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WO2011098145A1 - Agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs contre les tensions transitoires - Google Patents

Agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs contre les tensions transitoires Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011098145A1
WO2011098145A1 PCT/EP2010/051821 EP2010051821W WO2011098145A1 WO 2011098145 A1 WO2011098145 A1 WO 2011098145A1 EP 2010051821 W EP2010051821 W EP 2010051821W WO 2011098145 A1 WO2011098145 A1 WO 2011098145A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
varistor
breaker
current
arrangement
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2010/051821
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Georgios Demetriades
Willy Hermansson
Konstantinos Papastergiou
Original Assignee
Abb Research Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Abb Research Ltd filed Critical Abb Research Ltd
Priority to PCT/EP2010/051821 priority Critical patent/WO2011098145A1/fr
Publication of WO2011098145A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011098145A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/08—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage
    • H03K17/081—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit
    • H03K17/0814—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the output circuit
    • H03K17/08148—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the output circuit in composite switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J3/18—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks
    • H02J3/1821—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators
    • H02J3/1835—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control
    • H02J3/1842—Arrangements for adjusting, eliminating or compensating reactive power in networks using shunt compensators with stepless control wherein at least one reactive element is actively controlled by a bridge converter, e.g. active filters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/20—Active power filtering [APF]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an arrangement for protecting a solid-state dc-brea ker during a fault condition causing a voltage transient across the dc-breaker, wherein the arrangement comprises a first and a second varistor arranged in parallel with the dc-breaker.
  • a STATCOM comprises a voltage source converter (VSC) having an AC side connected to a high voltage electrical power system and a DC side connected to a temporary electric power storage means such as capacitors.
  • VSC voltage source converter
  • the STATCOM can supply reactive power to, or absorb reactive power from, the transmission line.
  • a dc power source is connected to the STATCOM in order to perform also active power compensation .
  • the construction may be used e.g . as a spinning reserve and for compensating for fluctuating energy levels in the power system .
  • FIG 1 an example of the power apparatus is shown .
  • a high voltage battery is used as a dc power source. Since the power compensator is connected to the ac voltage of the high voltage electrical power system, a large number of dc power source units have to be connected in series to match the dc voltage of the apparatus.
  • a series-connection of dc power source units constitutes a string and in order to obtain a desired amount of electric energy (duration of active power) of the dc power source, a number of strings, have to be connected in parallel.
  • Each dc power source unit in turn includes a large number of dc power source members connected in series an/or parallel (not shown in figure 1).
  • the dc power source is a high voltage battery
  • the dc power source members corresponds to battery cells, each having a voltage of approximately 1.5-3 V.
  • Disconnectors intended for a complete galvanic isolation of the dc power source from the VSC, are connected between each side of the string and the converter. Disconnectors could also be placed on each side of the dc power source units.
  • the voltage of the dc power source unit is adapted to the breaking capability of the dc-breaker. All dc-breakers in the string are arranged so that they are turned on and off simultaneously, implying that each dc-breaker only has to withstand the voltage over its corresponding dc power source unit when the string is disconnected.
  • the circuit loop inductance will be relatively high.
  • the short circuit current will be high as its magnitude is depending on the total number of dc power source members connected in parallel. In order to save the solid-state dc-breakers from failure due to overstress they must be turned-off quickly in case of such short circuit currents.
  • a voltage transient will appear across the dc-breaker, for example an IGBT, because of the energy stored in the loop inductance and if no precautions are taken, it can be destroyed if the peak value of the voltage transient exceeds a critical value for the dc-breaker.
  • Protective circuits can be used, e.g. arresters including varistors and/or snubber circuits. When the IGBT is turned off most of the current will flow through the protective circuit, resulting in a reduced peak voltage below the ratings of the
  • Each solid-state dc-breaker has to be able to withstand the voltage of the dc power source unit and to break the short-circuit current. Another prerequisite is that after disconnecting the dc power source unit by turning off the IGBT, the leakage current through the dc- breaker and its associated protective circuitry, which will be subjected to the full voltage of the dc power source unit, must be low enough. After the dc-breaker has turned off the short circuit current the disconnectors will be opened to make a galvanic isolation of the dc power source from the VSC. Usually a disconnector can not open if a current is flowing through it and will fail to do so if the leakage current is too high or will even break down.
  • a protective circuit includes a varistor element in parallel with the IGBT.
  • the use of one varistor in order to meet the requirements above will be very difficult or even impossible using the type of zinc oxide varistor elements available on the market today. This is due to the basic physics of the varistor material itself.
  • the voltage-current characteristic curve 30 is for a varistor element which has been modified to fit the requirements as good as possible.
  • the varistor has a leakage current of only 1 mA at 3 kV which will give a voltage of approximately 4.8 kV across a 4.5 kV IGBT at 7 kA, which will destroy the IGBT.
  • a known method to improve the voltage-current characteristic curve is to connect several varistors in parallel.
  • a modular energy storage device as defined in claim 1.
  • the arrangement for protecting a solid-state dc-breaker during a fault condition causing a voltage transient across the dc-breaker wherein the arrangement comprises a first and a second varistor arranged in parallel with the dc-breaker, is characterised in that the first varistor is adapted to minimise the voltage transient created across the dc-breaker and the second varistor is adapted to minimise a leakage current through the arrangement when the dc- breaker has been turned off, and the arrangement comprises a switch arrangement configured to connect and disconnect the first or second varistor such that the first varistor is connected at least during the voltage transient and the second varistor is connected at least when the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below a threshold value.
  • An advantage with the arrangement according to the invention is that the characteristics of the first and second varistor, respectively, are utilised during different phases of the turn-off. During the first phase, starting at the very beginning of the turn-off and ending when the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below a threshold value, the characteristics of the first varistor is utilised.
  • the characteristics of the second varistor is utilised.
  • the threshold value is used to determine if the voltage transient across the dc-breaker at turn-off has decreased low enough to indicate that the turn-off has been completed.
  • the switch arrangement comprises a switch connected in series with the first varistor such that a current path including the switch and the first varistor is formed in parallel with the dc-breaker, the switch is normally closed and the switch arrangement is configured to open the switch when the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below the threshold value.
  • the switch arrangement comprises a voltage detecting unit adapted to detect when the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below a threshold value and a signal generating unit adapted to generate an order to open the switch upon detecting that the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below the threshold value.
  • the voltage detecting unit and the signal generating unit is integrated in the solid-state dc-breaker.
  • the solid-state dc-breaker usually includes a gate unit controller configured to control its turn-on and turn-off, respectively. In those cases the monitoring of the voltage across the solid-state dc-breaker is already present and a signal generating unit can easily be implemented in the gate unit controller.
  • the first varistor is of low-voltage type and the second varistor is of a high-voltage type.
  • a low- voltage type varistor is meant a varistor with a working point at the high-current region (right side) of the voltage-current characteristic curve.
  • a high-voltage type varistor is meant a varistor with a working point at the pre-breakdown region (left side) of the voltage-current characteristic curve.
  • the pre- brea kdown region is marked with an arrow 40
  • the high current region is marked with another arrow 42
  • in between the breakdown region is marked with a third arrow 41.
  • the first varistor has a voltage-current characteristic such that the resistance of the varistor at high voltages over the varistor is low enough to keep the pea k voltage of the voltage transient below a critical value for the dc- breaker.
  • a critical value for the dc-brea ker is meant a voltage value below which it is safe to operate the dc-breaker and above which there is a risk that the dc-breaker is destroyed .
  • the second varistor has a voltage-current characteristic such that the current through the varistor does not exceed a limit value for the leakage current when the voltage across the dc-breaker has stabilised after the voltage transient.
  • the limit value for the leakage current depends on the breaking capability of the disconnectors when the voltage across the dc-breaker has stabilised after the voltage transient.
  • the arrangement according to the invention is particularly suitable for protecting dc-breakers adapted to connect and disconnect dc power source units in a dc power source.
  • a dc power source unit should be understood dc power source members connected in series.
  • the first varistor have a voltage- current characteristic such that the voltage across the varistor does not exceed 4 kV when the current through the varistor is 5 kA. In an embodiment of the invention the first varistor have a voltage- current characteristic such that the voltage across the varistor does not exceed 4 kV when the current through the varistor is 10 kA.
  • the second varistor have a voltage-current characteristic such that the current through the varistor does not exceed 10 mA when the voltage across the varistor is 3 kV.
  • the second varistor have a voltage-current characteristic such that the current through the varistor does not exceed 1 mA when the voltage across the varistor is 3 kV.
  • a dc power source comprising a plurality of dc power source units arranged in series, at least one of the dc power source units being provided with a solid-state dc-breaker configured to connect and disconnect the dc power source unit, wherein the dc power source comprises an arrangement accord any of claims 1 -9 for protecting the solid-state dc-breaker.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic figure of a power apparatus for a high voltage electrical power system
  • Figure 2 shows a schematic figure of a first embodiment of a protection arrangement in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic figure of a second embodiment of a protection arrangement in accordance with the invention
  • Figure 4 shows a diagram of the voltage-current characteristics between 2-5 kV for three types of varistors
  • Figure 5 shows a diagram of the voltage-current characteristics between 2-5 kV for four types of varistors and arrows showing the resulting voltage-current characteristics.
  • Figure 1 shows a power apparatus 1 for a high voltage electrical power system 19.
  • the power apparatus includes a voltage source converter 2, a high voltage dc power source 3 which is connected to the dc side of a voltage source converter 2 and a positive dc rail 17 and a negative dc rail 18 which are connected to the converter 2.
  • the ac side of the converter is connected to the high voltage electrical power system 19.
  • the dc power source 3 includes a plurality of strings 4a-c arranged in parallel .
  • Each string includes a plurality of dc power source units 8, 10, 12 arranged in series. In the example illustrated in figure 1, three strings are shown 4a, 4b, 4c including three dc power source units 8, 10, 12.
  • Each of the dc power source units 8, 10, 12 includes one or more dc power source members not shown in figure 1.
  • the dc power source members can be of different types, such as battery cells, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells and super capacitors.
  • Each string further includes a plurality of breaker units 7a-d configured to connect and disconnect dc power source units 8, 10, 12. In the example illustrated in figure 1 each string is provided with four breaker units 7a-d .
  • Each dc power source unit 8, 10, 12 is provided with one breaker unit 7b-d .
  • An extra breaker unit 7a is placed above the upper-most dc power source unit 8 to be able breake a short- circuit current through said dc power source unit 8.
  • All breaker units 7a-d in the string 4a-c are arranged so that they are turned on and off simultaneously, implying that each breaker unit only has to withstand the voltage over its corresponding dc power source unit 8, 10, 12 when the string is disconnected .
  • the voltage of the dc power source units 8, 10, 12 is adapted to the breaking capability of the breaker units.
  • the breaker units 7a-d will be described in more details with reference to figure 2 and 3.
  • the power source units are within the range of 500 V and upwards and preferably in the range of 3 kV and upwards.
  • Each string includes a plurality of disconnectors 5, 6 for providing galvanic isolation between the dc power source units 8, 10, 12 and the converter 2 during for instance mai ntenance work on the dc power source 3 or on the converter 2.
  • each string is provided with two diconnectors 5, 6 placed next to the positive dc rail 17 and the negative dc rail 18, respectively. Disconnectors could also be placed on each side of the dc power source units.
  • Figure 2 shows a first example of a breaker unit 7a-d .
  • the breaker unit includes a solid-state dc-breaker 27 and a protection arrangement 28, according to a first embodiment of the invention, for protection of the solid-state dc-brea ker 27 during a fault condition causing a voltage transient across the dc-breaker 27.
  • the solid-state dc-breaker 27 includes a transistor 22, and a rectifying member, such as a diode 23, which is connected in anti-parallel with the transistor 22.
  • a solid-state dc-breaker is meant a controllable semiconductor switch such as an IGBT, IGCT or GTO.
  • An advantage of using an IGBT is that the gate drive power requirement is very low.
  • the solid-state dc-breaker 27 includes a gate unit controller 21 configured to control the turn-on and turn-off of the transistor 22.
  • the gate unit controller includes equipment for monitori ng the voltage across the transistor and consequently the voltage across the solid-state dc-breaker 27.
  • the protection arrangement 28 includes a first varistor 25 and a second varistor 26 arranged in parallel with the dc-brea ker 27 and to each other.
  • the first varistor 25 is adapted to minimise the voltage transient created across the dc-breaker 27 and the second varistor
  • the 26 is adapted to minimise a leakage current through the protection arrangement 28 when the dc-breaker 27 has been turned off.
  • Two varistors with different characteristics are used .
  • the first varistor must have a voltage-current characteristic such that the resistance of the varistor at high voltages over the varistor is low enough to keep the peak voltage of the voltage transient below a critical value for the dc-breaker. For example, if the critical value of the dc- breaker is 4 kV the voltage-current characteristic of the first varistor should be selected such that the voltage across the varistor does not exceed 4 kV when the current through the varistor is 5 kA.
  • the second varistor must have a voltage-current characteristic such that the current through the varistor does not exceed a limit value depending on the breaking capability of the disconnectors when the voltage across the dc-breaker has stabilised after the voltage transient. For example, if the critical current for the disconnectors is 10 mA, the voltage-current characteristic should be selected such that the current through the varistor does not exceed 10 mA when the voltage across the varistor is 3 kV.
  • the protection arrangement 28 further comprises a switch arrangement configured to connect and disconnect the first varistor 25 such that the first varistor 25 is connected during the voltage transient and disconnected when the voltage across the dc-brea ker
  • the switch arrangement includes a switch 24 arranged in series with the first varistor 25, a voltage detecting unit adapted to detect when the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below the threshold value and a signal generating unit adapted to generate an order to open the switch upon detecting that the voltage across the dc- breaker 27 has decreased below the threshold value.
  • the switch 24 is for example a normally closed relay or could be a solid-state switch such as an IGBT.
  • the voltage detecting unit and the signal generating unit are integrated in the gate unit controller 21 of the solid-state dc-breaker.
  • the already existing equipment for monitoring the voltage across the solid-state dc-breaker 27 is utilised .
  • the dc-brea ker 27 must be turned-off quickly i n order to prevent itself as well as other components from failure due to overstress.
  • a voltage transient will appear across the dc-breaker due to the circuit loop inductance and if no precautions are ta ken, it can be destroyed .
  • the switch 24 is normally closed, most of the short- circuit current will flow through the first varistor 25 resulting in a reduced voltage transient.
  • FIG. 3 shows a second example of a breaker unit 7a-d .
  • the breaker unit includes a solid-state dc-breaker 27 and a protection arrangement 58, according to a second embodiment of the invention .
  • the same reference numerals are used throughout the figures for same or corresponding parts.
  • the protection arrangement 58 differs from the protection arrangement 28 in that the first and second varistors 25, 26 are arranged in series with each other and the switch 24 is arranged to connect and disconnect the second varistor 26 by parallel shunting of the varistor 26.
  • Figure 4 shows three voltage-current characteristic curves 30, 31 , 32 of different varistor configurations.
  • Figure 4 also shows the three different regions 40, 41, 42 that a voltage-current characteristic curve can be divided into.
  • the first region 40 is the pre-breakdown region and is the region with the lowest currents where the resistivity of the varistor material depends on temperature, with a negative temperature coefficient.
  • the second region 41 is the break ⁇ down region and the third region 42 is the high current region where the curve turns upwards and which determines the impulse behaviour ( > 1 kA) of the varistors.
  • the curve 30 shows the voltage- current characteristics of a varistor which has been adapted to have a current of about 1 mA at a voltage of 3 kV which fulfills one of the prerequisites described above for protecting solid-state dc-brea kers. However, the curve 30 also shows that in case of a short-ci rcuit current of 7 kA, the voltage would be approximately 4.8 kV and consequently the dc-breaker with a breakdown voltage of 4.5 kV would be destroyed .
  • the curve 31 shows the voltage-current characteristics of a parallel connection of five such varistors which would give a voltage of approximately 4.5 kV.
  • this parallel connection of varistors would give a leakage current of 5 mA at 3 kV which could lead to problems when the disconnectors needs to be opened .
  • the voltage-current characteristics curve 32 of a parallel connection of ten varistors would give a voltage of approximately 4.3 kV at 7 kA. Such a voltage level could possibly save the IGBT but at the cost of an even larger leakage current through the arrangement (approximately 10 mA) .
  • Figure 5 shows an example of the resulting voltage-current characteristics of an arrangement according to the invention .
  • the protection arrangement 28 is subjected to a high current pulse and the first varistor 25, having a voltage-current characteristics curve 33, is active giving a voltage of approximately 3.9 kV across the dc-breaker 27 at the short-ci rcuit current 5 kA (see point 34 in the figure) .
  • the voltage across the dc-breaker 27 and the current through the protection arrangement 28 will follow the voltage-current characteristics curve 33.
  • the switch arrangement When the voltage across the dc-breaker has decreased below the threshold value (the high current pulse has diminished) the switch arrangement will generate an order to open the switch 24, thereby activating the second varistor 26 (see point 35 in the figure) . Due to the voltage-current characteristics of the second varistor 26 the voltage across the dc-breaker 27 will increase but remain below the critical voltage level of the dc-breaker 27 since the threshold value is adapted accordingly. After the initial voltage increase and until the voltage across the dc-breaker 27 will reach the voltage level of the dc power source unit, in this example 3 kV the voltage across the dc-breaker 27 and the current through the protection arrangement 28 will follow the voltage-current characteristics curve 30. At 3 kV the current through the protection arrangement 28 will be 1 mA which is low enough to be able to open the disconnectors.
  • the protection arrangement is used for protection of dc power source units in a dc power source.
  • the protection arrangement can also be used for other applications such as protection of dc-breakers adapted to interrupt a dc current flowing through a power transmission or distribution line.

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  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs dans une situation de défaut provoquant une tension transitoire aux bornes du sectionneur. L'agencement comprend une première et une seconde varistance montées en parallèle avec le sectionneur. La première varistance est conçue pour rendre minimale la tension transitoire créée aux bornes du sectionneur et la seconde varistance est conçue pour rendre minimal un courant de fuite au travers de l'agencement lorsque le sectionneur a été ouvert. L'agencement comprend un agencement de commutation configuré pour connecter et déconnecter la première ou la seconde varistance, de telle sorte que la première varistance est connectée au moins pendant la tension transitoire et que la seconde varistance est connectée au moins lorsque la tension aux bornes du sectionneur est tombée au-dessous d'une valeur de seuil.
PCT/EP2010/051821 2010-02-12 2010-02-12 Agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs contre les tensions transitoires WO2011098145A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2010/051821 WO2011098145A1 (fr) 2010-02-12 2010-02-12 Agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs contre les tensions transitoires

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2010/051821 WO2011098145A1 (fr) 2010-02-12 2010-02-12 Agencement destiné à protéger un sectionneur continu à semi-conducteurs contre les tensions transitoires

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WO2011098145A1 true WO2011098145A1 (fr) 2011-08-18

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102019113763A1 (de) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Schutzschaltung für ein Hochvoltbordnetz eines Kraftfahrzeugs, Hochvoltbordnetz sowie Kraftfahrzeug
US11063427B2 (en) 2019-01-24 2021-07-13 Delta Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. DC transmission apparatus, surge control circuit and method
US11641103B2 (en) 2020-11-06 2023-05-02 Abb Schweiz Ag Power semiconductor switch clamping circuit
US11973493B2 (en) 2018-11-21 2024-04-30 Abb Schweiz Ag Voltage clamping circuit for solid state circuit breaker

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU1390700A1 (ru) * 1986-02-27 1988-04-23 Московский энергетический институт Устройство дл защиты от импульсных перенапр жений электроустановки
EP0462694A2 (fr) * 1990-06-21 1991-12-27 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc Dispositif de protection contre des surtensions temporaires du réseau
DE19623541A1 (de) * 1996-06-13 1997-12-18 Abb Research Ltd Verfahren zum Schutz eines Netzes oder einer Anlage vor Ueberspannungen sowie Spannungsbegrenzungsschaltung
WO2009152849A1 (fr) 2008-06-17 2009-12-23 Abb Research Ltd Appareil d'alimentation pour système d'alimentation électrique haute tension

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SU1390700A1 (ru) * 1986-02-27 1988-04-23 Московский энергетический институт Устройство дл защиты от импульсных перенапр жений электроустановки
EP0462694A2 (fr) * 1990-06-21 1991-12-27 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc Dispositif de protection contre des surtensions temporaires du réseau
DE19623541A1 (de) * 1996-06-13 1997-12-18 Abb Research Ltd Verfahren zum Schutz eines Netzes oder einer Anlage vor Ueberspannungen sowie Spannungsbegrenzungsschaltung
WO2009152849A1 (fr) 2008-06-17 2009-12-23 Abb Research Ltd Appareil d'alimentation pour système d'alimentation électrique haute tension

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11973493B2 (en) 2018-11-21 2024-04-30 Abb Schweiz Ag Voltage clamping circuit for solid state circuit breaker
US11063427B2 (en) 2019-01-24 2021-07-13 Delta Electronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. DC transmission apparatus, surge control circuit and method
DE102019113763A1 (de) * 2019-05-23 2020-11-26 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Schutzschaltung für ein Hochvoltbordnetz eines Kraftfahrzeugs, Hochvoltbordnetz sowie Kraftfahrzeug
US11641103B2 (en) 2020-11-06 2023-05-02 Abb Schweiz Ag Power semiconductor switch clamping circuit

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