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WO2003001262A1 - Appareil et procede de commande variable d'une sortie optique - Google Patents

Appareil et procede de commande variable d'une sortie optique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003001262A1
WO2003001262A1 PCT/US2002/019420 US0219420W WO03001262A1 WO 2003001262 A1 WO2003001262 A1 WO 2003001262A1 US 0219420 W US0219420 W US 0219420W WO 03001262 A1 WO03001262 A1 WO 03001262A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
optical
wavelength
grating
period
force
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2002/019420
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Andrei N. Starodoumov
Andrey A. Demidov
Xiaojun Li
Leonard Wan
Ian Lee
Joseph F. Deck
Richard S. Ferreira
Robert J. Hannemann
Philip R. Norris
Original Assignee
Optical Power Systems Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Optical Power Systems Inc. filed Critical Optical Power Systems Inc.
Publication of WO2003001262A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003001262A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
    • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
    • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
    • G02B6/02195—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating
    • G02B6/022—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by means for tuning the grating using mechanical stress, e.g. tuning by compression or elongation, special geometrical shapes such as "dog-bone" or taper
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/06704—Housings; Packages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
    • H01S3/06—Construction or shape of active medium
    • H01S3/063—Waveguide lasers, i.e. whereby the dimensions of the waveguide are of the order of the light wavelength
    • H01S3/067—Fibre lasers
    • H01S3/0675—Resonators including a grating structure, e.g. distributed Bragg reflectors [DBR] or distributed feedback [DFB] fibre lasers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
    • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
    • H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
    • H01S3/105—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating by controlling the mutual position or the reflecting properties of the reflectors of the cavity, e.g. by controlling the cavity length
    • H01S3/1053—Control by pressure or deformation

Definitions

  • This invention relates to apparatus and methods for variable optical output control and systems containing such controls.
  • Optical fibers are essentially thin strands of glass capable of transmitting information-containing optical signals over long distances with low loss.
  • an optical fiber is a small diameter waveguide comprising a core having a first index of refraction surrounded by a cladding having a second (lower) index of refraction.
  • Typical optical fibers are made of high purity silica. Various concentrations of dopants may be added to control the index of refraction.
  • a typical Bragg grating comprises a length of optical waveguide, such as optical fiber, in which a plurality of perturbations in the index of refraction are substantially equally-spaced along the waveguide length.
  • a Bragg grating of this kind reflects the light launched into the fiber core for guided propagation. Only that light having a wavelength within a very narrow range dependent on the grating element periodicity is reflected back along the fiber axis opposite to the original propagation direction.
  • the grating is substantially transparent to light at wavelengths outside this narrow band and therefore does not adversely affect the further propagation of such light.
  • Bragg gratings may be conveniently fabricated by doping a waveguide core with one or more dopants sensitive to ultraviolet light, e.g., germanium or phosphorous, and exposing the waveguide at spatially periodic intervals to a high intensity ultraviolet light source, e.g., an excimer laser.
  • the ultraviolet light interacts with the photosensitive dopant to produce long-term perturbations in the local index of refraction.
  • the appropriate periodic spacing of perturbations can be obtained by use of a physical mask, a phase mask, or a pair of interfering beams.
  • Bragg gratings have many uses such as for sensor devices and as components for fiber communications. They provide a wavelength-tunable reflective element which can be used as transducer elements in fiber sensors, as wavelength control devices for fiber, semiconductor, and solid state lasers, as wavelength division multiplexing components in communication systems, as wavelength analyzers, as components in signal processing systems, and for other uses.
  • optical controller that can quickly alter the output intensities of one or more fiber laser wavelengths without affecting other wavelengths the fiber laser(s) generate.
  • the present invention provides such an optical output control.
  • the invention relates to apparatus and methods for variable optical output control and systems containing such controls.
  • one aspect of the invention features a method for varying the transmission characteristics of an optical signal propagating in an optical medium that includes a first and second Bragg grating, the method comprising applying a force to the optical medium to change the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating from a first wavelength to a second wavelength and to change the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating from a third wavelength to a fourth wavelength, thereby varying the transmission characteristics of the optical signal propagating in the optical medium.
  • the applying force simultaneously changes the reflection peak of the first and second Bragg grating.
  • the optical medium is an optical fiber.
  • the first wavelength may be equal to the third wavelength, while the second wavelength is less than the first wavelength, and the fourth wavelength is greater than the third wavelength.
  • the applying force comprises applying a force to shorten the first Bragg grating and a force to lengthen the second Bragg grating.
  • applying the force changes the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating by changing a first grating period of the first Bragg grating, while applying the force changes the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating by changing a second grating period of the second Bragg grating.
  • the first grating period changes from a first period to a second period less than the first period
  • the second grating period changes from a third period to a fourth period greater than the fourth period
  • the force is a mechanical force, e.g. thermo-mechanical, electro-mechanical, magneto-mechanical, electro-strictive, magneto-strictive, etc.
  • another aspect of the invention features an optical device comprising an optical medium having first and second Bragg gratings; and a device configured to apply a force on the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings to simultaneously change the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating from a first wavelength to a second wavelength, and to change the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating from a third wavelength to a fourth wavelength.
  • the device is configured to indirectly apply the force to the optical medium.
  • the optical medium is an optical fiber.
  • the device comprises a coupler attached to the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings, wherein the device further comprises an actuator configured to apply a force to the coupler.
  • the device comprises a piezo-electric element.
  • the first Bragg grating has a first grating period and the second Bragg grating has a second grating period equal to the first grating period, wherein the device is configured to cause a period of the first grating to change from a first value to a second value less than the first value, and a period of the second grating to change from a third value to a fourth value greater than the third value.
  • the first Bragg grating is a chirped Bragg grating
  • the second Bragg grating is a chirped Bragg grating, or both the first and second Bragg gratings are chirped Bragg gratings.
  • the device is attached to the optical medium at a first and second attachment point, wherein the first and second Bragg gratings are located between the first and second attachment points.
  • the first wavelength is between 0.3 and 3 microns.
  • another aspect of the invention features an optical system further comprising a source configured to transmit an optical signal to the optical device; and a receiver configured to receive an optical signal transmitted by the optical device.
  • the optical fiber is configured to guide an optical signal from the transmitter to the optical device, and an optical signal from the optical device to the receiver.
  • the optical system source is a laser.
  • another aspect of the invention features an optical device comprising an optical fiber; and a housing attached to the optical fiber at first, second and third attachment points, the third attachment point being between the first and second, and the housing being configured to apply a force to the optical fiber at the second attachment point.
  • the housing comprises an actuator configured to apply the force to the third attachment point, wherein the applied force results in shortening the optical fiber between the first attachment point and the third attachment point, and lengthening the optical fiber between the second attachment point and the third attachment point.
  • the optical fiber includes a first reflector between the first attachment point and the third attachment point, and a second reflector between the second attachment point and the third attachment point, wherein the first and second reflectors comprise Bragg gratings.
  • the first reflector has a first grating period and the second reflector has a second grating period equal to the first grating period.
  • another aspect of the invention features an optical cavity comprising a variable reflector comprising an optical medium having first and second Bragg gratings; and a device configured to apply a force on the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings to simultaneously change the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating from a first wavelength to a second wavelength and to change the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating from a third wavelength to a fourth wavelength; a second reflector; and an optical medium located between the variable reflector and the second reflector.
  • an optical signal at the first wavelength propagating in the optical medium oscillates between the variable reflector and the second reflector in operation.
  • the optical medium comprises an active material that provides gain to the optical signal propagating in the optical medium and the optical cavity further comprises an energy source for exciting the active material.
  • another aspect of the invention features a method for varying the reflectance at a first wavelength of an optical signal in an optical medium including first and second Bragg gratings, the method comprising applying a force to the optical medium to reduce the reflectance of the first and second Bragg gratings at the first wavelength, wherein the peak reflectance wavelength of the first Bragg grating shifts from a first initial wavelength to a longer wavelength and the peak reflectance wavelength of the second Bragg grating shifts from a second initial wavelength to a shorter wavelength.
  • another aspect of the invention features an optical device, comprising an optical medium having first and second Bragg gratings; and a device configured to apply a force to the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings to simultaneously reduce the reflectance of the first and second Bragg gratings at a first wavelength, wherein a peak reflectance wavelength of the first Bragg grating shifts from a first initial wavelength to a longer wavelength and a peak reflectance wavelength of the second Bragg grating shifts from a second initial wavelength to a shorter wavelength.
  • the optical device further comprises a sheath surrounding a portion of the optical medium between the first and second attachment points, wherein the sheath is hermetically sealed to the optical medium.
  • another aspect of the invention features a fiber laser, comprising a variable reflector, comprising an optical medium having first and second Bragg gratings; and a device configured to change the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating from a first wavelength to a second wavelength and to change the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating from a third wavelength to a fourth wavelength; a second reflector; and an optical medium located between the variable reflector and the second reflector, the optical medium comprising an active material.
  • the peak reflection wavelengths of the fiber laser are changed by applying a force to the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings.
  • the peak reflection wavelengths of the fiber laser may be changed simultaneously.
  • the fiber laser active material comprises a rare earth element.
  • the peak reflection wavelength of the first Bragg grating may be changed by decreasing the period of the first Bragg grating, while the peak reflection wavelength of the second Bragg grating may be changed by increasing the period of the first Bragg grating.
  • the fiber laser is configured to indirectly apply the force to the optical medium.
  • the fiber laser includes a coupler attached to the optical medium between the first and second Bragg gratings, and an actuator configured to apply a force to the coupler.
  • the fiber laser includes a piezo-electric element.
  • the first Bragg grating has a first grating period and the second Bragg grating has a second grating period equal to the first grating period, wherein the fiber laser is configured to cause a period of the first grating to change from a first value to a second value less than the first value, while a period of the second grating changes from a third value to a fourth value greater than the third value.
  • the first Bragg grating is a chirped Bragg grating.
  • the fiber laser includes an optical device that is attached to the optical medium at a first and second attachment point, wherein the first and second Bragg gratings are located between the first and second attachment points.
  • the fiber laser generates a first wavelength that is between
  • another aspect of the invention features a fiber laser, a waveguide configured to transmit an optical signal from the fiber laser; and a receiver configured to receive an optical signal transmitted by the waveguide.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an output coupler according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing experimental results obtained from an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of another embodiment of an output coupler o according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing experimental results obtained from an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic view of another embodiment of an output coupler according to the present invention.
  • FIGS. 6 A, 6B, 6C and 6D are graphs showing simulated experimental results obtained from embodiments of the present invention.
  • Equation (a) is derived for an incoherent light wave.
  • the reflectance is defined by a more complicated formula according to the Fabry- Perot interferometric effect.
  • the distance between gratings is large compared with the wavelength ⁇ and the wave is partially incoherent, however, the interferometric phenomena can be neglected.
  • Equation (a) takes the following form:
  • the spectral selectivity of the laser cavity may be achieved by the spectral selectivity of the other reflector, R ⁇ R ( ⁇ ) (e.g., a Bragg grating), located at the opposite side of the fiber laser cavity.
  • R ⁇ R ( ⁇ ) e.g., a Bragg grating
  • the center of the R HR W reflectivity curve is positioned at ⁇ 0 as well.
  • LI
  • the driver for central portion 14 of housing 12 is preferably a multi-layer piezo- ceramic.
  • Fig. 2 shows actual results obtained from experiments with a variable output coupler such as that shown in Fig. 1.
  • FIG. 3 another embodiment of a variable output coupler is disclosed.
  • optical fiber 10 is attached to flexible member 14 on two sides.
  • Flexible member 14 is configured so that it can bend as shown in Fig. 3 by an angle ⁇ . This bending causes first grating Gl to compress while second grating G2 is stretched by substantially equal displacement amounts ⁇ x (or vice versa).
  • Fig. 4 shows the spectral response of a variable output coupler such as that shown in Fig. 3. Temperature control also can be used as a driver in the present invention. If temperature is used as the driving force for the variable output coupler of the present invention, the dependence of ⁇ on ⁇ T in a silica based fiber is defined by the following formula:
  • a 100° C change in temperature causes about 0.7 nm spectral shift.
  • a temperature control is preferably to be used in combination with temperature sensitive housing materials (e.g. Ti-Ni, Aluminum, etc.)
  • FIG. 5 another embodiment of a variable output coupler is disclosed in which temperature is the driving force.
  • optical fiber 10 contains two Bragg gratings Gl and G2. Fiber 10 is attached to housing 12 at three points (FI, F2, F3).
  • Housing 12 contains temperature sensitive portions 14 and 16, which respond differently to temperature variations.
  • temperature sensitive portion 14 is comprised of a material that compresses when heated (e.g., Ti-Ni), while temperature sensitive portion 16 is comprised of a material that expands when heated (e.g., Aluminum), or vice versa.
  • Portions 18 and 20 adjacent to temperature sensitive portions 14 and 16, respectively, are provided to allow for such compression and expansion to occur. Portions 18 and 20 may be fitted with flexible members, e.g. springs.
  • the compression and expansion of temperature sensitive portions 14 and 16 causes first grating Gl to compress while second grating G2 is stretched by substantially equal displacement amounts ⁇ x (or vice versa).
  • the effect of Fabry-Perot interference can be neglected if the coherence of Raman light is less than approximately 0.06 nm. Indeed, the distance between the Fabry-Perot fringes is about:
  • the effective spectral profile ⁇ Sel ⁇ , ⁇ )) of the generated wave is defined by the product of the high reflectance (HR) mirror (grating) R HR OO located on the other side of a fiber (not shown in Fig.1) and R tota ⁇ (see Equation 2):
  • Figs. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D contains calculations of RI, R2, R to tai and Sel at different ⁇ .
  • Bragg wavelength ⁇ 0 1300 nm;
  • FWHM of RI ( ⁇ ) equals FWHM of
  • Figs. 6A-6D indicate that a tuning range of Sel ⁇ ,A ⁇ ) from 60-90% to 8-15% can be achieved within the strain range cited above ( ⁇ L ⁇ 30-35 ⁇ m).
  • variable output coupler An important consideration in producing a variable output coupler according to the present invention is the tendency of a compressed fiber to bend under strain. This tendency can be reduced by reinforcing at least a portion of the fiber (e.g., encapsulating the fiber in a glass capillary or body of epoxy).
  • the whole assembly can be epoxy sealed.
  • the fiber is teflon recoated before epoxying the assembly.
  • both gratings can be put under tensile stress statically. A force applied at a point between the gratings would then increase the tensile stress in one grating while reducing the tensile stress in the other. The effect would then be to lengthen one grating while shortening the other.
  • the output coupler is hermetically sealed.
  • the active parts of the output coupler may be assembled with the fiber bonded under tension to two mounting zones on a base (e.g. quartz) and a ferrule bonded to the fiber at the exit and entrance points.
  • the coupler may then be mounted in a sealable housing, preferably made from a low thermal expansion metal such as Invar.
  • the ferrules may be bonded to sealing pieces made from a higher expansion metal such as brass or stainless steel.
  • these two junctions are well inboard of the secondary junctions of the sealing pieces to the housing such that the thermal expansion of the sealing pieces can compensate for the difference between the thermal expansion of the quartz fiber and the housing.
  • the length of exposed fiber may be treated with a reinforcing material (e.g. a ring of gold flashing) near the exit and entry zones of the control volume before it is attached to the bending device, adjusted and bonded (e.g. with curable adhesive) to ground mounting zones on the mounting base.
  • a reinforcing material e.g. a ring of gold flashing
  • the fiber is treated in selective zones with at least one layer of reinforcing material (e.g. metal flash, gold, solder, etc.)
  • a cap piece may be used to sandwich the fiber ends with the base near, but not touching, each gold ring.
  • This cap piece is preferably made from thin (e.g. 1mm) metalized quartz with side edges precisely ground to match the width of the base in order to help distribute the adhesive on the fiber in a more controlled manner.
  • the driving force could be a temperature change, a mechanical force, a magnetic force, an electro- and/or magnetostriction, etc.
  • Other fiber arrangements and configurations are possible within the spirit of the current invention.
  • Other embodiments are in the claims.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Light Control Or Optical Switches (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à un appareil et à des procédés de commande variable d'une sortie optique ainsi qu'à des systèmes comportant lesdits dispositifs de commande. Ledit appareil comporte une fibre optique (10) comportant deux réseaux de Bragg identiques. (G1, G2). La fibre optique (10) est fixée au logement en trois points (F1, F2, F3) et une partie centrale (14) du logement (12) est amovible. La longueur d'onde du signal optique se propageant dans la fibre est modifiée par application d'une force sur la fibre (10). Cet appareil peut également être employé avec un laser à fibre.
PCT/US2002/019420 2001-06-22 2002-06-19 Appareil et procede de commande variable d'une sortie optique WO2003001262A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US30029801P 2001-06-22 2001-06-22
US60/300,298 2001-06-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2003001262A1 true WO2003001262A1 (fr) 2003-01-03

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006107277A1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Capteur de contraintes a fibres de capteur
WO2006107278A1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Detecteur de reseau de bragg dans une fibre

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5774619A (en) * 1996-05-15 1998-06-30 Hughes Electronics Corporation Precision deformation mechanism and method
US6360042B1 (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-03-19 Pin Long Tunable optical fiber gratings device

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5774619A (en) * 1996-05-15 1998-06-30 Hughes Electronics Corporation Precision deformation mechanism and method
US6360042B1 (en) * 2001-01-31 2002-03-19 Pin Long Tunable optical fiber gratings device

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2006107277A1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Capteur de contraintes a fibres de capteur
WO2006107278A1 (fr) * 2005-04-05 2006-10-12 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Detecteur de reseau de bragg dans une fibre
JP2008534981A (ja) * 2005-04-05 2008-08-28 エージェンシー フォー サイエンス，テクノロジー アンド リサーチ 光ファイバ歪センサ
JP2008534982A (ja) * 2005-04-05 2008-08-28 エージェンシー フォー サイエンス，テクノロジー アンド リサーチ ファイバーブラッグ回析格子センサー
US7702190B2 (en) 2005-04-05 2010-04-20 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Fiber Bragg grating sensor
US7778500B2 (en) 2005-04-05 2010-08-17 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Optical fiber strain sensor

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