WO2003013234A2 - Procede de criblage in vivo de l'activite biologique d'un composeinhibiteur de l'acetylcholinesterase sur une ou plusieurs cibles cellulaires autres que l'acetylcholinesterase - Google Patents
Procede de criblage in vivo de l'activite biologique d'un composeinhibiteur de l'acetylcholinesterase sur une ou plusieurs cibles cellulaires autres que l'acetylcholinesterase Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003013234A2 WO2003013234A2 PCT/FR2002/002835 FR0202835W WO03013234A2 WO 2003013234 A2 WO2003013234 A2 WO 2003013234A2 FR 0202835 W FR0202835 W FR 0202835W WO 03013234 A2 WO03013234 A2 WO 03013234A2
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- acetylcholinesterase
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/85—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells
- C12N15/8509—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for animal cells for producing genetically modified animals, e.g. transgenic
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/027—New or modified breeds of vertebrates
- A01K67/0271—Chimeric vertebrates, e.g. comprising exogenous cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12N9/18—Carboxylic ester hydrolases (3.1.1)
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
- G01N33/5088—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms of vertebrates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/07—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination
- A01K2217/075—Animals genetically altered by homologous recombination inducing loss of function, i.e. knock out
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2227/00—Animals characterised by species
- A01K2227/40—Fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/02—Animal zootechnically ameliorated
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2267/00—Animals characterised by purpose
- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
- A01K2267/0306—Animal model for genetic diseases
- A01K2267/0318—Animal model for neurodegenerative disease, e.g. non- Alzheimer's
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
- G01N2333/46—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- G01N2333/4603—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from vertebrates from fish
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of analysis of the biological activity of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compounds, and more particularly to the non-specific effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compounds on cell targets other than this enzyme.
- Acetylcholinesterase also known as AChE, is an enzyme classified according to the international nomenclature in E.C.3.1.1.7. AChE hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which controls muscle contraction in the peripheral nervous system and also plays a crucial role in synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. In addition, AChE also has a non-enzymatic role in the growth of neurites and their differentiation. Inhibition of AChE activity leads to loss of motility.
- AChE inhibiting property is used to block the transmission of neural signals at the level of cholinergic synapses and neuromuscular junctions, which has the effect of paralyzing the target organism, more specifically insects and parasites considered to be pests in agriculture.
- Certain acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are also used as active principles of drugs used in human therapy, in particular in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, or even to treat other pathologies such as myasthenia gravis. or some autoimmune diseases.
- cholinesterase inhibitors The toxicity of cholinesterase inhibitors has already been tested on embryonic and adult fish, in particular for the compounds used as pesticides.
- HANNEMAN et al. (1992) studied the activity of diisopropylfluorophosphate on zebrafish and showed that this compound altered somitogenesis.
- Means allowing the implementation of a method for in vivo screening of the biological activity of an AChE inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than this enzyme are provided for the first time by the present invention.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a fish embryo of the species Danio rerio, in the genome of which at least one copy of the gene coding for acetylcholinesterase has been inactivated, in a method of screening in vivo for biological activity of a compound inhibiting acetylcholinesterase on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase.
- zebrafish embryos or adult zebrafish are brought into contact with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting compounds, the potentially deleterious effects of which are not specific for their action. on acetylcholinesterase.
- the methods according to the invention can in no way be assimilated to treatment methods of a therapeutic or surgical nature, taking into account the objectives pursued.
- the fish embryos or the adult fish used for the implementation of the various screening methods according to the invention are not reared pending their natural death. They are systematically sacrificed, sooner or later after their use in a screening process, and most of the time immediately at the end of the process.
- the invention also relates to methods for screening in vivo the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than AChE.
- the invention also relates to a process for obtaining a fish embryo of the Danio rerio species from fish obtained according to the above process.
- Figure 1 Schematic representation of a screening for lethal homozygous mutations.
- the ENU was used to mutate the spermatogonia of the male to GO which was crossed with a wild female.
- each fish has a unique combination of mutations.
- the F1s are crossed in pairs and form F2 families. Crosses between F2 individuals make it possible to obtain homozygotes mutants in F3. Several mutations can be isolated from the same F2 family.
- FIG. 2 The loss of AChE activity is linked to the AChE - / - mutation in vitro.
- - ab AChE activity can be detected in vivo in the CNS (as in the tri-twin ganglia tg) and in the muscles (h hearf) and somites.
- e) The specific AChE activity of embryos has been measured at several stages of development. These embryos come from crosses of heterozygous couples. ⁇ ⁇ of the embryos are immobile and no AChE activity is detected in the extracts of these embryos.
- f) Adult fish have been genotyped by studying their progeny. The specific activity of heterozygotes (+/-) is half that of wild fish (+ / +).
- Figure 3 Alignment of 41 amino acid sequences of acetylcholinesterase.
- the upper line represents the amino acid sequence of the acetylcholinesterase of the AChE mutant according to the invention, for which the amino acid serine (S) in position 226 is replaced by the amino acid asparagine (N).
- the second line represents the amino acid sequence of acetylcholinesterase from wild Danio rerio fish.
- FIG. 4 Mutant embryos are capable of expressing a mini-gene coding for the wild form of AChE. Embryos from oviposition of AChE +/- parents were injected with the wild form, pC-AChE, or the mutant form, pC-S226N, and a plasmid encoding GFP. AChE activity was detected at 24 hours in embryos expressing GFP.
- the recombinant wild AChE is expressed in numerous cells of various types (FIG. 4B) while no activity is detected after injection of pC-S226N (FIG. 4C).
- Figure 5 The movement of AChE - / - embryos is altered at 48 hours.
- FIG. 6 Muscle fibers are altered in AChE - / - mutant embryos.
- FIG. 7 illustrates the map of the plasmid pc-ACHE, derived from the vector pcDNA3, into which is inserted a functional copy of the AChE gene from the fish Danio rerio.
- FIG. 8 illustrates the map of the plasmid pc-5226N, derived from the vector pcDNA3, into which is inserted a copy of the inactivated gene of AChE according to the invention.
- the applicant From the heterozygous mutants comprising a single inactivated copy of the AChE gene, the applicant has obtained reproducibly fish embryos of the Danio rerio homozygous species comprising the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase in inactivated form. The acetylcholinesterase activity is undetectable in these homozygous mutants.
- the inactivation of the two copies of the acetylcholinesterase gene does not prevent the production of viable embryos up to 9 days
- the obtaining, in a reproducible manner, by the applicant for fish Danio rerio partially or totally devoid of catalytic activity acetylcholinesterase has made it possible to develop methods for screening for AChE inhibitor compounds in order to determine whether the compounds thus screened have effects non-specific on other cellular targets than AChE, and in particular deleterious non-specific effects on the development of embryos, and even more specifically on the development of the central nervous system or the peripheral nervous system.
- a first object of the invention therefore consists in the use of a fish embryo of the species Danio rerio in the genome of which at least one copy of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase has been inactivated, in a screening process in vivo the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase.
- FIG. 1 A reproducible method for obtaining a fish of the species Danio rerio mutated in the gene coding for AChE is described in detail in example 1 and is illustrated by FIG. 1.
- a wild male whose spermatogonia has been treated with a chemical mutagen is crossed with a wild female.
- the chemical mutagen is ethyl-nitrosourea (ENU) which is known to induce numerous point mutations in all cells of the male and in particular the gametes.
- the descendants of the F1 generation are crossed two by two in order to obtain descendants of the F2 generation which carry the mutations of the paternal genome and the mutations of the maternal genome, with a unique combination in each fish, according to the segregation of the chromosomes and recombinations during meiosis. Then, the F2 generation brothers and sisters are crossed with each other in order to obtain F3 generation descendants.
- the F3 generation descendants are, for a quarter of the population, mutants homozygous for a given mutation which are produced each time a male and a female who have received the same mutation are crossed.
- the F3 generation mutants were then successively selected according to two criteria, a phenotypic criterion and a biochemical criterion.
- the phenotypic criterion consists in observing the mobility characteristics of the embryos, more specifically the qualitative test of the flight reflex in which the embryos are mechanically stimulated at the head-trunk junction, then the movement alterations detected after 48 hours of development.
- the use of video recordings makes it possible to precisely identify the sequence of reflex movement after tactile stimulation in embryos and young larvae.
- the biochemical criterion consists in the detection of acetylcholinesterase activity in embryos, which can be carried out according to the technique of KARNOVSKY et al. (1964), which consists of a coloring technique that is both simple and rapid.
- the embryos can be observed under a binocular microscope without any other preparation, the presence of a brown coloration being indicative of the catalytic activity acetylcholinesterase.
- a second method of inactivation of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase consists in the use of an antisense polynucleotide having a sequence complementary to the messenger RNA constituting the expression product of the fish acetylcholinesterase gene Danio rerio.
- nucleotide sequence of an antisense oligonucleotide according to the invention can be easily determined by a person skilled in the art from the nucleotide sequence of the fish acetylcholinesterase gene Danio rerio, the cloning of which is described by BERTRAND et al.
- antisense polynucleotides For the construction of antisense polynucleotides and their use to inhibit the expression of a given gene, the skilled person may advantageously refer to the articles of SCZAKIEL et al. (1995) and de ROSSI et al. (1991) as well as the content of PCT applications No. WO 94/23 026, WO 95/04141, WO 92/18 522 as well as European patent application No. 0P 0 572 287.
- the antisense poynucleotides must have a sufficient length and melting temperature to allow the formation of an intracellular duplex having sufficient stability to inhibit expression of mRNA in the duplex.
- an antisense polynucleotide used according to the invention to inactivate the gene coding for fish acetylcholinesterase Danio rerio is an antisense DNA of the morpholino type as described in particular in US Pat. Nos. 5, 142,047 and 5,185,444.
- an antisense DNA which can be used according to the invention is DNA of the morpholino type having the sequence SEQ ID No. 1.
- a copy of the gene coding for fish acetylcholinesterase of the species Danio rerio is inactivated when the catalytic activity acetylcholinesterase found in the tissues of fish is reduced by approximately 50%, compared with the catalytic activity. found in wild Danio rerio fish.
- the inactivation of a copy of the gene encoding AChE may consist of one or more substitutions, additions or deletions of nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence of the open reading frame of the gene, leading to the production of a modified polypeptide or truncated no longer possessing the catalytic activity of acetylcholinesterase, that is to say of a polypeptide incapable of hydrolyzing acetylcholine.
- a copy of the gene encoding AChE is inactivated when one or more substitutions, additions or deletions of nucleotides have been artificially induced in the regulatory sequence upstream of the AChE gene or in the intronic sequences, in particular when the mutations are localized in intronic sequences involved in the process of splicing of the messenger pre-RNA.
- a fish embryo of the Danio rerio species in a method for screening in vivo of the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase, the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase have been inactivated.
- biological activity of an inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than AChE is essentially meant the non-specific effects of the inhibitor compounds, which are not due to an interaction between this compound and acetylcholinesterase, at least under its active form. It is therefore an in vivo screening of the non-specific biological activity of acetylcholinesterase of the inhibitory compounds, which necessarily implies that other cellular targets than acetylcholinesterase, in particular other proteins involved in various metabolic pathways be the target of the AChE inhibitors tested.
- the AChE inhibitor compounds tested are pesticide or insecticide compounds as well as compounds of therapeutic interest useful for the treatment of certain diseases of the nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease or myasthenia gravis.
- the inhibitor compounds are organophosphorus compounds. According to another preferred embodiment, the inhibitor compounds are compounds having at least one carbamate group.
- Illustrative examples of such compounds are for example eserine, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), chlorpyrifos sold by the company DURSBAN, 1,5-bis-dibromide (4- allylbimthylammoniumphenyl) -pentan-3-one (BW 284c51) or physostigmine.
- DFP diisopropylfluorophosphate
- BW 284c51 1,5-bis-dibromide (4- allylbimthylammoniumphenyl) -pentan-3-one
- physostigmine physostigmine.
- Other inhibitors which can be used according to the invention are described in particular on the ESTHER website devoted to cholinesterases (address: http://www.ensam.inra.fr/ cholinesterase) and more particularly in the section specifically devoted to inhibitor compounds (address : http: //www.ensam
- a first in vivo screening method makes it possible to compare the development of a fish embryo of the Danio rerio species totally deficient in catalytically active acetylcholinesterase, depending on whether this embryo is brought into contact or not with the inhibitor compound to be tested.
- the invention relates to a method for in vivo screening of the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase, characterized in that it comprises the following steps a) bringing into contact a fish embryo of the Danio rerio species, in the genome of which the two copies of the gene coding for acetylcholinesterase have been inactivated, with the inhibitor compound to be tested; b) compare the development characteristics of the embryo of step a) with the development characteristics of an identical control embryo, which has not been placed in the presence of the inhibitor compound.
- the differences observed in the developmental characteristics of the embryo depending on whether or not it is brought into contact with the AChE inhibitor compound to be tested, if they exist, are significant. of an activity of the inhibitor compound tested which is non-specific for acetylcholinesterase. Such an AChE inhibitor compound is therefore highly likely to cause undesirable deleterious effects for the user.
- a comparison is made of the development characteristics respectively of an embryo of the species Danio rerio in the genome of which a copy of the gene encoding AChE has been inactivated and of an embryo of the Danio rerio species of which the two copies of the gene encoding AChE are functional, the two types of embryo being brought into contact with the inhibitor compound to be tested.
- the invention also relates to a process for screening in vivo the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase, characterized in that it comprises the steps following: a) contacting a fish embryo of the species Danio rerio, in the genome of which a copy of the gene coding for acetylcholinesterase has been inactivated, with the inhibitor compound to be tested; b) bringing into contact a fish embryo of the Danio rerio species whose two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase are functional with the inhibitor compound to be tested. c) compare the development characteristics of the embryo from step a) with those of the embryo from step b).
- the development characteristics compared in the in vivo screening methods according to the invention include the mobility of the embryos, in particular the mobility characteristics of the flight reflex after mechanical stimulation at the head-trunk junction, which may be the case. if necessary analyzed using video recordings allowing precise identification of the sequence of reflex movement after tactile stimulation in embryos and larvae genes.
- the developmental characteristics of the embryo which are compared in the above in vivo screening methods also include the observation of the morphological development of these embryos, including heartbeats, blood circulation, morphology of blood cells, the development of the fins, the shape of the head, the size of the eyes, the development of the jaw and the pharyngeal skeleton, the opening of the mouth (observation of the structure of the gill arches), the formation of the swim bladder, the pigmentation in particular at the level of the pigment cells derived from the neural crests.
- the developmental features compared in the above in vivo screening methods also include the observation of the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the development of the posterior brain, in particular the closure of the neural tube, and in general all problems of differentiation of the structures of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
- the development characteristics compared also include muscle development such as the development of somites, especially the terminal somites of the tail.
- the fish used in a screening process according to the invention are sacrificed in the more or less long term after the test, and preferably immediately after the end of the test.
- developmental features involving sacrifice and histological study of the embryo can also be compared according to the invention.
- development characteristics include in particular the neuromuscular development characteristics, such as the disorganization of the muscle fibers, which can be demonstrated in particular on histological sections, according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- developmental characteristics which can be compared in an in vivo screening method as defined above include the detection of the expression or the level of expression of genes of interest, for example genes involved in the characteristics of development mentioned above.
- the determination of the development characteristics of the embryo is preferably carried out at predetermined time intervals, from the moment of fertilization of the egg.
- the differences in development characteristics according to the type of embryo or according to the treatment of the embryo can be monitored continuously over time. It has been shown according to the invention that homozygous embryos comprising the two inactivated copies of the AChE gene were viable up to 9 days after fertilization of the egg.
- the reflex response to tactical stimulation becomes very weak at 48 hours fertilization of the egg.
- a unilateral contraction is observed, on the opposite side of the stimulation, which is followed by a brief period of alternating right / left beats, limited to the terminal part of the tail.
- the screening methods according to the invention can also be characterized in that the determination of the development characteristics of the embryo is carried out up to 48 hours after fertilization of the egg.
- the in vivo screening methods defined above have been implemented, by way of illustration, with two AChE inhibitor compounds, eserine and diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), respectively.
- eserin For eserin, contacting wild embryos with a 10 "3 molar solution of eserin completely blocks the mobility of the two types of embryo at 18 hours after fertilization of the egg. Such a blocking of mobility is not observed in homozygous embryos for a mutation in the AChE gene, which is significant for an action of the non-specific eserin of AChE, which would also act on other cellular targets than this enzyme.
- DFP is known to alter the development of somites 24 hours after fertilization of the egg, as described by HANNEMAN et al. (1992).
- no alteration in the formation of somites was observed in embryos homozygous for a mutation in the AChE gene, which is indicative of non-specific activity of DFP on cellular targets other than l 'AChE itself.
- fish of the Danio rerio species of the F2 generation which have a single inactivated copy of the gene encoding AchE, or else the part of the population of generation F3 fish which have a single inactivated gene copy, which develops into the adult stage, can be used in methods of screening for the non-specific effects of AchE inhibitor compounds related to overdoses.
- These heterozygous fish for the inactivation of the AChE gene have an AChE activity quantitatively equal to 50% of the ACHE activity found in wild fish and can be used to test the non-specific effects of inhibitors of l 'AChE which are detected for high doses of inhibitor.
- a subject of the invention is also a method of screening in vivo for the non-specific effect of overdose of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound, on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase, characterized in that it comprises the following stages: a) bringing an adult fish of the Danio rerio species into contact, in the genome of which a single copy of the gene coding for acetylcholinesterase has been inactivated, with the inhibitor compound to be tested, for example with a series of concentrations increasing of the inhibitor compound to be tested, b) comparing the characteristics of the fish treated in accordance with step a) with the characteristics of an adult fish of the species
- Danio rerio in the genome of which the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase are functional and which has been brought into contact with the inhibitor compound, for example with a series of increasing concentrations of the inhibitor compound to be tested.
- the above screening method makes it possible to demonstrate, in vivo, the non-specific effects of acetylcholinesterase, linked to an overdose of an inhibiting compound, in particular a pesticidal inhibiting compound or an inhibiting compound. therapeutic interest.
- the characteristics of the adult fish studied are chosen from morphological characteristics and mobility characteristics, in particular.
- the deleterious effects of overdose can also be highlighted by evaluating the rate, for example the percentage, of mortality observed in fish (+/-) or (+ / +) treated with the inhibitor compound.
- Another subject of the invention consists in a process for obtaining a fish of the species Danio rerio, or an embryo of fish of the species Danio rerio capable of being used for the implementation of a method for in vivo screening of the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase.
- the subject of the invention is also a process for obtaining a fish of the Danio rerio species in which at least one copy of the gene encoding actetylcholinesterase is inactivated, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) bringing male fish of the Danio rerio species, of which the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase are functional, into contact with a mutagenic compound, preferably ethyl nitrosourea; b) cross the male fish obtained in step a) with a wild Danio rerio female fish in which the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase are functional, in order to obtain descendants of the F1 generation; c) cross between them males and females of the F1 generation in order to obtain descendants of the F2 generation; d) cross between them males and females of the F2 generation in order to obtain descendants of the F3 generation, some of which have the two copies of the
- the invention also relates to a process for obtaining an embryo of the species Danio rerio in which at least one copy of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase is inactivated, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) cross between them a male fish and a female fish obtained by the above process; b) recover the fertilized eggs.
- a mutation on the two copies of the AChE gene leads to obtaining viable embryos up to 9 days old, but which quickly presents deficits in transmission neural signals.
- the development of the zebrafish is extremely rapid. At the time 24 hours after fertilization, a basic plan of a fish is put in place. At the time 6 days after fertilization, most of the organs are completely differentiated. After 6 days, the fully differentiated larva only grows in size.
- the viability of embryos homozygous for a mutation in the AChE gene is essential if they are to be used in an in vivo screening process for AChE inhibitor compounds including a step of studying or comparing the characteristics of development of it.
- Another subject of the invention consists of a fish of the species Danio rerio in which a copy of the gene coding for acetylcholinesterase is inactivated, capable of being obtained by the above method.
- It also relates to a fish embryo of the Danio re ⁇ o species of which at least one copy of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase is inactivated, capable of being obtained by the above process.
- this embryo is characterized in that the two copies of the gene encoding acetylcholinesterase are inactivated.
- the invention also relates to a fish or a fish embryo of the species Danio rerio characterized in that one copy of the acetyl cholinesterase gene or both copies of this gene comprise the substitution of a nucleotide resulting in the production of a catalytically inactive acetylcholinesterase in which the amino acid serine at position 226 of the sequence of the enzyme is replaced by the amino acid asparagine.
- the screening technique previously used by the NUSSLEIN-VOLHARDT group is based on the crossing of a male treated with HELD with a wild female ( Figure 1).
- the chemical agent mutagene ENU induces numerous point mutations in all the cells of the male and in particular in the gametes.
- all individuals carry several mutations.
- the intersection of F1, two by two allows to define a founding couple and to obtain an F2 family.
- individuals carry mutations in the paternal genome and maternal mutations, with a unique combination in each fish, depending on the segregation of the chromosomes and the recombinations during meiosis.
- mutant heterozygous adults are crossed in each generation with wild fish of the same strain (ABO line) in order to avoid the problems associated with inbred crosses over three generations during screening.
- ABO line wild fish of the same strain
- the heterozygotes are identified again by crossing between brothers and sisters as in F3.
- Crosses have the advantage of maintaining a constant genetic background in mutants and identical to the wild strain.
- the swimming movement of embryos and larvae has been studied in detail.
- the embryo shows spontaneous contractions from 17-18h of development. From 24 hours on, it responds to a stimulus with a sporadic reflex movement which becomes coordinated around 48 hours and allows escape (FELSENFELD et al., 1990; GRANATO et al. 1990).
- the development of these movements follows the establishment of the central and peripheral nervous system (Saint-Amant and Drapeau, 2000).
- the stimulation of sensory neurons, Mauthner's cells which triggers a signal that propagates along the network of backbones.
- the stimulation on the ipsilateral side is simultaneously inhibited which allows a unilateral contraction moving the fish away from the source of stimulation. From 72 hours, the larvae swim freely and can move towards a target.
- 105 families were created and 56 mutant lines were selected for the analysis.
- the mutants were characterized, at 48 hours and 72 hours of development, morphologically, on their ability to move and respond to the tactile test and were classified into 4 groups.
- the first family contains the immobile mutants, the second the mutants with reduced mobility. Mutants from these two groups may or may not have morphological defects. Embryos with neural tube necrosis are classified in the third group, and the remaining lines with a poorly defined phenotype constitute the last group.
- complementation tests intra-family or with T ⁇ bingen screening mutants made it possible to identify different alleles for the same gene.
- Mutants deficient in AChE activity were selected. In the embryos, the staining of the AChE activity by the karnovsky technique is simple, rapid and the colored embryos can be observed under a binocular microscope without any other preparation.
- the detection of AChE is carried out after fixation for 6 to 8 hours.
- the embryos are incubated for 4 to 6 hours in a solution whose final concentrations are: 60 mM sodium acetate pH 6.4, 5 mM sodium citrate, 4.7 mM CuSO4, 0.5 mM K3 (Fe (CN) 6) and 1.7 mM acetylthyiocholine.
- the embryos are then rinsed in PBST (PBS, 0.1% Tween 20).
- Protein extracts were prepared from embryos from an AChE +/- parent spawn. The embryos were sorted according to their mobility phenotype at 3 and 4 days. For the two phenotypes, the overall activity is measured from an extract of 10 embryos, and the experiment repeated in 4 independent ovipositions. The results presented in FIG. 2 show that no AChE activity is detected in the immobile embryos while it is present in the mobile embryos. Among the mobile embryos, composed of 1/3 of wild embryos and 2/3 of heterozygotes, no distinction of phenotype is visible. In parallel, the direction of AChE activity in whole immobile embryos confirms the absence of labeling previously observed. The rate of AChE activity in wild or heterozygous adults was then studied.
- the AChE was thus quantified for 10 fish.
- two couples contained at least one wild relative according to the result of the crosses.
- According to the specific AChE activity measured we have defined two classes. Comparison with the result of crosses allowed us to deduce that heterozygous adults had half as much AChE activity as wild adults.
- the average activity for the 8 adults +/- and the 2 adults + / + identified is indicated in Figure 2B.
- An antisense RNA probe is produced from the cDNA encoding the incorporation of UTP nucleotide coupled to digoxigenin (DIG).
- DIG digoxigenin
- the embryos are fixed for 12-16 hours in 4% paraformaldehyde, rinsed in PBST. The embryos are then preincubated for 1 hour at 65 ° C. in the HYB buffer, then 1 ⁇ l of probe is added to 450 ⁇ l of HYB buffer and the embryos are incubated overnight.
- the embryos are then incubated in the blocking solution for 3-4 hours at room temperature and the embryos are incubated overnight with the 1/4000 diluted anti-DIG antibodies.
- the embryos are rinsed 6 times 15 minutes in PBST then 2 times 5 minutes in the staining buffer and revealed with NBT (3.5 ⁇ l / ml) and BCIP (3.5 ⁇ l / ml) in the staining buffer.
- HYB buffer 50% formamide, 5XSSC, 500 mg / ml Yeast RNA, 0.1% Tween 20 TM, 9 mM citric acid.
- Antibody blocking buffer 1 x PBS, 0.1% Tween 20 TM, 0.2% BSA, 1% DMSO.
- Staining buffer 100 mM Tris pH 9.5, 50 mM MgCl2, 100 mM NaCl, 0.1% Tween 20.
- Serine 226 is stored in all vertebrate and invertebrate cholinesterases.
- the side chain of serine 226 points to serine 200 of the active site.
- the S226N mutation modifies the steric hindrance but also the polarity of the side chain.
- N226 could establish a hydrogen bond with glutamate 327 of the active site and thus cause the loss of activity. So far, no mutagenesis study has involved residue 226 in the activity of the enzyme. It would be interesting to replace polar serine with a non-polar residue of equivalent size such as leucine to verify the involvement of hydrogen bonds in the loss of catalytic activity.
- the maps of the plasmids used are shown in Figures 7 and 8 respectively.
- the AChE gene digested at the Seal and Xhal sites was introduced into the EcoRV and Xbal sites of the vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen).
- the EcorV and Seal sites are no longer functional. Expression is led by the CMV promoter.
- Recombinant wild-type acetylcholinesterase can be produced in mutant embryos.
- the cloning of the mutant AChE gene and its expression in vitro and in vivo confirmed the origin of the immobile phenotype as being a specific deficit in cholinesterase activity, linked to the mutation of serine 226 into asparagine.
- the phenotype of the mutant homozygous embryos was then analyzed in more detail.
- lactile stimulation for example during the removal of the chorion, the response of the wild embryos consists of one or two tail beats then a return to the relaxed state while the mutant embryos remain contracted as a result of the last beat and relax more slowly.
- mutant embryos are never as large as those of wild embryos.
- This phenotype becomes clearly visible from 30 hours and gradually increases: the beats are replaced by prolonged tetanic cramps which are followed by a period of complete inactivity (paralysis) even under stimulation.
- a wild embryo subjected to tactile stimulation at the junction between the head and the trunk, is capable of developing a coordinated movement of flight by violent contraction of the trunk on the side opposite to the stimulation.
- Slow motion video microscopy on wild embryos immobilized by the head and the anterior trunk, makes it possible to observe this reflex lateral contraction, followed by a swimming period (FIG. 5A).
- the response is very weak: a unilateral contraction, on the side opposite the stimulation, is followed by a brief period of alternating right / left beats, limited to the terminal part of the tail (Figure 5A).
- the response decreases over time and at 3 days most AChE - / - embryos are immobile and adopt an arched posture with the tail pointing dorsally along the axis of the embryo ( Figure 5B).
- AChE activity probably increases the concentration of ACh in the synapses and causes, in the short term, tetanic contractions followed by periods of immobility. In the long term, a complete paralysis of the embryos is observed.
- mutant embryos look normal. The heart beats and blood flows normally. No morphological difference was noted for the blood cells in wild or mutant embryos at 5 days of development. The fins develop normally for up to 3 days, however in mutants they gradually atrophy. Generally, with the exception of tetanus contractions, mutant homozygous embryos exhibit a wild phenotype until around 2 days when the muscles begin to degenerate.
- Morpholino-type oligonucleotides are sold by the company GENETOOLS LLC. They were resuspended in solution and injected at a concentration of 1 mM as described by Nasevicius and EKKER (2001).
- the sequence of the antisense oligonucleotide MO-ache is 5'-CTGAGGTCTTCATGGCTTCTTTTCA-3 '(SEQ ID No. 1) and that of the control oligonucleotide, MO-co is 5'-
- the absence of BchE in zebrafish makes the AChE mutant model very unique and particularly useful for testing the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors.
- the toxicity tests can be carried out by simple bath of the embryos and the analysis of the phenotype carried out under a binocular magnifier. Any abnormal phenotype induced in AChE embryos could be attributed to non-specific effects of the inhibitors since these embryos have no AChE activity.
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AU2002341045A AU2002341045A1 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2002-08-08 | Method for the in vivo screening of the biological activity of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor compound on one or more cellular targets other than acetylcholinesterase |
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FR0110663A FR2828497A1 (fr) | 2001-08-09 | 2001-08-09 | Procede de criblage in vivo de l'activite biologique d'un compose inhibiteur de l'acetylcholinesterase sur une ou plusieurs cibles cellulaires autres que l'acetylcholinesterase |
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WO2005098428A3 (fr) * | 2004-04-07 | 2006-02-02 | Marinus Pharmaceuticals Inc | Procede et systeme de criblage de composes pour leur activite musculaire et/ou neurologique chez des animaux |
FR2889936A1 (fr) * | 2005-09-01 | 2007-03-02 | Sod Conseils Rech Applic | Methode pour quantifier une neurotoxine cholinergique dans un echantillon |
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US5932780A (en) * | 1994-02-28 | 1999-08-03 | Yissum Research Development Company Of Hebrew University Of Jerusalem | Transgenic non-human animal assay system for anti-cholinesterase substances |
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2001
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2002
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2005098428A3 (fr) * | 2004-04-07 | 2006-02-02 | Marinus Pharmaceuticals Inc | Procede et systeme de criblage de composes pour leur activite musculaire et/ou neurologique chez des animaux |
FR2889936A1 (fr) * | 2005-09-01 | 2007-03-02 | Sod Conseils Rech Applic | Methode pour quantifier une neurotoxine cholinergique dans un echantillon |
WO2007026061A1 (fr) * | 2005-09-01 | 2007-03-08 | Societe De Conseils De Recherches Et D'applications Scientifiques (S.C.R.A.S.) | Methode pour quantifier une neurotoxine cholinergique dans un echantillon |
US9176119B2 (en) | 2005-09-01 | 2015-11-03 | Ipsen Pharma S.A.S. | Method for quantifying a cholinergic neurotoxin in a sample |
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