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WO1999038107A1 - Systeme de transaction - Google Patents

Systeme de transaction Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1999038107A1
WO1999038107A1 PCT/GB1999/000240 GB9900240W WO9938107A1 WO 1999038107 A1 WO1999038107 A1 WO 1999038107A1 GB 9900240 W GB9900240 W GB 9900240W WO 9938107 A1 WO9938107 A1 WO 9938107A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tokens
terminal
transaction system
token
selection procedure
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1999/000240
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Neil Andrew Mcdonald
Melvin Paul Clarkson
Original Assignee
Marconi Communications Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Marconi Communications Limited filed Critical Marconi Communications Limited
Priority to AU21792/99A priority Critical patent/AU2179299A/en
Publication of WO1999038107A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999038107A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/10—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation
    • G06K7/10009—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves
    • G06K7/10019—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers.
    • G06K7/10029—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers. the collision being resolved in the time domain, e.g. using binary tree search or RFID responses allocated to a random time slot
    • G06K7/10059—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns by electromagnetic radiation, e.g. optical sensing; by corpuscular radiation sensing by radiation using wavelengths larger than 0.1 mm, e.g. radio-waves or microwaves resolving collision on the communication channels between simultaneously or concurrently interrogated record carriers. the collision being resolved in the time domain, e.g. using binary tree search or RFID responses allocated to a random time slot transponder driven
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a transaction system in which a portable token, for example a
  • the card is used in conjunction with a device, often termed a terminal, to perform a transaction of some kind.
  • a device often termed a terminal
  • the invention is particularly, but not exclusively, related to
  • Contactless tokens work on, or close to, a terminal which provides power. This power is supplied via a RF (radio frequency) induction field which is referred to as a carrier. Transfer of power from the terminal to the token is akin to the terminal being a primary coil of a transformer and the token a secondary coil. In particular embodiments both the terminal and the token typically each have a single coil aerial
  • data is transmitted from the terminal to the token and vice versa.
  • the exchange of data is used to perform a transaction. Transmission of data from the terminal occurs by modulating it onto the carrier. Transmission of data from the token to the terminal may be effected by switching an impedance in the token to modulate the amplitude of the carrier at the
  • tokens can work further away from the terminal, that is the volume or field of operation of the terminal is larger. If the terminal maintains a fixed power output, it means more tokens can be powered in the field of operation at the same time. Therefore 2 the probability of there being more than one token in the field of operation of the terminal is greater.
  • signals from the terminal may be picked up by more than one token and that more than one token may reply at substantially the same time.
  • a system could be configured such that tokens could be entered into the field of operation of the terminal one at a time. This would allow the terminal to interrogate a single token for its identity. At any stage the terminal could use a list of stored identification numbers to enquire whether a particular token was still in the field of operation. This would be inefficient because it would reduce the amount of time available for the transaction to take place. The terminal could then ask if there was a
  • the invention provides a transaction system comprising a terminal and a plurality of tokens the terminal providing power to the tokens by a carrier
  • the tokens each comprise identifier generation means to generate a random identifier and at least one of the tokens sends a return signal to the terminal in response to receiving an outgoing signal sent by the terminal the return signal being sent after a time period which depends on the value of the random identifier.
  • the invention provides a method of operating a transaction system to enable a terminal to select one token from a plurality of tokens the terminal providing power to the tokens by a carrier transmitted over an inductive coupling characterised in that the tokens generate random identifiers the terminal sends an outgoing signal to the tokens and at least one of the tokens sends a return signal after a time period which depends on the value of the identifier.
  • This invention removes the reliance on a unique identifier and so allows a more
  • the terminal uses a carrier to transmit power to the plurality of tokens.
  • the outgoing signal and the return signal occur within a time frame during a
  • the selection procedure may be a plurality of steps involved in selecting a single token from the plurality of tokens. Preferably there are
  • time frames in the selection procedure. Most preferably there are eight time frames. Preferably there are a plurality of time slots within each time frame.
  • the terminal has a field of operation and the tokens are present in the field of operation.
  • the method will not, in this case, be selecting one token from a plurality but will only identify the single token.
  • the random identifier is a whole number, that is in the range 0 to n.
  • the random identifier is stored in the token in binary form.
  • a return signal is sent by the token or tokens having the lowest value of random identifier. If a plurality of tokens have identical random identifiers of lowest value the return signal will be sent at the same time by all of these tokens.
  • the return signals for random identifiers having different values may occur after different time
  • signals could be sent by the tokens having the highest value of random identifier.
  • the terminal Preferably once the terminal has received at least one return signal from one or more tokens it sends an interrupt signal which is received by all tokens.
  • the interrupt signal prevents the remaining tokens (those that have not sent a return signal) from sending one 5 or more return signals.
  • the interrupt signal may be the same as the outgoing signal.
  • the same interrupt signal that prevents remaining tokens from sending a return signal in a particular time frame is also used to start the next time
  • the interrupt signal is the next outgoing signal from the terminal.
  • the outgoing signal or the interrupt signal or both may be modulated on the carrier.
  • a token takes no further part in subsequent time frames of a selection procedure once it has been prevented from sending a return signal by an interrupt signal.
  • the terminal also sends a warm reset signal to all of the tokens present in the field of operation.
  • the warm reset is an interruption, that is a temporary stoppage, of information on the carrier without stopping transmission of the carrier itself.
  • the carrier is modulated with the information.
  • the information may be transaction data or instructions or both.
  • the information is a continuous tone. The tone may be present on the carrier to be used by each token to derive a clock for its operation.
  • the warm reset signal is used by the terminal to inform all tokens that the
  • the warm reset instructs a previously selected token to become inactive and not participate in the subsequent selection procedure unless otherwise instructed.
  • the terminal also sends a cold reset signal to all of the tokens present in the
  • the cold reset is an interruption, that is a temporary stoppage, of power. This may be done by stopping transmission of the carrier.
  • a cold reset may occur by keeping the token present near the terminal but interrupting the carrier transmitted by the reader. The former depends on the token user, the latter on the terminal.
  • the tokens operate in a contactless manner. They may be contactless smart cards. Preferably the tokens are be powered by an electrical power source such as an RF field. Alternatively they may be powered by an internal power source such as a battery.
  • This may be provided by the terminal and the tokens each having a single inductive coil.
  • the tokens contain hardware logic capable of implementing the method.
  • the tokens contain software capable of implementing the method.
  • Figure 1 shows a selection procedure comprising a series of communication signals between a terminal and a number of tokens; and 7 Figure 2 shows the effect of the communication signals on the tokens.
  • Figure 1 shows a selection procedure comprising two time frames 1 and 2. Communication signals issued by the terminal and each of the tokens are shown occurring during time slots 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
  • Time slot 10 occurs first and time slot 28 occurs last.
  • Time frame 1 comprises time slots 10 to 18 and time frame 2 comprises time slots 20 to 28.
  • time frame 1 and time frame 2 are shown as distinct and
  • the terminal may send a warm reset to all of the 8 tokens which initiates a time period in which they are made ready for selection.
  • the terminal first sends a command 30 to all the tokens in its field of operation to instruct them that a selection procedure has
  • the command 30 may be a warm reset it is preferred that it is one or more data bits.
  • the rule for the terminal is to send a command to start a time frame. If a return signal from a token is received within the time frame an interrupt signal is immediately sent to end the time frame. There should be as many time frames as is dictated by the laws of probability for there to be a high chance of only one card being selected. If no return signal is received by the end of the time frame there are no selectable tokens in the field of operation, that is there are no tokens in the field of operation or tokens which are present have previously been inactivated.
  • Each token is provided with a random number generator.
  • This can be in the form of a fast oscillator connected to a counter.
  • the frequency of the fast oscillator is made to be heavily dependent on the temperature of the silicon die (-40 °C to +125 °C) or an
  • the output of the counter connected to the oscillator is latched so as to generate a 9 random number n which can have four values such as 0, 1, 2, 3.
  • n which can have four values such as 0, 1, 2, 3.
  • Each token is configured so as to send a return signal to the terminal after a time period
  • each time slot is of duration t ⁇ s and so in an individual time frame it is possible that the token can respond in time intervals
  • the tokens On receiving command 30, the tokens each inspect their random value.
  • a random value of 0 corresponds to a token sending a return signal in slot 12
  • value 1 corresponds to time slot 14
  • value 2 corresponds to time slot 16
  • value 3 corresponds to time slot 18.
  • the time intervals are directly calculated from a clock generated on each token, which may be directly dependent either upon the frequency of the carrier or on the frequency of a tone which is amplitude modulated onto the carrier.
  • Each token receives the same clock frequency and so can respond in its appropriate time slot.
  • the token may have an accurate internal time source such as one which is crystal based.
  • a token If a token receives an interrupt signal 32 or 46 from the terminal before it has sent its own return signal, it stops transmitting and does not communicate, remaining silent
  • the rule for the tokens is to send a return signal in the
  • tokens A, B, C and D have generated individual random values of 2, 1, 1 and 3 respectively after receiving command 30. Therefore, following command 30 from the terminal none of the tokens respond in time slot 12. In time slot 14 tokens B and C respond with return signals 34 and 36. Accordingly the terminal sends interrupt signal 32 to all of the tokens. Since tokens A and D have random values of higher values than those of B and C , A and D receive the interrupt signal 32 before they have the opportunity to send their return signals. This causes tokens A and D to enter into a waiting state. Therefore the hypothetical occurrences of return signals 38 and 40 from these tokens are only shown with dotted lines. This is the end of theoretical time frame 1. Tokens A and D take no further part in this particular selection procedure and they remain in the waiting state until they receive a reset, either a warm reset at the beginning of a subsequent selection procedure or a cold reset.
  • the terminal signals a new time frame
  • tokens B and C are activated and ready to receive further signals, that is tokens B and C.
  • the new command 42 causes tokens B and C to generate new random values.
  • Token B generates a new random value 3 and token C again generates the random value 1.
  • token C responds with return signal 44 in time slot 24 and the return signal
  • time slots 16 and 18 can be omitted and command 42 would
  • interrupt signal 32 and the command 42 can be amalgamated into the same time slot. They could even be the same signal with interrupt signal 32 serving as the new command beginning time frame 2 in which the remaining activated tokens generate new random values and continue the selection procedure.
  • the terminal performs eight time frames in a selection procedure if any return signal is received during the first time frame. If there is only one token in the field of operation then eight time frames is simply an overhead. If there are a number of tokens present, for example ten, the likelihood of the selection procedure selecting an individual token is very high (9,999 in 10,000). After eight time frames it is not guaranteed that only one token has been selected. However, this is so likely that the terminal can simply
  • than one token has been selected after eight frames, the transaction system, or more
  • the terminal can detect the error using check sums or parity checks and can restart the selection procedure.
  • the selection procedure is terminated if no response is received once time slot 18 has 12 expired because this means that there are no tokens (or no active tokens) in the field of the terminal or the tokens or tokens which were involved in the selection procedure have
  • a repetition of the selection procedure a number of times means that each token can be selected in turn and a transaction can be conducted with each.
  • Figure 2 shows the effect of the communication signals 50 and 52 from the terminal on the state of the tokens A, B, C and D during a number of selection procedures.
  • Communication signals 50 are reset signals and communication signals 52 are transaction data.
  • the transaction data includes commands and interrupt signals such as signals 30, 32, 42 and 46 discussed in relation to Figure 1.
  • a token can be in one of several states.
  • a waiting state 54 is achieved after a token has received an interrupt signal from the terminal or undergone a cold reset (not shown).
  • a warm reset 56 causes those tokens in the waiting state 54 to change to a ready state 58, that is to be prepared for a selection procedure which occurs during a time period 60.
  • Time period 60 corresponds to a selection procedure such as that described in relation to Figure 1. Once a token has been selected it is in a selected state 62.
  • a ready state 58 and does not receive a command or interrupt signal in a time interval
  • a further warm reset 76 continues the sequence. This sequence of selection procedures can be repeated so that all tokens have been selected in turn and then 14 transacted with. The order of selection is random. Once the terminal has selected a token, it can conduct a transaction with it or halt it immediately. The purpose of halting
  • a token immediately is either simply to sense that at least one token is present or to count
  • the method works with any number of tokens as long as there is sufficient power from the terminal to energise them all.
  • the logic is based upon the generation of random numbers 0, 1, 2, 3. Of course, it could be based on any four distinct values or identifiers.
  • the token and the terminal can both send signals with the same time slot, for example the terminal communicates in the first half of the time slot and the token communicates in the second half of the time slot. If the token generates zero as its random number, it sends a return signal in the same time slot as the terminal sends a command.
  • a time slot in the selection procedure has a duration typically of 38 ⁇ s.
  • average has a duration typically of two and a half time slots (that is the average value
  • the signals sent by the terminal and the token may not be single
  • pulses (although this is simplest) but may be a sequence of pulses so as to reduce the possibility of noise interfering with operation of the method.
  • This invention can be used with smart cards that do not have a unique identification number stored in their memory.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Artificial Intelligence (AREA)
  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Small-Scale Networks (AREA)

Abstract

On décrit un procédé de mise en oeuvre d'un système de transaction, qui permet de sélectionner un jeton parmi plusieurs jetons sans contact. Le terminal fournit de l'énergie aux jetons par transmission d'une porteuse à travers un couplage inductif. A la réception d'un signal du terminal, les jetons génèrent des identificateurs aléatoires. Les jetons reçoivent une instruction (30) du terminal et lui envoient des signaux de retour (34, 36). Ces signaux de retour (34, 36) sont transmis après un laps de temps qui dépend de la valeur des identificateurs. Lorsque le terminal reçoit un signal de retour, il envoie immédiatement aux jetons un signal d'interruption qui désactive ceux des jetons qui n'ont pas encore envoyé un signal de retour. La sélection se poursuit parmi ceux des jetons qui ont effectivement envoyé un signal de retour.
PCT/GB1999/000240 1998-01-24 1999-01-22 Systeme de transaction WO1999038107A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU21792/99A AU2179299A (en) 1998-01-24 1999-01-22 Transaction system

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9801441A GB2333623B (en) 1998-01-24 1998-01-24 Transaction system
GB9801441.8 1998-01-24

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999038107A1 true WO1999038107A1 (fr) 1999-07-29

Family

ID=10825759

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB1999/000240 WO1999038107A1 (fr) 1998-01-24 1999-01-22 Systeme de transaction

Country Status (3)

Country Link
AU (1) AU2179299A (fr)
GB (1) GB2333623B (fr)
WO (1) WO1999038107A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4023308B2 (ja) * 2002-12-17 2007-12-19 ソニー株式会社 通信装置および通信方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0467036A2 (fr) * 1990-06-15 1992-01-22 Savi Technology, Inc. Procédé et appareil d'identification de radio et de poursuite
EP0473569A2 (fr) * 1990-08-23 1992-03-04 Mikron Gesellschaft Für Integrierte Mikroelektronik Mbh Système de transmission de données par voie inductive sans contact
EP0482975A1 (fr) * 1990-10-09 1992-04-29 Gemplus Card International Procédé et dispositif pour accroître la protection d'une carte à mémoire
US5430441A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-07-04 Motorola, Inc. Transponding tag and method
WO1997017667A1 (fr) * 1995-11-09 1997-05-15 British Technology Group Limited Detection amelioree de transmissions de donnees multiples

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4471345A (en) * 1982-03-05 1984-09-11 Sensormatic Electronics Corporation Randomized tag to portal communication system
SE9201864D0 (sv) * 1992-06-17 1992-06-17 Saab Scania Combitech Ab System foer informationsoeverfoering med flera transpondrar

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0467036A2 (fr) * 1990-06-15 1992-01-22 Savi Technology, Inc. Procédé et appareil d'identification de radio et de poursuite
EP0473569A2 (fr) * 1990-08-23 1992-03-04 Mikron Gesellschaft Für Integrierte Mikroelektronik Mbh Système de transmission de données par voie inductive sans contact
EP0482975A1 (fr) * 1990-10-09 1992-04-29 Gemplus Card International Procédé et dispositif pour accroître la protection d'une carte à mémoire
US5430441A (en) * 1993-10-12 1995-07-04 Motorola, Inc. Transponding tag and method
WO1997017667A1 (fr) * 1995-11-09 1997-05-15 British Technology Group Limited Detection amelioree de transmissions de donnees multiples

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB2333623B (en) 2000-04-26
AU2179299A (en) 1999-08-09
GB9801441D0 (en) 1998-03-18
GB2333623A (en) 1999-07-28

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