院 一种特高压串联补偿装置

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