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WO2008100374A1 - Système de transfert de fluide par pipeline en acier - Google Patents

Système de transfert de fluide par pipeline en acier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2008100374A1
WO2008100374A1 PCT/US2008/000955 US2008000955W WO2008100374A1 WO 2008100374 A1 WO2008100374 A1 WO 2008100374A1 US 2008000955 W US2008000955 W US 2008000955W WO 2008100374 A1 WO2008100374 A1 WO 2008100374A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pipeline
joint
extends
pipe
pitch
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2008/000955
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Hein Wille
Jack Pollack
Original Assignee
Single Buoy Moorings, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/016,929 external-priority patent/US8414342B2/en
Application filed by Single Buoy Moorings, Inc. filed Critical Single Buoy Moorings, Inc.
Priority to BRPI0807489-5A2A priority Critical patent/BRPI0807489A2/pt
Publication of WO2008100374A1 publication Critical patent/WO2008100374A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/20—Accessories therefor, e.g. floats or weights
    • F16L1/24—Floats; Weights
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B27/00—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers
    • B63B27/24—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers of pipe-lines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63B—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; EQUIPMENT FOR SHIPPING 
    • B63B27/00—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for cargo or passengers
    • B63B27/30—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for transfer at sea between ships or between ships and off-shore structures
    • B63B27/34—Arrangement of ship-based loading or unloading equipment for transfer at sea between ships or between ships and off-shore structures using pipe-lines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L1/00—Laying or reclaiming pipes; Repairing or joining pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/12—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water
    • F16L1/14—Laying or reclaiming pipes on or under water between the surface and the bottom

Definitions

  • hydrocarbons are to be transferred between floating structures, such as between a production vessel that produces and stores hydrocarbons from an undersea reservoir and a buoy for offloading the stored hydrocarbons at regular intervals to a tanker that is moored to the buoy.
  • the hydrocarbons can be transferred through a pipeline that extends in the sea between the structures and that is connected in a pipe joint at each structure.
  • One problem encountered with such a system is that there is repeated stressing of each pipe end due to pitch, roll and heave of the corresponding floating structure. Such repeated stressing, especially in the wave action zone, can result in fatigue failure of the pipe end and of a corresponding pipe connector on the floating structure.
  • Patent US6779949 shows a catenary or U-shaped steel midwater pipe where the pipeline ends are placed entirely below the wave turbulent zone. The pipe ends are connected to the floating structure, or floater with flexible hoses in the wave active zone.
  • Patent US6769376 shows a midwater system which includes multiple steel pipe sections with clamped fixed spacers at the pipe section ends and flexible spacers in between, which allows for a relative movement of the pipes to each other. These patents include either a upper flexible part or a spacer means.
  • Patent application GB2335723 shows a riser decoupling system with a weight-carrying chain or cable part between the floater and the end of the steel midwater pipe. In this way relative movement between the buoy and the end of a subsea pipeline is accommodated by a suspended member in the form of a chain, rope or cable.
  • the fluid path between the end of the pipeline and the buoy includes a flex hose.
  • Other systems for decoupling the motion of the surface floater from a steel midwater pipes by creating a distance between the steel midwater pipe end and the floater are shown in patent publications US6109989 and US20030084961.
  • Patent application WO03062043 shows a special design for a deepwater buoy which at its lower part is connected to a steel horizontal transfer duct via a flex joint.
  • the sections of the steel transfer pipe are welded together and are subject to large fatigue loads as it is placed in the wave active zone.
  • the design of the buoy is such that it reduces fatigue loads of the mooring lines and the horizontal transfer duct; the buoy is therefore made slender and relatively long such that the horizontal fluid transfer duct extends below the wave active zone.
  • the fluid duct is therefore less subject to fatigue loads due to the shape of the buoy and the fact that it is placed under the wave active zone, so that a welded midwater pipe arrangement can be used without the danger of (fatigue) cracks being introduced to the welded area of the midwater pipe.
  • a fluid transfer system for transferring fluid between structures in the sea, especially where each structure floats, that is of moderate cost, that is provided with fatigue resistant pipe section connections and that minimizes changes of stresses on the ends of a pipeline that carries fluid between the structures.
  • the system includes a steel pipeline for deep waters that extends above the sea floor, with the pipeline extending partly in the wave active zone of the sea, in a shallow catenary curve between the floating structures.
  • the steel pipeline consists of multiple steel pipe sections connected in series in mechanical pipe joints. This avoids welded pipe joints which cannot withstand fatigue stresses present in the wave zone.
  • a first floating structure has a first hull with pitch and roll axes about which the hull pivots in the presence of waves.
  • connection be as close as practical to the Center of Gravity (CG) of the floater (CALM buoy, FPSO, etc), or on the outside of the floater hull near mid-ship either above or below water.
  • the upper ends of the midwater pipe are placed in an open area adjacent to the roll and pitch axes of the floating structure, or can be placed in an area within turret walls of a weathervaning structure, where that area contains the roll and/or pitch axes.
  • applicant provides a recess in the bottom of the first hull, and places a pipe connector within the recess near the pitch and roll axes.
  • a first end of the steel pipeline extends at an incline of many degrees from the vertical up into the recess, where the first end of the pipeline connects to the pipe connector to form a first joint.
  • the incline is the beginning of the catenary curve along which the steel pipeline extends.
  • the pipe connector is preferably part of or mounted on, a pivot joint that allows the pipe connector on the floating structure to pivot relative to the first pipe end about the pitch and roll axes, by a plurality of degrees with minimum torque.
  • a pivot joint that allows the pipe connector on the floating structure to pivot relative to the first pipe end about the pitch and roll axes, by a plurality of degrees with minimum torque.
  • the steel midwater pipe with quick mechanical couplings or connections could be of a variety of shapes but preferably is a U-shape as in Fig. 1 , or lazy- wave configuration that includes a buoy that raises the middle of the pipeline.
  • the steel midwater pipe arrangement of the invention can be a single offloading pipeline but can also consist of multiple pipelines of different diameters for the transfer of different fluids (crude pipeline, gas pipeline, water injection pipe) and be combined with a power cable and/or umbilical lines.
  • each steel pipe is assembled of pipe sections that are coupled together via a mechanical coupling that can handle the large stresses and fatigue forces acting on the ends of the interconnected pipe sections.
  • several clamps are placed at regular intervals along the multi-pipe midwater pipe arrangement to keep the pipes at a distance from each other.
  • Each clamp allows for a relative displacement of each pipe in axial directions so as to be able to deal with the differences in temperature of the fluid transferred in each pipe and the resulting differences in contraction and expansion in length of each pipe in the bundle.
  • This can for example, be achieved by a sliding support member (i.e. Teflon) for each pipe in the clamp.
  • Teflon a sliding support member for each pipe in the clamp.
  • the clamp can be combined with buoyancy cans or separate buoyancy modules can be distributed along the pipe or pipeline bundle.
  • the ends of the pipeline are connected to the floating vessels, preferable in the neutral zone (near the pitch and roll axes) to avoid large stresses on the end connections. It is also possible to connect the steel midwater pipe directly into the internal or external turret of a weathervaning FPSO (floating production storage and offloading).
  • the end connections are preferably flexible, so they can stand torque, stress and pull forces and can be in the form of a stress-joint (see US 6,659,690), a flex-joint, a gimbal table (see WO 2007/082905), a latch connector, a ball-joint, etc, which are all well known solutions in the offshore industry.
  • a gimbal table connection for example allows for full free rotation in any direction like a cardan joint.
  • the steel midwater pipe or even a midwater pipe bundle can be assembled and installed by pulling it out from one of the floaters or from a floater having a tower for making up pipes with mechanical (not welded) connections such as threaded or clamped connections.
  • the pipe will not touch the seabed when being pulled out from the floater where it is assembled, which can be a FPSO, a drilling rig, a lay vessel, etc.
  • an extra insulation or protective layer can be added over the coupling to protect the coupling and avoid the ingress of seawater in the coupling or in scratches in the coupling made during the assembling process.
  • Fig. 1 is a side elevation view of a fluid transfer system of the invention, shown in a quiescent condition of the system.
  • Fig. 2 is an isometric view with hidden lines, of a first of the floating structures of the system of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 3 is a partial isometric view with hidden lines, of a second of the floating structures of the system of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 4 is a sectional view of the hull of the floating structures of both Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
  • Fig. 5 is a sectional side view of the joint of Fig.4 where the pipeline first end connects to the floating structure pipe connector.
  • Fig. 6 is a sectional view of a joint of another embodiment of the invention which uses elastomeric material in a pivot joint.
  • Fig. 7 is a sectional view of one type of mechanical pipe connection joint for the steel pipeline of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 8 is a sectional view of another type of mechanical pipe connection for the pipeline of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 9 is a sectional view of another type of mechanical pipe connection for the pipeline of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 10 is a sectional view of another type of pipe connection joint for the pipeline of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 11 is a partial isometric view of a fluid transfer system of another embodiment of the invention wherein a first pipe end is not located near the roll axis of the floating structure hull.
  • Fig. 1 shows a fluid transfer system 10 of the invention that includes two floating bodies or structures 12, 14 that float at the sea surface 20.
  • the floaters, or floating structures are connected by a pipeline 22 that has opposite ends 30, 32 connected to the two structures.
  • the first floating structure 12 is shown as a buoy while the second one 14 is shown as a vessel with an elongated hull.
  • the pipeline 22 is a steel pipeline formed by multiple steel pipe sections connected in series.
  • the steel pipeline does not extend with low tension at close to the vertical from each floating structure down to the sea floor. Instead, the steel pipeline extends at high tension in a shallow catenary curve 24 that usually lies completely above the sea floor 50.
  • the use of a steel pipeline enables rapid deployment of the pipeline by a method that includes lowering steel pipe sections each of a length such as 24 meters from a vessel, and connecting a next pipe section to the last pipe section when it has been lowered, with the string of pipe sections slowly pulled from away from the lowering vessel to the other one.
  • a steel pipeline is shown in US Publication no 2006-0201564, although applicant prefers to not have the steel pipeline settle on the sea floor if the sea is deep enough to avoid this.
  • the first floating structure 12 is shown moored by a plurality of mooring chains 34, 36.
  • the second structure 14 usually will be moored, by one of several types of mooring system (not shown).
  • the opposite end portions 40, 42 of the steel pipeline extend at large angles C to the vertical, as parts of a catenary curve 24 of limited depth 44 which is less than the depth 46 of the sea in the vicinity of the system. As a result the pipeline does not lay on the sea floor 50.
  • the shallow catenary curve opposite ends extend at an angle C of more than 15° and preferably at least 20° to the vertical. This avoids damage to the pipeline from any potentially harmful objects on the sea floor. It also provides high tension in the pipeline, which avoids damage even when one of the vessels moves downward in a large wave. However, the large tension could lead to fatigue failure if there are repeated large bending stresses.
  • Much of the pipeline (e.g.40%) lies in the "wave zone" Wz which commonly extends to 400 meters below the sea surface 20.
  • the pipeline is subjected to repeated changes in tension.
  • the steel midwater pipe parts are interconnected with a quick connection coupling mechanism such as a threaded (helical or parallel threads), a clamped, a click-on, a bolded, etc. connection.
  • Any pipe section with e.g. threaded ends welded to the rest of the same pipe section has the weld performed on shore where the weld can be assumed to be of high quality. Only the connection together of e.g. 24 meter length pipe sections, is here considered a pipe connection.
  • the steel midwater pipe 22 can be assembled from steel pipe sections of different weight.
  • the pipe section that is in the wave active zone (Wz) has larger wall thickness than the pipe section which is placed in the quiescent zone (below Wz).
  • the steel midwater pipe 22 could also be assembled of sections of pipe that have different material characteristics or even assembled of pipe sections made of different materials. It is an option to add flexible parts or pivoting points in the middle of the midwater pipe which could be needed in rough environmental conditions, so that the movements of one or both floaters (12, 14) are decoupled from the main part of the midwater pipe.
  • Fig. 7 shows one type of fatigue-resistant pipe joint 120 which includes two pipe sections 130, 132 joined by a threaded sleeve 134.
  • Fig. 8 shows another fatigue-resistant pipe joint 150 having two pipe sections 160, 162 with threaded ends 152, 154 connected by a thread connection.
  • the pipe ends 152, 154 are joined by weld connections 170, 172 to main portions of the pipe sections.
  • the weld connections are performed on shore before pipe sections are joined in tandem and lowered into the sea so they are not considered to be weld joints which joint two tandem pipe sections.
  • FIG. 9 shows a pipe joint 220 wherein one pipe end 222 has been expanded and internally threaded to the other one 224.
  • Fig. 10 shows a pipe joint 190 wherein the pipe ends 204, 206 have been welded (while on shore) to the ends of pipe lengths 200, 202 at welds 210, 212, and threadably connected at 214.
  • Fig. 9 shows a pipe joint 220 wherein one pipe end 222 has been expanded and internally threaded to the other one 224.
  • Fig. 10 shows a pipe joint 190 wherein the pipe ends 204, 206 have been welded (while on shore) to the ends of pipe lengths 200, 202 at welds 210, 212, and threadably connected at 214.
  • the first floating structure 12 has a hull 51 with a top 55 and with a recess 52 in its bottom 53, with the recess extending upward through a pitch axis 54 and a roll axis 56 of the first structure.
  • These two axes 54, 56 are horizontal and perpendicular, and lie approximately at the height of the sea surface.
  • the pitch axis extends between opposite sides 64 of the hull and the roll axis extends between opposite ends 62 of the hull.
  • the first end 30 of the pipeline extends at an incline of a plurality of degrees up into the recess by a vertical distance of more than a meter, and connects to a connector 60 lying within the recess.
  • the second floating structure 14 is similar to the first one except that it has a length along its roll axis 56B (Fig. 3) between its bow and stern ends 66, 67 (Fig. 1) that is at least four times its width along its pitch axis 54B between its opposite sides 68.
  • the second pipeline end 32B extends at an incline of a plurality of degrees from the vertical into a recess 52B and the pipeline second end 32B connects to a pipe connector 6OB in the recess.
  • Fig. 4 shows the cross-sections of the two floating structures 12, 14, along the pitch axes being identical.
  • the connector 60, 6OB of each floating structure and each pipe end 30, 3OB lies close to both the pitch axis 54, 54B and the roll axis 56, 56B.
  • the distance of connector 60, 6OB from the pitch axis is less than 20% of the distance D between hull opposite sides or ends, preferably less than 10% of D, and more preferably less than 5% of distance D.
  • each pipe end 30, 3OB is a plurality of degrees and is usually at least 20 ° , in the quiescent condition of the system as a result of a catenary curve of shallow depth.
  • Forces on the pipe ends 30, 3OB continually vary as the floating structure moves up and down and pitches and rolls. However, movement of each pipe end 30, 3OB due to pitch and roll is a minimum because the pipe end lies close to the pitch and roll axes 54, 54B and 56, 56B.
  • Applicant has designed a fluid transfer system of the type shown in Figs. 1 -4 for a sea location of a depth 46 of 745 meters.
  • the floating structures 12, 14 lay 2000 meters apart, and the catenary had a bottom lying a distance 44 of 560 meters below the sea surface, or 155 meters above the sea floor.
  • the incline from the vertical of each pipe end was more than 20 ° .
  • the ratio of catenary length to catenary depth was more than three to one. This results in high tension in the pipeline and the desirability to minimize changes in such tension to avoid fatigue failure.
  • the fluid transfer system can be used in the wave active zone in large water depths (up to 3000m water depths) as well.
  • FIG. 5 shows one example of such a joint 70, 7OB which includes a ball 72 connected to the pipe end and a socket 74 connected to the pipe connector 60, 6OB that is mounted on the floating structure.
  • the joint allows only limited "free pivoting"
  • Fig. 6 shows another joint 80 which enables limited free pivoting (pivoting without damage) about the pitch and roll axes, and which uses plates 82 of elastomeric material to absorb the pivoting.
  • the plates 82 are under compressive forces due to the weight of the pipeline. When the pipe end 30, 3OB pivots, the compressive load on one side of the plates is reduced and the compressive load on the other side of the plates is increased.
  • a flexible hose 86 connects the connector 88 to a pipe on the floating structure.
  • the joint center 89 lies close to the pitch and roll axes.
  • Fig. 11 illustrates a floating structure in the form of a vessel 90 with a hull 92 that has pitch and roll axes 94, 96.
  • the hull also has a bottom 100 and a deck 102, and the distance between its opposite ends is at least four times the distance between its opposite sides 98.
  • applicant places the connector 104 close to the pitch axis 94, and preferably locates the connector 104 below the deck to further minimize connector movement.
  • the connector lies considerably from the roll axis 96 but since the width of the vessel along the roll axis is small, pipeline end movement is limited.
  • the invention provides a fluid transfer system that includes a steel pipeline that extends between bodies that both lie in the sea, and especially where both bodies float on the sea surface.
  • the system is constructed to it can be installed at moderate cost and minimizes fatigue at the pipeline ends, which are the most vulnerable to fatigue failure.
  • the pipeline lies in a shallow catenary curve, which raises the middle of the pipeline above the sea floor. This results in high pipeline tension and the possibility of high loads on a first pipe end when the first floating structure is tilted as it encounters waves.
  • Applicant prefers to construct the first floating structure so it has a recess in the bottom of the hull, with the first recess extending though the pitch and roll axes.
  • the pipeline connector that is mounted on the first hull lies close to the pitch and roll axes, so the pipeline end experiences minimum movement when the hull pivots about one or both axes.
  • the joint where the pipe end connects to the pipeline connector on the floating structure is preferably a pivot joint that allows a plurality of degrees of pivoting about the pitch and roll axes to limit torque on the pipe end.
  • the pipeline consists of steel pipe sections connected in series, in pipe joints where pipe ends are connected together mechanically ratherthan by welding, for high fatigue resistance under the high tension of a shallow catenary curve.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Pipeline Systems (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention porte un pipeline en acier (22) qui s'étend selon une courbe caténaire superficielle entre deux structures flottantes (12, 14). Le pipeline est raccordé à chaque structure flottante par un raccord (70, 80) qui a un centre (76, 89) se trouvant sur les axes de tangage et de roulis, ou très près de ces axes (54, 56, 54B, 56B) ou sur la coque de structure correspondante. Une première structure a un renfoncement (52) s'étendant vers le haut depuis le fond de la première coque de structure au moins jusqu'aux axes de tangage et de roulis de la coque. Le pipeline à courbe caténaire superficielle s'étend selon une pente (C) supérieure à 15 degrés par rapport à la verticale dans le renfoncement et la première extrémité (30) du pipeline se raccorde à un raccord de conduite (60, 60B) se trouvant sur les axes de tangage et de roulis. Le raccord de conduite permet de préférence un pivotement relativement libre d'une pluralité de degrés autour des axes horizontaux entre le raccord lui-même et la première extrémité du pipeline.
PCT/US2008/000955 2007-02-12 2008-01-24 Système de transfert de fluide par pipeline en acier WO2008100374A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
BRPI0807489-5A2A BRPI0807489A2 (pt) 2007-02-12 2008-01-24 Sistema de transferência de fluido de tubulação de aço

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US90090607P 2007-02-12 2007-02-12
US60/900,906 2007-02-12
US12/016,929 US8414342B2 (en) 2008-01-18 2008-01-18 Steel pipeline fluid transfer system
US12/016,929 2008-01-18

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2008100374A1 true WO2008100374A1 (fr) 2008-08-21

Family

ID=39690388

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2008/000955 WO2008100374A1 (fr) 2007-02-12 2008-01-24 Système de transfert de fluide par pipeline en acier

Country Status (2)

Country Link
BR (1) BRPI0807489A2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008100374A1 (fr)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2496860A (en) * 2011-11-22 2013-05-29 Subsea 7 Ltd Top connector for a subsea buoy

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5639187A (en) * 1994-10-12 1997-06-17 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine steel catenary riser system
US6109989A (en) * 1998-04-23 2000-08-29 Fmc Corporation Submerged pipeline manifold for offloading mooring buoy and method of installation
US6983712B2 (en) * 2001-08-03 2006-01-10 Fmc Technologies, Inc. Offloading arrangements and method for spread moored FPSOs

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5639187A (en) * 1994-10-12 1997-06-17 Mobil Oil Corporation Marine steel catenary riser system
US6109989A (en) * 1998-04-23 2000-08-29 Fmc Corporation Submerged pipeline manifold for offloading mooring buoy and method of installation
US6983712B2 (en) * 2001-08-03 2006-01-10 Fmc Technologies, Inc. Offloading arrangements and method for spread moored FPSOs

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2496860A (en) * 2011-11-22 2013-05-29 Subsea 7 Ltd Top connector for a subsea buoy
GB2496860B (en) * 2011-11-22 2014-03-19 Subsea 7 Ltd Tensioning and connector systems for tethers
US9227700B2 (en) 2011-11-22 2016-01-05 Subsea 7 Limited Tensioning and connector systems for tethers

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BRPI0807489A2 (pt) 2014-05-20

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