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WO2012006368A2 - Compositions et méthodes pour traiter la grippe - Google Patents

Compositions et méthodes pour traiter la grippe Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012006368A2
WO2012006368A2 PCT/US2011/043095 US2011043095W WO2012006368A2 WO 2012006368 A2 WO2012006368 A2 WO 2012006368A2 US 2011043095 W US2011043095 W US 2011043095W WO 2012006368 A2 WO2012006368 A2 WO 2012006368A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
antigen
lipid
lipids
aqueous solution
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PCT/US2011/043095
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English (en)
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WO2012006368A3 (fr
Inventor
David E. Anderson
Andrei Ogrel
Ronald Erwin Boch
Jeff Baxter
Original Assignee
Variation Biotechnologies, Inc.
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Application filed by Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. filed Critical Variation Biotechnologies, Inc.
Publication of WO2012006368A2 publication Critical patent/WO2012006368A2/fr
Publication of WO2012006368A3 publication Critical patent/WO2012006368A3/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A61K39/145—Orthomyxoviridae, e.g. influenza virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/39—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the immunostimulating additives, e.g. chemical adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/525—Virus
    • A61K2039/5252—Virus inactivated (killed)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55555—Liposomes; Vesicles, e.g. nanoparticles; Spheres, e.g. nanospheres; Polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55561—CpG containing adjuvants; Oligonucleotide containing adjuvants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16111—Influenzavirus A, i.e. influenza A virus
    • C12N2760/16134—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2760/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses negative-sense
    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/16011—Orthomyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/16211—Influenzavirus B, i.e. influenza B virus
    • C12N2760/16234—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

  • Influenza is a common infectious disease of the respiratory system associated with the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. Because of the high degree of variability of the virus, vaccination is typically required on a yearly basis with a reformulated vaccine that takes into account strain variations. The composition of the vaccine developed each year in the United States is determined by the Department of Food and Drug Administration Vaccines and the Related Biologicals Advisory Committee. The World Health Organization (WHO) similarly operates a global surveillance network of laboratories, for detection of new influenza variants, e.g., see Lavanchy, Vaccinell :S24 (1999). Selection is based on antigenic analysis of recently isolated influenza viruses, the patterns of spread of antigenic variants, and the antibody responses of recently vaccinated subjects.
  • WHO World Health Organization
  • Influenza A and B are the two types of influenza viruses that cause epidemic human disease. Influenza A viruses are further categorized into subtypes on the basis of two surface antigens: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (N). For example, the HlNl subtype of influenza A viruses have a hemagglutinin type 1 antigen (HI) and a neuraminidase type 1 antigen (Nl) while the H3N2 subtype have a hemagglutinin type 3 antigen (H3) and a neuraminidase type 2 antigen (N2). Influenza B viruses are not categorized into subtypes.
  • HI hemagglutinin
  • Nl neuraminidase
  • H3N2 subtype have a hemagglutinin type 3 antigen (H3) and a neuraminidase type 2 antigen (N2).
  • Influenza B viruses are not categorized into subtypes.
  • influenza A HlNl
  • influenza A H3N2
  • influenza B viruses have been in global circulation.
  • Vaccination is recognized as the single most effective way of preventing or attenuating influenza for those at high risk of serious illness from influenza infection and related complications.
  • the inoculation of antigen prepared from inactivated influenza virus stimulates the production of specific antibodies. Protection is afforded only against those strains of virus from which the vaccine is prepared or closely related strains.
  • Each year' s vaccine contains antigens from three virus strains (referred to as trivalent vaccine usually containing antigens from two type A strains and one type B strain) representing the influenza viruses that are believed likely to circulate in the coming winter.
  • trivalent vaccine usually containing antigens from two type A strains and one type B strain representing the influenza viruses that are believed likely to circulate in the coming winter.
  • the antigenic characteristics of current and emerging influenza virus strains provide the basis for selecting strains included in each year's vaccine.
  • the WHO reviews the world epidemiological situation annually and if necessary recommends new strains based on the current epidemiological evidence.
  • influenza vaccines have been successful in reducing the incidence of influenza worldwide, there remains a need in the art for improved influenza vaccines that are stable and retain potency.
  • compositions and methods useful for treating influenza are based on the
  • compositions that include an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen in combination with lipid vesicles that include a non-ionic surfactant (NISVs) and/or in
  • compositions remain potent even when they are not stored in a standard cold-chain system (i.e., they are thermostable).
  • compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that are present in the composition in an amount that achieves a lipid: antigen weight ratio within a range of about 50: 1 to about 400: 1 and the lipids include a non-ionic surfactant.
  • provided compositions are immunogenic.
  • the present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that are present in the composition in an amount that achieves a lipid:antigen weight ratio of at least about 50:1 and the lipids include a non-ionic surfactant.
  • the aforementioned compositions are liquid. In certain embodiments, the aforementioned compositions are dried (e.g., lyophilized).
  • the present disclosure provides dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that are present in the composition in an amount that achieves a lipid:antigen weight ratio of at least about 30: 1, the lipids include a non-ionic surfactant and the moisture content of the composition is less than about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is at least about 40:1 or 50: 1.
  • the moisture content of provided compositions is less than about 1.9%, 1.8%, 1.7%, 1.6%, 1.5%, 1.4%, 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.1%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, or 0.4% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.4% to about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1.9% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.6% to about 1.8% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.7% to about 1.7% by weight.
  • the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.8% to about 1.6% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.9% to about 1.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1% to about 1.4% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1% to about 1.5% by weight.
  • the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1 % to about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, the moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1.5% to about 2% by weight.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is at least about 60:1,70:1,80:1,90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1 or 300:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is less than about 400:1, 390:1, 380:1, 370:1, 360:1, 350:1, 340:1, 330:1, 320:1 or 310:1.
  • compositions is within a range of about 50:1 to about 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1, 300:1, 310:1, 320:1, 330:1, 340:1, 350:1, 360:1, 370:1, 380:1, 390:1 or 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1, 300:1, 310:1, 320:1, 330:1, 340:1, 350:1, 360:1, 370:1, 380:1, or 390:1 to about 400:1.
  • aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 50:1 to about 100:1, about 50:1 to about 150:1, about 50:1 to about 200:1, about 50:1 to about 250:1, about 50:1 to about 300:1, about 50:1 to about 350:1, or about 50:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 100:1 to about 150:1, about 100:1 to about 200:1, about 100:1 to about 250:1, about 100:1 to about 300:1, about 100:1 to about 350:1, or about 100:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 150:1 to about 200:1, about 150:1 to about 250:1, about 150:1 to about 300:1, about 150:1 to about 350:1, or about 150: 1 to about 400: 1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 200:1 to about 250:1, about 200:1 to about 300:1, about 200:1 to about 350:1, or about 200:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid: antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 250:1 to about 300:1, about 250:1 to about 350:1, or about 250:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid: antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 300:1 to about 350:1, or about 300:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid: antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is within a range of about 350: 1 to about 400: 1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio in one of the aforementioned compositions is about 200: 1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230: 1, 240:1, 250:1, 260: 1, 270: 1, 280:1, 290: 1, 300: 1, 310:1, 320: 1, 330:1, 340: 1, 350:1, 360: 1, 370: 1, 380:1, 390:1 or 400: 1.
  • the aforementioned compositions exhibit less than 50% change in immunogenicity as determined by a Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) assay when stored for 6 months at 40°C.
  • HAI Hemagglutination Inhibition
  • provided compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% change in immunogenicity.
  • the aforementioned compositions exhibit less than 50% loss of antigen content as determined by an Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) when stored for 6 months at 40°C. In certain embodiments, provided compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% loss of antigen content.
  • ELISA Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • the aforementioned compositions are more stable when stored for 6 months at 40°C than a reference composition that lacks the lipid vesicles.
  • stability is based on immunogenicity as determined by an HAI assay.
  • stability is based on antigen content as determined by an ELISA.
  • the present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant and the composition exhibits less than 50% change in immunogenicity as determined by an HAI assay when stored for 6 months at 40°C.
  • provided compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% change in immunogenicity.
  • the present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant and the composition exhibits less than 50% loss of antigen content as determined by an ELISA when stored for 6 months at 40°C.
  • provided compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% loss of antigen content.
  • the present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant and the composition is more stable when stored for 6 months at 40°C than a reference composition that lacks the lipid vesicles.
  • stability is based on immunogenicity as determined by an HAI assay.
  • stability is based on antigen content as determined by an ELISA.
  • the aforementioned compositions are prepared by a method that includes: melting the lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product.
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen.
  • aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • aqueous solution is combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml in the resulting product.
  • a lipid concentration of at least about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 mg/ml is achieved.
  • the lipid concentration is in a range of about 10 mg/ml to about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 mg/ml.
  • the lipid concentration is in a range of about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml. In certain embodiments, the lipid concentration is in a range of about 25 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml.
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • aqueous solution e.g., water
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • aqueous solution e.g., water
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • antigen weight ratio e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges
  • lipid concentration e.g., 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • antigen are combined in relative amounts that achieve a lipid content of at least about 5 mg per unit dose of composition (e.g., a dried unit dose of composition in a sealed container that is being stored prior to rehydration).
  • a lipid content of at least about 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 mg per unit dose of composition is achieved.
  • the lipid content is in a range of about 5 mg to about 50 mg, about 5 mg to about 40 mg, about 5 mg to about 30 mg, about 10 mg to about 50 mg, about 10 mg to about 40 mg, about 10 mg to about 30 mg, about 20 mg to about 50 mg, about 20 mg to about 40 mg, or about 20 mg to about 30 mg.
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • antigen are combined in relative amounts that achieve both the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges) and a lipid content of at least about 5 mg per unit dose (or any one of the other lipid content ranges).
  • lipids e.g., molten lipids
  • aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve the desired lipid: antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges), a lipid content of at least about 5 mg per unit dose (or any one of the other lipid content ranges) and a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • antigen weight ratio e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges
  • lipid content of at least about 5 mg per unit dose or any one of the other lipid content ranges
  • a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges
  • compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant and the compositions are prepared by a method that includes: melting the lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product, wherein the molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts that achieve the desired lipid: antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges) in the resulting product.
  • the desired lipid: antigen weight ratio e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges
  • molten lipids are added to the aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen. In certain embodiments, aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant and the compositions are prepared by a method that includes: melting the lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product, wherein the molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve both the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges) and a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • the lipid content is also at least about 5 mg per unit dose (or any one of the other lipid content ranges).
  • molten lipids are added to the aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen.
  • aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is from an influenza A HlNl strain. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is from an influenza A H3N2 strain. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is from an influenza B strain. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is from two or more of an influenza A HlNl strain, an influenza A H3N2 strain and an influenza B strain. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is from an influenza A HlNl strain, an influenza A H3N2 strain and an influenza B strain. In certain embodiments, provided compositions comprise approximately equal amounts of influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen from each strain.
  • provided compositions comprise one or more inactivated influenza viruses that include influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen. In certain embodiments, provided compositions comprise one or more attenuated influenza viruses that include influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is present as a split virus antigen. In certain embodiments, influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is present as a subunit antigen. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is associated with lipid vesicles. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is entrapped within lipid vesicles.
  • provided compositions further comprise an adjuvant.
  • provided compositions comprise a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • provided compositions comprise a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA.
  • provided compositions comprise polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid or Poly(LC).
  • provided compositions comprise Poly(LC) complexed with poly-L-lysine or poly-arginine.
  • provided compositions comprise Poly(LC) complexed with poly-L-lysine carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • provided compositions comprise a double-stranded nucleic acid with one or more locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleosides.
  • LNA locked nucleic acid
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is associated with lipid vesicles. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is not associated with lipid vesicles.
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is combined with molten lipids and aqueous solution that includes influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen during preparation of provided compositions (e.g., by mixing with the aqueous solution that includes influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen before it is combined with molten lipids). In certain embodiments, TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is added prior to drying (e.g., lyophilization) of provided compositions.
  • provided compositions are prepared by a method that does not involve storing them under temperature-controlled conditions. In certain embodiments, provided compositions are prepared by a method that involves storing them at a temperature that at least temporarily exceeds 8°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C or 35°C.
  • compositions are prepared by a method that involves storing them in dried (e.g., lyophilized) form.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a subject suffering from, or at risk for, an influenza infection by providing one of the aforementioned compositions in dried (e.g., lyophilized) form; rehydrating the composition; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the rehydrated composition.
  • rehydrated compositions are administered by intramuscular injection.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant, the method comprising: melting the lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product, wherein the molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts that achieve the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges) in the resulting product.
  • the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio e.g., at least about 50: 1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges
  • molten lipids are added to the aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen. In certain embodiments, aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing compositions that comprise an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and lipid vesicles, wherein the lipid vesicles are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant, the method comprising: melting the lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product, wherein the molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve both the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned ranges) and a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges) in the resulting product.
  • molten lipids are added to the aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen.
  • aqueous solution that includes the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • the present disclosure provides immunogenic compositions comprising an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • provided immunogenic compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of lipid vesicles. Indeed, as described in more detail herein, we have surprisingly found that simply adding a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant such as Poly(IC:LC) to the hemagglutinin antigen confers some thermostability to the composition even in the absence of lipid vesicles.
  • provided compositions are liquid.
  • provided compositions are dried.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant exhibit less than 50% change in
  • compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% change in immunogenicity.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant exhibit less than 50% loss of antigen content as determined by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) when stored for 6 months at 40°C.
  • ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
  • provided compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% loss of antigen content.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant are more stable when stored for 6 months at 40°C than a reference composition that lacks the TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • stability is based on immunogenicity as determined by an HAI assay. In certain embodiments, stability is based on antigen content as determined by an ELISA.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant are prepared by a method that includes drying (e.g., lyophilizing) an aqueous solution that comprises the hemagglutinin antigen and the TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant are prepared by a method that does not involve storing them under temperature-controlled conditions.
  • provided compositions are prepared by a method that involves storing them at a temperature that at least temporarily exceeds 8°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C or 35°C.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant are prepared by a method that involves storing them in dried (e.g., lyophilized) form.
  • the present disclosure also provides methods of treating a subject suffering from, or at risk for, an influenza infection by providing one of the aforementioned compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant in dried (e.g., lyophilized) form; rehydrating the composition; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the rehydrated composition.
  • rehydrated compositions are provided.
  • compositions that comprise a hemagglutinin antigen and a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant that comprises drying (e.g., lyophilizing) an aqueous solution that comprises the influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen and the TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • aqueous solution does not comprise or is substantially free of lipid vesicles.
  • Figure 1 shows HAI titers against H1N1 on day 13 post first vaccination of mice
  • Figure 2 shows HAI titers against H3N2 on day 13 post first vaccination of mice
  • Figure 3 shows HAI titers against H1N1 on day 15 post second vaccination
  • the bottom figure (B) shows the geometric mean as a bar graph for the same data set.
  • Figure 4 shows HAI titers against H3N2 on Day 15 post second vaccination
  • FIG. 1 shows the potency against H1N1 virus and H3N2 virus of an unadjuvanted exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose, i.e., mice received l/lO 111 of the standard human unit dose which is the
  • Standard mouse unit dose formulated with NISV compared to the unformulated and unadjuvanted licensed influenza vaccine (dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose, i.e., mice received 1/10 th of the standard human unit dose which is the "standard mouse unit dose”). All compositions were stored at 4°C or 40°C for 6 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 15 days after the second vaccination. Results are presented as HAI titers against H1N1 or H3N2.
  • Figure 6 shows in vitro data of HA antigen content for (A) commercial Fluzone ®
  • Figure 7 shows exemplary viral challenge data for the potency of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine (dose-sparing at 1/3X standard human unit dose; where a "standard ferret unit dose" is IX of the standard human unit dose) in ferrets formulated with NISV and adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) compared to the licensed influenza vaccine (dose equivalent IX standard human unit dose) and a negative saline control. All compositions were stored at 4°C and 40°C for 5 months and then injected (0.5 ml) IM into ferrets on days 0 and 28 of the study. Ferrets were challenged intranasally four weeks after the second vaccination.
  • Figure 8 shows the potency against H3N2 virus of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine (dose-sparing at 1/3X standard human unit dose; where a "standard monkey unit dose” is IX of the standard human unit dose) in rhesus macaques either formulated with NISV and adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) or formulated with NISV and unadjuvanted compared to the licensed influenza vaccine (IX standard human unit dose) without formulation into NISV or adjuvant.
  • exemplary licensed influenza vaccine dose-sparing at 1/3X standard human unit dose; where a "standard monkey unit dose” is IX of the standard human unit dose
  • rhesus macaques either formulated with NISV and adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) or formulated with NISV and unadjuvanted compared to the licensed influenza vaccine (IX standard human unit dose) without formulation into NISV or adjuvant.
  • Figure 9 shows the potency dose response against H1N1 virus (A) and H3N2 virus (B) of an unformulated (i.e., used "as is") licensed influenza vaccine (dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose, i.e., mice received 1/10 th of the standard human unit dose which is the "standard mouse unit dose") in mice versus an exemplary influenza vaccine formulated with NISV (dose sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose) and unadjuvanted or formulated with NISV with increasing amounts (0.1-10 ⁇ g) of the exemplary TLR-3 agonist adjuvant Poly(IC:LC). All compositions were injected into mice IM and sera were tested 15 days after the second vaccination. The results are presented as individual HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 10 shows the potency against H1N1 virus of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose; where a "standard mouse unit dose" is 0.1X of the standard human unit dose, i.e., once the size differences between humans and mice are taken into account) formulated with NISV with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) compared to the licensed influenza vaccine unformulated (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose- sparing at 1/3 OX standard human unit dose) with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC).
  • compositions were stored at (A) 4°C or (B) 40°C for 6 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination.
  • the results are presented as individual HAI titers against H1N1 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 11 shows the potency against H3N2 virus of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose; where a "standard mouse unit dose" is 0.1X of the standard human unit dose, i.e., once the size differences between humans and mice are taken into account) formulated with NISV with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) compared to the licensed influenza vaccine unformulated (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose- sparing at 1/3 OX standard human unit dose) with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC).
  • compositions were stored at (A) 4°C or (B) 40°C for 6 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination.
  • the results are presented as individual HAI titers against H3N2 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 12 shows the potency against H1N1 virus of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose; where a "standard mouse unit dose" is 0.1X of the standard human unit dose, i.e., once the size differences between humans and mice are taken into account) formulated with NISV with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) compared to the licensed influenza vaccine unformulated (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose- sparing at 1/3 OX standard human unit dose) with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC).
  • compositions were stored at (A) 4°C or (B) 40°C for 12 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination.
  • the results are presented as individual HAI titers against H1N1 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 13 shows the potency against H3N2 virus of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose; where a "standard mouse unit dose" is 0.1X of the standard human unit dose, i.e., once the size differences between humans and mice are taken into account) formulated with NISV with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) compared to the licensed influenza vaccine unformulated (high dose at 0.3X standard human unit dose; dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose; or dose- sparing at 1/3 OX standard human unit dose) with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC).
  • compositions were stored at (A) 4°C or (B) 40°C for 12 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination.
  • the results are presented as individual HAI titers against H3N2 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 14 shows the potency against (A) H1N1 virus and (B) H3N2 virus of scaled-up manufacturing batch of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose, the latter with or without the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC)) formulated with NISV compared to the licensed influenza vaccine (0.1X standard human unit dose; where a "standard mouse unit dose” is 0.1X of the standard human unit dose, i.e., once the size differences between humans and mice are taken into account). All compositions were stored at 4°C or 40°C for 6 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination. The results are presented as individual HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • Figure 15 shows in vitro data of HA antigen content for unformulated
  • Figure 16 shows the potency against (A) H1N1 virus and (B) H3N2 virus of various NISV Fluzone® compositions (at different lipid: antigen ratios, lipid concentrations and lipid contents as described in Example 8).
  • Figure 17 shows the potency against (A) H1N1 virus and (B) H3N2 virus of various NISV Fluzone® compositions at different lipid: antigen ratios and different lipid concentrations (during homogenization and/or reconstitution) as described in Example 8. All compositions were stored at 4°C and 40°C for 3 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 15 days after the second immunization. The results are presented as the geometric mean of HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2. Definitions
  • the term "antigen" refers to a substance containing one or more epitopes (either linear, conformational or both) that is/are recognized by an antibody.
  • the antibody is a human antibody, in some embodiments, raised in a human organism exposed to the antigen, in some embodiments where such exposure occurs by or includes exposure in the bloodstream.
  • an antigen may be an
  • the term "immune response" refers to a response elicited in a host animal.
  • An immune response may refer to cellular immunity, humoral immunity or may involve both.
  • An immune response may be limited to a part of the immune system.
  • an increased IFNy response is considered to be an immune response.
  • a mucosal IgA response e.g., as measured in nasal and/or rectal washes
  • a systemic IgG response e.g., as measured in serum
  • production, by the host animal, of antibodies that inhibit hemagglutination e.g., as measured in a Hemagglutination Inhibition (HAI) assay is considered to be an immune response.
  • HAI Hemagglutination Inhibition
  • the term "immunogenic” is used to refer to a substance that produces an immune response in a host animal against a non-host entity (e.g., an influenza virus). In certain embodiments, this immune response forms the basis of the protective immunity elicited by a vaccine against a specific infectious organism (e.g., an influenza virus). In certain embodiments, an immunogenic substance produces an immune response in humans. In certain embodiments, an immunogenic substance produces an immune response when contacted with the bloodstream of a body, for example of a human body.
  • a non-host entity e.g., an influenza virus
  • this immune response forms the basis of the protective immunity elicited by a vaccine against a specific infectious organism (e.g., an influenza virus).
  • an immunogenic substance produces an immune response in humans. In certain embodiments, an immunogenic substance produces an immune response when contacted with the bloodstream of a body, for example of a human body.
  • the term "therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount sufficient to show a meaningful benefit in a subject being treated, when administered as part of a therapeutic dosing regimen.
  • a particular composition may be considered to contain a therapeutically effective amount if it contains an amount appropriate for a unit dosage form administered in a therapeutic dosing regimen, even though such amount may be insufficient to achieve the meaningful benefit if administered as a single unit dose.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an immunogenic composition may differ for different subjects receiving the composition, for example depending on such factors as the desired biological endpoint, the nature of the composition, the route of administration, the health, size and/or age of the subject being treated, etc.
  • a therapeutically effective amount is one that has been correlated with beneficial effect when administered as part of a particular therapeutic dosing regimen (e.g., a single administration or a series of administrations such as in a traditional "boosting" regimen).
  • a therapeutically effective amount is one that has been approved by a therapeutic licensing body (e.g., the Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency) as part of a particular therapeutic dosing regimen (e.g., see the package inserts for various licensed influenza vaccines as set forth by the Food and Drug Administration at www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/
  • a therapeutic licensing body e.g., the Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency
  • the term “treat” refers to the administration of provided compositions to a subject who is suffering from or susceptible to a disease, a symptom of a disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to alleviate, relieve, alter, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, a symptom or symptoms of the disease, or the predisposition toward the disease.
  • the term “treating” refers to vaccination of a subject. In general, treatment can achieve reduction in severity and/or frequency of one or more symptoms or characteristics of the disease, and/or can delay onset of one or more such symptoms or characteristics.
  • influenza trivalent vaccines on the market which are predominantly available in a liquid composition
  • influenza vaccines are not maintained properly (e.g., not kept within the required temperature range of 2 to 8°C)
  • the vaccine can become unstable and this in turn has a significant impact on potency which can result in the vaccinated subject not converting serologically post immunization.
  • the vaccinated subjects believe that they are protected because they have been immunized when in fact they remain vulnerable to influenza infection because the vaccine is not potent due to instability resulting from temperature excursions.
  • compositions and methods for treating influenza that solve some of these challenges.
  • provided compositions and methods are based on the development of certain compositions that include an influenza virus
  • hemagglutinin antigen in combination with lipid vesicles that include a non-ionic surfactant (NISVs) and/or in combination with a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • NISVs non-ionic surfactant
  • provided compositions remain potent even when they are not stored in a standard cold-chain system (i.e., they are thermostable).
  • compositions of the present disclosure include an influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen.
  • Hemagglutinin antigen utilized in accordance with the present invention is not limited to full length wild-type hemagglutinin antigens and, as used herein, the term “hemagglutinin antigen” therefore also encompasses immunogenic fragments and variants of full length wild-type hemagglutinin antigens.
  • the term “hemagglutinin antigen” also encompasses fusion proteins and conjugates that include any of the foregoing.
  • the amount of hemagglutinin antigen in provided compositions may be determined by any known method in the art. In some embodiments, the amount of hemagglutinin antigen may be determined by an ELISA (e.g., one or more sub-type specific sELISAs). This approach is commonly used to standardize the amount of antigen in split virus vaccines.
  • hemagglutinin antigen may be taken from a single influenza virus strain or a combination of influenza virus strains.
  • current influenza vaccines are usually "trivalent" vaccines that contain antigens derived from two influenza A virus strains (e.g., HlNl and H3N2) and one influenza B strain.
  • a trivalent composition of the present disclosure may include hemagglutinin antigen from an influenza A HlNl strain, an influenza A H3N2 strain and an influenza B strain.
  • Certain trivalent compositions may comprise
  • Monovalent vaccines are also known in the art and encompassed by the present invention. In some embodiments, provided compositions are monovalent. Monovalent vaccines are often considered to be particularly useful for example in a pandemic situation. A
  • pandemic influenza vaccine will most likely contain hemagglutinin antigen from a single A strain.
  • hemagglutinin antigen for use in a monovalent composition will be derived from a pandemic influenza strain. For example, in some
  • hemagglutinin antigen for use in a monovalent composition is from an influenza A (HlNl of swine origin) strain.
  • influenza A HlNl of swine origin
  • compositions that include hemagglutinin antigen from an influenza A H3N2 strain are of particular interest because antigens from this strain appear to be particularly sensitive to high temperatures.
  • There are also no restrictions on the source of hemagglutinin antigen used i.e., native, recombinant, synthetic, etc.).
  • compositions of the present invention comprise one or more whole viruses that include hemagglutinin antigen.
  • influenza viruses are inactivated. It will be appreciated that any method may be used to prepare an inactivated influenza virus.
  • WO 09/029695 describes exemplary methods for producing a whole inactivated virus vaccine. In general, these methods will involve propagating an influenza virus in a host cell, optionally lysing the host cell to release the virus, isolating and then inactivating the virus. Chemical treatment (e.g., formalin, formaldehyde, among others) is commonly used to inactivate viruses for vaccine preparation.
  • influenza viruses are attenuated.
  • one advantage of a vaccine prepared with an attenuated virus lies in the potential for higher immunogenicity which results from its ability to replicate in vivo without causing a full infection.
  • Live virus vaccines that are prepared from attenuated strains preferably lack pathogenicity but are still able to replicate in the host.
  • One method which has been used in the art to prepare attenuated influenza viruses is viral adaptation which involves serially passing a viral strain through multiple cell cultures. Over time the strain mutates and attenuated strains can then be identified.
  • the virus may be passed through different cell cultures. In certain embodiments it may prove advantageous to perform one or more of the cell culture steps at a reduced temperature.
  • influenza virus hemagglutinin antigens utilized in accordance with the present invention are based on split virus vaccine technology.
  • Split virus vaccines typically contain a higher concentration of the most immunogenic portions of the virus (e.g., hemagglutinin and neuramidase), while lowering the concentration of less immunogenic viral proteins as well as non-viral proteins present from eggs (used to produce virus) or extraneous agents (e.g., avian leukosis virus, other microorganisms and cellular debris).
  • split virus vaccines are prepared by a physical process that involves disrupting the virus particle, typically with an organic solvent or a detergent (e.g., Triton X-100), and separating or purifying the viral proteins to varying extents, such as by centrifugation over a sucrose gradient or passage of allantoic fluid over a chromatographic column.
  • disruption and separation of virus particles is followed by dialysis or
  • influenza virus hemagglutinin antigens utilized in accordance with the present invention are based on subunit vaccine technology.
  • subunit vaccines contain only those parts of the influenza virus that are needed for effective vaccination (e.g., eliciting a protective immune response).
  • subunit influenza antigens are prepared from virus particles (e.g., purification of particular components of the virus).
  • subunit influenza antigens are prepared by recombinant methods (e.g., expression in cell culture).
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,858,368 describes methods of preparing a recombinant influenza vaccine using DNA technology.
  • the resulting trivalent influenza vaccine is based on a mixture of recombinant hemagglutinin antigens cloned from influenza virus strains having epidemic potential.
  • the recombinant hemagglutinin antigens are full length, uncleaved, glycoproteins produced from baculovirus expression vectors in cultured insect cells and purified under non-denaturing conditions.
  • subunit antigens are generated by synthetic methods (e.g., peptide synthesis).
  • Subunit vaccines may also contain purified hemagglutinin antigens prepared from selected strains determined by the WHO.
  • hemagglutinin antigens may be sourced from one or more licensed influenza vaccines.
  • hemagglutinin antigen (optionally with other antigens, e.g., neuraminidase antigen) may be purified from the licensed influenza vaccine and then utilized in provided compositions.
  • a licensed influenza vaccine may be used "as is" without any purification. Table 1 is a non-limiting list of licensed influenza vaccines.
  • Fluzone H an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine, is developed and manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc. and may be used in accordance with the present disclosure.
  • Fluzone ® contains a sterile suspension prepared from influenza viruses propagated in
  • the virus-containing fluids are harvested and inactivated with formaldehyde.
  • Influenza virus is concentrated and purified in a linear sucrose density gradient solution using a continuous flow centrifuge.
  • the virus is then chemically disrupted using a non- ionic surfactant, octoxinol-9, (Triton® X-100) producing a split viral antigen.
  • the split virus is then further purified by chemical means and suspended in sodium phosphate-buffered isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • Fluzone vaccine is then standardized according to requirements for the influenza season and is formulated to contain 45 ⁇ g hemagglutinin antigen (HA) per 0.5 ml unit dose, in the recommended ratio of 15 ⁇ g HA each, representative of the three prototype strains (e.g., 2007-2008 vaccine was prepared with HA from the A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 (H1N1), A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 strains).
  • Fluzone ® is formulated for intramuscular (IM) injection.
  • Vaxigrip ® is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine also developed and manufactured by Sanofi Pasteur, Inc.
  • Vaxigrip is prepared in a similar fashion to the process outlined above for Fluzone ® and is similarly formulated for intramuscular injection.
  • Flumist is a live, attenuated trivalent vaccine for administration by intranasal spray.
  • the influenza virus strains in Flumist ® have three genetic mutations that lead to temperature restricted growth and an attenuated phenotype.
  • the cumulative effect of the antigenic properties and the genetically modified influenza viruses is that they are able to replicate in the nasopharynx to induce protective immunity.
  • specific pathogen-free (SPF) eggs are inoculated with each of the appropriate viral strains and incubated to allow vaccine virus replication.
  • the allantoic fluid of these eggs is harvested, pooled and then clarified by filtration.
  • the virus is concentrated by
  • Each pre- filled refrigerated Flumist ® sprayer contains a single 0.2 ml unit dose. Each 0.2 ml unit dose contains ⁇ 6 ⁇ 5"7 ⁇ 5 FFU of live attenuated influenza virus reassortants of each of the appropriate three viral strains.
  • influenza vaccines are currently licensed. It is to be understood that any one or combination of these licensed influenza vaccines may be combined with lipid vesicles as described herein. For example, commercial Fluzone may be combined in this manner to produce a composition.
  • licensed influenza vaccines are first purified (e.g., to remove adjuvant or other reagents in the vaccine). In some embodiments, licensed influenza vaccines are not purified (i.e., they are used "as is”) prior to formulation with lipid vesicles as described herein.
  • compositions of the present disclosure may include a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant
  • adjuvants are agents that enhance immune responses (e.g., see "Vaccine Design: The Subunit and Adjuvant Approach",
  • TLRs Toll-like receptors
  • Drosophila Toll receptor a family of proteins homologous to the Drosophila Toll receptor, which recognize molecular patterns associated with pathogens and thus aid the body in distinguishing between self and non-self molecules.
  • Substances common in viral pathogens are recognized by TLRs as pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
  • TLR-3 is thought to recognize patterns in double- stranded RNA (a molecular pattern associated with viral infection).
  • polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid or Poly(LC) available from
  • InvivoGen of San Diego, CA is a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA and an exemplary adjuvant that is an agonist for TLR-3 (e.g., see Field et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 58: 1004 (1967) and Levy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 62:357 (1969)).
  • Poly(LC) may be combined with other agents to improve stability (e.g., by reducing degradation via the activity of RNAses).
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 3,952,097; 4,024,241 and 4,349,538 describe Poly(LC) complexes with poly-L-lysine.
  • Poly(LC) is a synthetic, double-stranded Poly(LC) stabilized with poly-L-lysine carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • U.S. Patent Publication No. 20090041809 describes double-stranded nucleic acids with one or more locked nucleic acid (LNA) nucleosides that can act as TLR-3 agonists. Those skilled in the art can identify other suitable TLR-3 agonist adjuvants.
  • LNA locked nucleic acid
  • provided compositions include between about 1 and 100 ⁇ g of a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant. In certain embodiments, provided compositions include between about 1-40, 1-30, 1-20, 1-10 or 1-5 ⁇ g of a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant. In certain embodiments, provided compositions include between about 10-40, 10-30, or 10-20 ⁇ g of a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant. In certain embodiments, provided compositions include between about 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-9 or 1-10 ⁇ g of a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant. In certain embodiments, provided compositions include between about 5-20, 5-18, 5-16, 5-14, 5-12, 5-10, 5-9, 5-8 or 5-7 ⁇ g of a TLR-3 agonist adjuvant.
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is associated with lipid vesicles. In certain embodiments, at least a portion of TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is not associated with lipid vesicles.
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is combined with molten lipids and aqueous solution that includes influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen during preparation of provided compositions (e.g., by mixing with the aqueous solution that includes influenza virus hemagglutinin antigen before it is combined with molten lipids). In certain embodiments, TLR-3 agonist adjuvant is added prior to drying (e.g., lyophilization) of provided compositions.
  • compositions of the present disclosure include lipid vesicles that are comprised of lipids that include a non-ionic surfactant.
  • lipid vesicles are also referred to as “non-ionic surfactant vesicles", or “NISVs”, herein.
  • NISVs non-ionic surfactant vesicles
  • vesicles generally have an aqueous compartment enclosed by one or more lipid bilayers.
  • any non-ionic surfactant with appropriate amphipathic properties may be used to form vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention.
  • suitable surfactants include ester-linked surfactants based on glycerol.
  • Such glycerol esters may comprise one of two higher aliphatic acyl groups, e.g., containing at least ten carbon atoms in each acyl moiety.
  • Surfactants based on such glycerol esters may comprise more than one glycerol unit, e.g., up to 5 glycerol units.
  • Glycerol monoesters may be used, e.g., those containing a Ci 2 -C 2 oalkanoyl or alkenoyl moiety, for example caproyl, lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, oleyl or stearoyl.
  • An exemplary ester-linked surfactant is 1-monopalmitoyl glycerol.
  • ether-linked surfactants may be used as or included as a non-ionic surfactant in accordance with the present invention.
  • ether-linked surfactants based on glycerol or a glycol having a lower aliphatic glycol of up to 4 carbon atoms, such as ethylene glycol are suitable.
  • Surfactants based on such glycols may comprise more than one glycol unit, e.g., up to 5 glycol units (e.g., diglycolcetyl ether and/or polyoxyethylene-3- lauryl ether).
  • Glycol or glycerol monoethers may be used, including those containing a C 12 - C 2 oalkanyl or alkenyl moiety, for example capryl, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, oleyl or stearyl.
  • Ethylene oxide condensation products that can be used include those disclosed in PCT
  • WO88/06882 e.g., polyoxyethylene higher aliphatic ether and amine surfactants.
  • exemplary ether-linked surfactants include 1-monocetyl glycerol ether and diglycolcetyl ether.
  • lipids used to make lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention may incorporate an ionic amphiphile, e.g., so that vesicles take on a negative charge. For example, this may help to stabilize vesicles and provide effective dispersion.
  • acidic materials such as higher alkanoic and alkenoic acids
  • phosphates such as dialkyl phosphates (e.g., dicetylphospate, or phosphatidic acid or phosphatidyl serine) and sulphate monoesters such as higher alkyl sulphates (e.g., cetylsulphate), may all be used for this purpose.
  • dialkyl phosphates e.g., dicetylphospate, or phosphatidic acid or phosphatidyl serine
  • sulphate monoesters such as higher alkyl sulphates (e.g., cetylsulphate)
  • the ionic amphiphile will typically comprise, between 1 and 50% by weight of the non-ionic surfactant (e.g., 1-5%, 1-10%, 1-15%, 1-20, 1- 25%, 1-30%, 1-35%, 1-40%, 1-45%, 5-10%, 5-15%, 5-20%, 5-25%, 5-30%, 5-35%, 5-40%, 5- 45%, 5-50%, 10-15%, 10-20%, 10-25%, 10-30%, 10-35%, 10-40%, 10-45%, 10-50%, 15-20%, 15-25%, 15-30%, 15-35%, 15-40%, 15-45%, 15-50%, 20-25%, 20-30%, 20-35%, 20-40%, 20- 45%, 20-50%, 25-30%, 25-35%, 25-40%, 25-45%, 25-50%, 30-35%, 30-40%, 30-45%, 30-50%, 35-40%, 35-45%, 35-50%, 40-45%, 40-50%, or 45-50%).
  • the non-ionic surfactant
  • lipids may also incorporate an appropriate hydrophobic material of higher molecular mass capable of forming a bilayer (such as a steroid, e.g., a sterol such as cholesterol).
  • an appropriate hydrophobic material of higher molecular mass capable of forming a bilayer such as a steroid, e.g., a sterol such as cholesterol.
  • the material if present, will typically comprise between 20 and 120% by weight of the non-ionic surfactant (e.g., 20-30%, 20-40%, 20-50%, 20-60%, 20-70%, 20-80%, 20-90%, 20- 100%, 20-110%, 30-40%, 30-50%, 30-60%, 30-70%, 30-80%, 30-90%, 30-100%, 30-110%, 30- 120%, 40-50%, 40-60%, 40-70%, 40-80%, 40-90%, 40-100%, 40-110%, 40-120%, 50-60%, 50- 70%, 50-80%, 50-90%, 50-100%, 50-110%, 50-120%, 60-70%, 60-80%, 60-90%, 60-100%, 60- 110%, 60-120%, 70-80%, 70-90%, 70-100%, 70-110%, 70-120%, 80-90%, 80-100%, 80-110%, 80-120%, 90-100%, 90-110%, 90-120%, 100-110%, 100-120%, or 110-120%).
  • lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention comprise a non-ionic surfactant, an ionic amphiphile and a steroid. In certain embodiments, lipid vesicles comprise 1 -monopalmitoyl glycerol, dicetylphospate and cholesterol. [0097] In certain embodiments, lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention consist essentially of a non-ionic surfactant, an ionic amphiphile and a steroid. In certain embodiments, lipid vesicles consist essentially of 1 -monopalmitoyl glycerol,
  • lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention do not comprise or are substantially free of a transport enhancing molecule.
  • lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention do not comprise or are substantially free of "bile acid” such as cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, their conjugation products with glycine or taurine such as glycocholic and taurocholic acid, derivatives including deoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acid, and salts of each of these acids.
  • lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention do not comprise or are substantially free of acyloxylated amino acids, such as acylcarnitines and salts thereof, and palmitoylcarnitines.
  • the present invention provides the surprising finding that both immunogenicity and thermostability of provided compositions are controlled at least in part by relative amounts of lipids and hemagglutinin antigen present in the compositions.
  • compositions with high lipid content are far less immunogenic than compositions with a slightly lower lipid content (e.g., a lipid:antigen weight ratio of about 300:1).
  • compositions with lower lipid content are generally more immunogenic we have also found that they are less thermostable (e.g., at a lipid:antigen weight ratio of about 30: 1 we observe very little thermostability).
  • thermostable e.g., at a lipid:antigen weight ratio of about 30: 1 we observe very little thermostability.
  • compositions have a lipid:antigen weight ratio of at least about 50:1, 60: 1, 70: 1, 80: 1, 90: 1, 100: 1, 110: 1, 120:1, 130:1, 140: 1, 150: 1, 160:1, 170: 1, 180:1, 190: 1, 200:1, 210: 1, 220: 1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260: 1, 270:1, 280: 1, 290: 1 or 300: 1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is less than about 400: 1, 390: 1, 380:1, 370:1, 360: 1, 350: 1, 340: 1, 330:1, 320:1 or 310:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 50:1 to about 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1, 300:1, 310:1, 320:1, 330:1, 340:1, 350:1, 360:1, 370:1, 380:1, 390:1 or 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 50:1, 60:1, 70:1, 80:1, 90:1, 100:1, 110:1, 120:1, 130:1, 140:1, 150:1, 160:1, 170:1, 180:1, 190:1, 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1, 300:1, 310:1, 320:1, 330:1, 340:1, 350:1, 360:1, 370:1, 380:1, or 390:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 50:1 to about 100:1, about 50:1 to about 150:1, about 50:1 to about 200:1, about 50:1 to about 250:1, about 50:1 to about 300:1, about 50:1 to about 350:1, or about 50:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 100:1 to about 150:1, about 100:1 to about 200:1, about 100:1 to about 250:1, about 100:1 to about 300:1, about 100:1 to about 350:1, or about 100:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 150:1 to about 200:1, about 150:1 to about 250:1, about 150:1 to about 300:1, about 150:1 to about 350:1, or about 150:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 200:1 to about 250:1, about 200:1 to about 300:1, about 200:1 to about 350:1, or about 200:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 250:1 to about 300:1, about 250:1 to about 350:1, or about 250:1 to about 400:1.
  • the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 300:1 to about 350:1, or about 300:1 to about 400:1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is within a range of about 350: 1 to about 400: 1. In certain embodiments, the lipid:antigen weight ratio is about 200:1, 210:1, 220:1, 230:1, 240:1, 250:1, 260:1, 270:1, 280:1, 290:1, 300:1, 310:1, 320:1, 330:1, 340:1, 350:1, 360:1, 370:1, 380:1, 390:1 or 400:1.
  • lipid vesicles comprising non-ionic surfactants, such as those referred to in PCT Publication No. W093/19781.
  • An exemplary technique is the rotary film evaporation method, in which a film of the non-ionic surfactant (and any other component lipids) is prepared by rotary evaporation from an organic solvent, e.g., a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as chloroform, e.g., see Russell and Alexander, J. Immunol. 140: 1274, 1988.
  • an organic solvent e.g., a hydrocarbon or chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent such as chloroform, e.g., see Russell and Alexander, J. Immunol. 140: 1274, 1988.
  • the resulting thin film is then rehydrated in aqueous buffer.
  • lipid vesicles Another method for the production of lipid vesicles is that disclosed by Collins et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42:53, 1990. This method involves melting the non-ionic surfactant (and any other component lipids) and hydrating with vigorous mixing in the presence of aqueous buffer.
  • Another method involves hydration of lipids in the presence of shearing forces.
  • At least a portion of hemagglutinin antigen is associated with lipid vesicles (where, as used herein, the term “association” encompasses any form of physical interaction).
  • at least a portion of hemagglutinin antigen is entrapped within lipid vesicles. Association and entrapment may be achieved in any manner. For example, in the rotary film evaporation technique, the film can be hydrated in the presence of antigen (optionally together with an adjuvant).
  • a dehydration-rehydration method may be used in which antigen in an aqueous phase is combined with preformed lipid vesicles and subjected to flash freezing followed by lyophilisation, e.g., see Kirby and
  • a freeze thaw technique may be used in which preformed vesicles are mixed with the antigen and repeatedly flash frozen in liquid nitrogen, and warmed to a temperature above the transition temperature of the relevant lipids, e.g., see Pick, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 212:195, 1981.
  • the dehydration-rehydration method and freeze-thaw technique are also capable of concomitantly associating an adjuvant with lipid vesicles.
  • lipid vesicles for use in accordance with the present invention are prepared by a method that includes: melting component lipids to produce molten lipids; combining the molten lipids with an aqueous solution that includes hemagglutinin antigen; and homogenizing the resulting product.
  • molten lipids are added to the aqueous solution that includes hemagglutinin antigen.
  • aqueous solution that includes hemagglutinin antigen is added to the molten lipids.
  • molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml in the resulting product.
  • a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml in the resulting product.
  • the present invention provides desirable compositions (specifically including thermostable compositions) comprising antigen and lipid vesicles, which compositions contain a specified lipid concentration established herein to impart particular characteristics (e.g., improved thermostability) to the compositions.
  • the lipid concentration is in a range of about 10 mg/ml to about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100 mg/ml. In certain embodiments, the lipid concentration is in a range of about 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 95 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml.
  • the lipid concentration is in a range of about 25 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, about 25 mg/ml to about 50 mg/ml, about 50 mg/ml to about 75 mg/ml, or about 50 mg/ml to about 100 mg/ml.
  • molten lipids and aqueous solution are combined in relative amounts and volumes that achieve both the desired lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned lipid:antigen weight ratio ranges that were recited above) and a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml (or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges recited above) in the resulting product.
  • desired lipid:antigen weight ratio e.g., at least about 50:1 or any one of the aforementioned lipid:antigen weight ratio ranges that were recited above
  • a lipid concentration of at least about 10 mg/ml or any one of the other lipid concentration ranges recited above
  • the non-ionic surfactant (optionally with other lipid components) is melted at a temperature range between 120°C and 150°C (e.g., between 120°C and 125°C, between 120°C and 130°C, between 120°C and 140°C, between 130°C and 140°C, between 135°C and 145°C, or between 140°C and 145°C).
  • the non-ionic surfactant (optionally with other lipid components) are melted at about 120°C, at about 125°C, at about 130°C, at about 135°C, at about 140°C, at about 145°C or at about 150°C.
  • the aqueous solution comprising hemagglutinin antigen is temperature controlled. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprising hemagglutinin antigen is kept at a temperature of less than about 50°C during the step of adding (e.g., less than about 45°C, less than about 40°C, less than about 35°C, less than about 30°C, less than about 25°C, etc.). In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprising hemagglutinin antigen is kept at a temperature range between about 25°C and about 50°C. In some embodiments, the aqueous solution comprising hemagglutinin antigen is kept at room temperature.
  • vesicles are made by a process that includes steps of providing the lipid components in dried (e.g., lyophilized) form and rehydrating the dried material with an aqueous solution comprising hemagglutinin antigen.
  • Dried material may be prepared, for example, by melting lipid components and then lyophilizing the molten product.
  • compositions may be dried (e.g., lyophilized) prior to storage and subsequently hydrated prior to use.
  • compositions will typically include a mixture of lipid vesicles with a range of sizes.
  • > 90% of vesicles will have a diameter which lies within 50% of the most frequent value (e.g., 1000 + 500 nm).
  • the distribution may be narrower, e.g., > 90% of vesicles may have a diameter which lies within 40, 30, 20, 10 or 5% of the most frequent value.
  • sonication or ultra-sonication may be used to facilitate vesicle formation and/or to alter vesicle size.
  • filtration, dialysis and/or centrifugation may be used to adjust the vesicle size distribution.
  • compositions may include vesicles where the most frequent diameter is in the range of about 0.1 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , for example, about 0.1 ⁇ to about 5 ⁇ , about 0.5 ⁇ to about 2 ⁇ , or about 0.8 ⁇ to about 1.5 ⁇ .
  • the most frequent diameter may be greater than 10 ⁇ , e.g., in the range of about 10 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ or about 15 ⁇ to about 25 ⁇ .
  • the most frequent diameter may be in the range of about 0.1 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 0.1 ⁇ to about 15 ⁇ , about 0.1 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 0.5 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 0.5 ⁇ to about 15 ⁇ , about 0.5 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 20 ⁇ , about 1 ⁇ to about 15 ⁇ m, or about 1 ⁇ to about 10 ⁇ .
  • Liquid composition of vaccines has been the default presentation since the introduction of vaccines. Most of the existing liquid vaccines have been developed for storage under refrigeration, but not at higher temperatures, with the result that their stability may not be optimal. All licensed influenza vaccines are currently formulated and stored as liquids. In the aqueous environment the influenza antigens are subjected to physical and chemical degradation that may lead to inactivation and loss of potency.
  • dried e.g., lyophilized
  • compositions are provided.
  • methods of the present disclosure include a step of drying (e.g., lyophilizing).
  • lyophilization involves freezing the preparation in question and then reducing the surrounding pressure (and optionally heating the preparation) to allow the frozen solvent(s) to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas (i.e., drying phase).
  • the drying phase may be divided into primary and secondary drying phases.
  • the freezing phase can be done by placing the preparation in a container (e.g., a flask, eppendorf tube, etc.) and optionally rotating the container in a bath which is cooled by mechanical refrigeration (e.g., using dry ice and methanol, liquid nitrogen, etc.).
  • the freezing step involves cooling the preparation to a temperature that is below the eutectic point of the preparation. Since the eutectic point occurs at the lowest temperature where the solid and liquid phase of the preparation can coexist, maintaining the material at a temperature below this point ensures that sublimation rather than evaporation will occur in subsequent steps.
  • the drying phase involves reducing the pressure and optionally heating the preparation to a point where the solvent(s) can sublimate. This drying phase typically removes the majority of the solvent(s) from the preparation.
  • the freezing and drying phases are not necessarily distinct phases but can be combined in any manner. For example, in certain embodiments, freezing and drying phases may overlap.
  • a secondary drying phase can optionally be used to remove residual solvent(s) that was adsorbed during the freezing phase.
  • the vacuum can be broken with an inert gas (e.g., nitrogen or helium) before the lyophilized lipid product is optionally sealed.
  • an inert gas e.g., nitrogen or helium
  • Excipients such as sucrose, amino acids or proteins such as gelatin or serum albumin may be used to protect the antigen during the drying process and storage.
  • a lyoprotectant may be used.
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant may be added with the lyoprotectant.
  • Exemplary lyoprotectants include sucrose, trehalose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), dimethyl-succinate buffer (DMS), bovine serum albumin (BSA), mannitol and dextran.
  • compositions are those with a particularly low (e.g., less than about 2% by weight) moisture content.
  • a particularly low moisture content e.g., less than about 2% by weight.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions with a higher lipid content tend to have a lower residual moisture content (e.g., less than about 2% by weight).
  • compositions with a higher lipid content tend to be more thermostable.
  • compositions of the present disclosure are defined and provided with low moisture content (e.g., less than about 2% by weight).
  • provided compositions have a lipid: antigen weight ratio of at least about 50: 1 (or any one of the aforementioned lipid: antigen weight ratio ranges that were recited above).
  • these compositions may have a lower lipid:antigen weight ratio (e.g., at least about 40:1 or 30: 1). Based on our moisture content results, these lower lipid content compositions may require more extensive drying steps during the lyophilization process.
  • the moisture content of provided compositions is less than about 1.9%, 1.8%, 1.7%, 1.6%, 1.5%, 1.4%, 1.3%, 1.2%, 1.1%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, or 0.4% by weight.
  • moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.4% to about 2% by weight.
  • moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1.9% by weight.
  • moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.6% to about 1.8% by weight.
  • moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.7% to about 1.7% by weight.
  • moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.8% to about 1.6% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.9% to about 1.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1% to about 1.4% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 1.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 0.5% to about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1% to about 1.5% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1% to about 2% by weight. In certain embodiments, moisture content of provided compositions is in the range of about 1.5% to about 2% by weight.
  • Dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are rehydrated prior to administration to a subject in need thereof.
  • such rehydration is achieved by mixing the dried (e.g., lyophilized) composition with an aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution includes a buffer.
  • a buffer for example, without limitation, a PCB buffer, an
  • Na 2 HP0 4 /NaH 2 P0 4 buffer, a PBS buffer, a bicine buffer, a Tris buffer, a HEPES buffer, a MOPS buffer, etc. may be used.
  • PCB buffer is produced by mixing sodium propionate, sodium cacodylate, and bis-Tris propane in the molar ratios 2: 1:2. Varying the amount of HC1 added enables buffering over a pH range from 4-9. In some embodiments, a carbonate buffer may be used.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions may be stored for a period of time (e.g., days, weeks or months) prior to rehydration and administration to a subject in need thereof.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are stored under conditions that are not temperature-controlled.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are at least temporarily exposed to temperatures in excess of 8°C during storage (e.g., temperatures that exceed 15°C, 20°C or 25°C).
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are at least temporarily exposed to temperatures in the range of 10°C to 40°C, temperatures in the range of 20°C to 30°C, room temperature, etc.).
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are thermostable.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions are more stable when stored for 6 months at 40°C than a reference dried composition that lacks lipid vesicles.
  • stability is based on immunogenicity as determined by an HAI assay.
  • stability is based on antigen content as determined by an ELISA.
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions exhibit less than
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% change in
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions exhibit less than
  • dried (e.g., lyophilized) compositions exhibit less than 40%, less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 10%, less than 5% or less than 2% loss of antigen content. [0128] In certain embodiments, these effects are observed after the dried compositions have been stored for just 1, 2 or 3 months instead of 6 months. In certain embodiments, these effects are observed after the dried compositions have been stored at 15°C, 20 '" 'C, 25°C, 30°C, or 35°C instead of 40°C.
  • the antigenicity and/or immunogenicity of dried compositions remains substantially unchanged during storage despite being exposed to temperatures in excess of 8°C (e.g., temperatures in the range of 10°C to 40°C, temperatures in the range of 20°C to 30°C, room temperature, etc.) for a period of 1 to 6 months.
  • temperatures in excess of 8°C e.g., temperatures in the range of 10°C to 40°C, temperatures in the range of 20°C to 30°C, room temperature, etc.
  • storage of dried compositions at these elevated temperatures destroys less than 20% of the antigenicity of the antigen (e.g., less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%) as measured in an ELISA and as compared to equivalent dried compositions that were stored between 2 and 8°C for the same time period.
  • storage of dried compositions at these elevated temperatures destroys less than 20% of the immunogenicity of the antigen (e.g., less than 15%, less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 1%) based on HAI titer measurements and as compared to equivalent dried compositions that were stored between 2 and 8°C for the same time period.
  • the antigenicity and/or immunogenicity of a dried composition post-storage is at least 1.5 fold greater than in an otherwise equivalent dried composition that was stored under the same elevated temperatures but that was formulated without lipid vesicles (e.g., at least about 2 fold, 2.5 fold, 3 fold, 3.5 fold, 4 fold or 5 fold).
  • the level of antigenicity is based on measurements obtained using an ELISA.
  • the level of immunogenicity is based on HAI titer
  • one or more of these antigenicity and/or immunogenicity results are obtained when dried composition is stored at 25°C for 1, 2, 3 or 4 months. In some embodiments, these results are obtained when the dried composition is stored at 15 °C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C or 40 °C for 1 month. In some embodiments, these results are obtained when the dried composition is stored at 15 °C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C or 40 °C for 2 months. In some embodiments, these results are obtained when the dried composition is stored at 15 °C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C or 40 °C for 3 months.
  • these results are obtained when the dried composition is stored at 15 °C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C or 40 °C for 4 months. In some embodiments, these results are obtained when the dried composition is stored at 15°C, 20°C, 30°C, 35°C or 40 °C for 6 months.
  • provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of additional agents with adjuvant properties (i.e., provided compositions are unadjuvanted). In certain embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR agonist adjuvants (i.e., TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7/8, TLR-9, etc. agonist adjuvants). In certain embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-3 agonist adjuvants, e.g., Poly(LC) or Poly(IC:LC). In certain embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-4 agonist adjuvants, e.g., MPL or 3D-MPL.
  • TLR agonist adjuvants i.e., TLR-3, TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-7/8, TLR-9, etc.
  • provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-3 agonist adjuvants, e.g., Poly(LC) or Poly(
  • provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-5 agonist adjuvants. In certain embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-7/8 agonist adjuvants. In certain embodiments, provided compositions do not comprise or are substantially free of TLR-9 agonist adjuvants.
  • Methods of this disclosure are useful for treating influenza infections in humans including adults and children. In general however they may be used with any animal. In certain embodiments, methods herein are used for veterinary applications, e.g., canine and feline applications. If desired, the methods herein may also be used with farm animals, such as ovine, avian, bovine, porcine and equine breeds.
  • compositions described herein will generally be administered in such amounts and for such a time as is necessary or sufficient to induce an immune response.
  • Dosing regimens may consist of a single unit dose or a plurality of unit doses over a period of time.
  • the exact amount of a provided composition to be administered may vary from subject to subject and may depend on several factors. Thus, it will be appreciated that, in general, the precise dose used will be as determined by the prescribing physician and will depend not only on the weight of the subject and the route of administration, but also on the age of the subject and the severity of the symptoms and/or the risk of infection.
  • provided compositions include a dose of hemagglutinin antigen in a range from about 1 to 100 ⁇ g.
  • the range may be between about 2 and 50 ⁇ g, 5 and 50 ⁇ g, 2 and 20 ⁇ g, 5 and 20 ⁇ g, etc.
  • doses of hemagglutinin antigen may be about 5 ⁇ g, 10 ⁇ g, 15 ⁇ g, 20 ⁇ g, 25 ⁇ g, 30 ⁇ g, 35 ⁇ g, 40 ⁇ g, 45 ⁇ g, etc. In certain embodiments these doses are administered as a single unit dose. In certain embodiments a unit dose is administered on several occasions (e.g., 1-3 unit doses that are separated by 1-12 months).
  • hemagglutinin antigen is taken from a licensed human influenza vaccine and composition are administered to a human such that the unit dose of hemagglutinin antigen is less than the standard human unit dose (e.g., in the range of 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10-60%, 10-50%, 10- 40%, 10-30%, 10-20%, 20-90%, 20-80%, 20-70%, 20-60%, 20-50%, 20-40%, 20-30%, 30-90%, 30-80%, 30-70%, 30-60%, 30-50%, 30-40%, 40-90%, 40-80%, 40-70%, 40-60%, 40-50%, 50- 90%, 50-80%, 50-70%, 50-60%, 60-90%, 60-80%, 60-70%, 70-90%, 70-80%, or 80-90% of the standard human unit dose).
  • the standard human unit dose e.g., in the range of 10-90%, 10-80%, 10-70%, 10-60%, 10-50%, 10- 40%, 10-30%, 10-20%,
  • methods of the present disclosure may involve giving the subject a single administration of a provided composition that includes less than 45 ⁇ g hemagglutinin antigen, e.g., 40 ⁇ g, 35 ⁇ g, 30 ⁇ g, 25 ⁇ g, 20 ⁇ g or 15 ⁇ g of hemagglutinin antigen.
  • the amounts of hemagglutinin antigen and TLR-3 agonist adjuvant (e.g., Poly(LC) or Poly(IC:LC)) in provided compositions are such that each unit dose includes about 1-100 ⁇ g (e.g., about 2-80 ⁇ g, 5-70 ⁇ g, or about 10-50 ⁇ g) hemagglutinin antigen and about 1-100 ⁇ g (e.g., about 2-80 ⁇ g, 5-70 ⁇ g, or about 10-50 ⁇ g) TLR-3 agonist adjuvant (e.g., Poly(I:C) or Poly(IC:LQ).
  • TLR-3 agonist adjuvant e.g., Poly(I:C) or Poly(IC:LQ
  • compositions are formulated for delivery parenterally, e.g., by injection.
  • administration may be, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous, or via by infusion or needleless injection techniques.
  • compositions may be formulated for delivery parenterally, e.g., by injection.
  • administration may be, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous, or via by infusion or needleless injection techniques.
  • compositions may be formulated for delivery parenterally, e.g., by injection.
  • administration may be, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous, or via by infusion or needleless injection techniques.
  • compositions may be formulated for delivery parenterally, e.g., by injection.
  • administration may be, for example, intravenous, intramuscular, intradermal, or subcutaneous, or via by infusion or needleless injection techniques.
  • compositions may be formulated for delivery parenterally, e.g.,
  • compositions may be prepared and maintained in dried form and rehydrated prior to administration as discussed above.
  • the pH of injectable compositions can be adjusted, as is known in the art, with a pharmaceutically acceptable acid, such as methanesulfonic acid.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as methanesulfonic acid.
  • Other acceptable vehicles and solvents include Ringer's solution and U.S. P.
  • sterile, fixed oils are examples of suitable oils.
  • injectable compositions can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • thermostable lyophilized immunogenic composition for intramuscular (IM) injection.
  • All the non-ionic surfactant vesicles (NISV) compositions were prepared by the inverted melt method. The following lipids were used: 1-monopalmitoyl glycerol (a non-ionic surfactant), cholesterol (a steroid) and dicetyl phosphate (an ionic amphiphile).
  • lipids 7.432 g of 1- monopalmitoyl glycerol (MPG), 6.956 g of cholesterol (CHO), and 2.46 g of dicetyl phosphate (DCP)
  • MPG monopalmitoyl glycerol
  • CHO cholesterol
  • DCP dicetyl phosphate
  • a concentrated phosphate buffer was prepared as follows: 6.899 g of Na 2 HP0 4 and 1.573 g of NaH 2 P0 4 were dissolved in 25 ml of sterile water, the pH was measured and the solution was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ sterile filter and 25 ml of this buffer was added to 600 ml of Fluzone influenza vaccine (Fluzone ⁇ 2008- 2009 season; Sanofi Pasteur) in a laminar flow hood.
  • Fluzone ® (2008-2009 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine which contains influenza HA antigen at a concentration of 45 ⁇ g/0.5ml (each 0.5 ml contains 15 ⁇ g HA antigen from each of the following influenza virus strains: H1N1, A/Brisbane/59/2007; H3N2, A/Brisbane/10/2007 and
  • the buffered antigen stock solution was homogenized at 8,000 rpm at 30- 35°C, and the melted lipids were added quickly (to prevent crystallization) to the beaker while homogenizing the solution, at which point homogenization at 8,000 rpm continued for 10 minutes at 30-35°C.
  • the resulting NISV-antigen suspension was shaken for 1-2 hours at 220 + 10 rpm at 30-35 °C.
  • An in-process sample was taken after this step to determine pH and particle size distribution (PSD).
  • PSD pH and particle size distribution
  • Test article 1 150 ml of 400 mM sucrose solution in 100 mM phosphate buffer was added to 150 ml of NISV-antigen solution and shaken.
  • Test article 2 5 ml of Poly(IC:LC) suspension (10 mg Poly(IC:LC) at 2 mg/ml) was added to 145 ml of 400 mM sucrose solution in 100 mM phosphate buffer which in turn was added to 150 ml of NISV- antigen solution and shaken.
  • Sample loading step if sample is not pre-frozen.
  • sample loading step if sample is pre-frozen.
  • Control commercial Fluzone that was not formulated with NISV was similarly lyophilized in the presence of sucrose with or without Poly(IC:LC) as an adjuvant.
  • commercial Fluzone that was not lyophilized i.e., used "as is" was used as a control for both the unformulated lyophilized Fluzone and the formulated lyophilized NISV- antigen compositions.
  • NISV-antigen solution (with or without adjuvant) were rehydrated prior to administration in 0.5 ml of sterile water for Groups 1, 2, 5 and 6 (high dose Fluzone ® 0.3X standard human unit dose and adjuvant dose of 0.01 mg in Groups 2 and 6); in 1.5 ml of sterile water for Groups 3 and 7 (to give one-third lower dose of antigen compared to Groups 1, 2, 5 and 6, (dose-equivalent Fluzone 0.1X standard human unit dose) but same 0.01 mg dose of adjuvant); and in 4.5 ml of sterile water for Groups 4 and 8 (to give approximately one-third lower dose of antigen compared to Groups 3 and 7, (dose-sparing Fluzone 1/30X standard human unit dose but same 0.01 mg dose of adjuvant).
  • Rehydrated compositions were kept between 2°C to 8°C and administered to animals within 4 hours of reconstitution.
  • Table 4 summarizes the different compositions that were prepared and that were tested in subsequent examples.
  • Fluzone (2008-2009 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine.
  • Each 0.5 ml unit dose of Fluzone" (2008-2009 season; Sanofi Pasteur) contains 15 ⁇ g HA antigen from each of the following influenza virus strains: HlNl, A/Brisbane/59/2007; H3N2, A/Brisbane/10/2007; and B/Florida/4/2006.
  • the HAI assay was used to measure immunological responses in animals.
  • the HAI assay is a serological technique used to detect HA antibody in serum resulting from infection or vaccination with influenza virus and HAI titers correlate with protection from influenza in humans.
  • the HAI antibody titer is expressed as the reciprocal of the highest serum dilution showing complete hemmaglutination using four hemagglutination units.
  • An HAI titer of 1:40 or higher is considered as seroprotective, and a four-fold increase in HAI titers in samples taken after and before vaccination is the minimum increase considered necessary for classification of seroconversion. Results are presented as the inverse of HAI titers and geometric mean HAI titers.
  • the HAI assay was performed as follows. Briefly, a series of 2- fold dilutions in PBS of sera from immunized mice were prepared in 96-well V-bottomed plates and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes with 50 ⁇ of four hemmaglutinating units (HAU) of A/Brisbane/59/07 (HlNl) or A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2). Next, 50 ⁇ of chicken red blood cells (diluted 0.5% v/v) (Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Canada) was added to all wells on the plate and incubated for 1.5 hours at room temperature. The highest dilution capable of agglutinating chicken red blood cells was then determined.
  • HAU hemmaglutinating units
  • Example 2 The various rehydrated compositions described in Example 1 (Table 2) were tested in female BALB/C mice 6-8 weeks old (minimum 8 animals per test group). The mice were immunized intramuscularly with 50 ⁇ of the rehydrated compositions twice, once on day 0 and once on day 14. The mice received either 3X, IX or 1/3X of a standard mouse unit dose (i.e., 0.3X, 0.1X or 1/30X of a standard human unit dose). Therefore the total HA antigen content in 50 ⁇ was as follows: high dose (0.3X) contained 13.5 ⁇ g, dose equivalent (0.1X) contained 4.5 ⁇ g, and dose-sparing (1/30X) contained 1.5 ⁇ g.
  • mice contained: 4.5 ⁇ g of each HA antigen subtype (0.3X); 1.5 ⁇ g of each HA antigen subtype (0.1X); or 0.5 ⁇ g of each HA antigen subtype (1/30X).
  • Blood was collected from all mice in the study groups pre-immunization and then post- I s and -2 n immunizations to assess humoral immune responses.
  • HAI titers as an indicator of in vivo potency were assessed as described in Example 2. In this mouse study we evaluated the potency
  • Figure 1 shows the mean for HAI titer against HlNl A/Brisbane/59/07 thirteen days after first immunization (PlVdl3). It can be seen that the mean HAI titer against HlNl for the group treated with high dose Fluzone ® formulated with NIS V (Group 1 ) and lyophilized was significantly higher than the group treated with unformulated lyophilized high dose Fluzone ®
  • Fluzone ® control Group 11
  • Group 4 animals treated with a lyophilized NISV composition containing Poly(IC:LC) and the lowest dose of Fluzone ® had higher potency than all of the unformulated lyophilized Fluzone ® groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 6, 7 and 8) and the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • Figure 2 shows the mean for HAI titer against H3N2 A/Brisbane/10/07 thirteen days after first immunization (PlVdl3). It can be seen that the NISV formulated high dose Fluzone ® group with Poly(IC:LC) (Group 2) had higher potency than all of the unformulated lyophilized (high dose, dose-equivalent and dose-sparing) Fluzone ® groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 6, 7 and 8, respectively) and the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • Figure 3 shows the mean for HAI titer against HlNl A/Brisbane/59/07 fifteen days after second immunization (P2Vdl5).
  • Overall HAI titers against HlNl A/Brisbane/59/07 fifteen days after second immunization (P2Vdl5) were approximately 4-5 fold higher than HAI titers against HlNl A/Brisbane/59/07 thirteen days after first immunization (PlVdl3) ( Figure 1). It can be seen that the mean HAI titer against H1N1 for the group treated with high dose
  • Fluzone ® formulated with NISV (Group 1 ) and lyophilized was significantly higher than the group treated with unformulated lyophilized high dose Fluzone ® (Group 5) and comparable to the commercial Fluzone ® control (unformulated and not lyophilized) (Group 11).
  • All of the NISV formulated (high dose, dose-equivalent and dose-sparing) Fluzone ® groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 2, 3 and 4, respectively) had higher potency than all of the unformulated lyophilized (high dose, dose-equivalent and dose-sparing) Fluzone ® groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 6, 7 and 8 respectively) and the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • Fluzone control had higher potency than all of the unformulated lyophilized Fluzone groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 6, 7 and 8) and the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • Figure 4 shows the mean for HAI titer against H3N2 A/Brisbane/10/07 fifteen days after second immunization (P2Vdl5).
  • Overall HAI titers against H3N2 A/Brisbane/10/07 fifteen days after second immunization (P2Vdl5) were approximately 4-5 fold higher than HAI titers against H3N2 A/Brisbane/10/07 thirteen days after first immunization (PlVdl3) ( Figure 2).
  • the NISV formulated high dose Fluzone ® group with Poly(IC:LC) (Group 2) had higher potency than all of the unformulated lyophilized (high dose, dose-equivalent and dose-sparing) Fluzone ® groups with Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 6, 7 and 8, respectively) and the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • the geometric mean for the HAI titers against H3N2 A/Brisbane/10/07 showed the highest value in the NISV composition (Group 2) when compared to the rest of the groups and it was 2.8 times higher than the commercial Fluzone ® control (Group 11).
  • mice were immunized intramuscularly with 50 ⁇ of the rehydrated compositions twice, once on day 0 and once on day 14. Serum samples were collected from all mice in the study groups pre-immunization and then post- 1 st and -2 nd immunizations and analyzed by HAI assay as described in Example 2.
  • Fluzone (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine.
  • Figure 9 shows the potency dose response in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in Example 2 using sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) of a dose-sparing NISV composition of a commercial flu vaccine adjuvanted with increasing doses of the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) (Groups 11, 10, 9 and 8) versus a dose-sparing unadjuvanted NISV composition of a commercial flu vaccine control (Group 2) and a commercial vaccine control (Group 1).
  • NISVs lyophilized influenza compositions prepared in accordance with Example 1 was evaluated at three storage temperature conditions (5°C + 3°C, 25°C + 2°C and 40°C + 2°C) for up to 12 months.
  • FDA FDA Guidance for Industry. Content and Format of Chemistry, Manufacturing and Controls Information and Establishment Description Information for a Vaccine or Related Product
  • a stability study for a biological product should generally test for: potency;
  • physicochemical measurements that are stability indicating; moisture content (if lyophilized); pH; sterility or control of bioburden; pyrogenicity and general safety. Consequently, a stability- indicating profile using a number of assays provides assurance that changes in the identity, purity and potency of the biological product is typically detected.
  • potency refers to the specific ability or capacity of a product to achieve its intended effect and is determined by a suitable in vivo or in vitro quantitative method.
  • An in vivo mouse potency assay was used to evaluate the potency of the stored compositions over time and at the three different storage temperatures. The compositions were administered by the intramuscular route to mice and the immune response was determined using the Hemagglutination Inhibition assay (HAI) described in Example 2.
  • HAI Hemagglutination Inhibition assay
  • compositions were also analyzed for appearance (color and opacity) and following rehydration were analyzed for particle size distribution (PSD) and pH .
  • Aliquots of rehydrated samples were centrifuged in an ultracentrifuge at 24,000 rpm, for 20 minutes at 4 °C and supernatant and pellet fractions were removed, extracted and analysed by sELISA to determine antigen content (also described as "in vitro potency").
  • the stability of rehydrated compositions was tested over 4-6 hours following rehydration.
  • the lipids in the lyophilized compositions were analyzed for purity and degradants using HPLC. Moisture content in the lyophilized compositions was evaluated using the Karl Fischer assay.
  • compositions used for the stability study were not sterile.
  • the formulation method involved heating the lipids to > 100°C and adding the molten lipids to a sterile filtered buffer solution containing sterile Fluzone ® .
  • the formulation methods were performed under low microbial content (bioburden) conditions such as in a lamellar flow hood and using Tyvek sterile bags during lyophilization and back filled using sterile nitrogen.
  • Bioburden was evaluated as Total Aerobic Microbial Count (CFU per gram) by plating samples on Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and incubating for 3-5 days at 30-35°C and as Total Combined Yeasts and Molds Count (CFU per gram) by plating samples on Sabouraud Agar (SDA) and incubating for 5-7 days at 20-25°C.
  • TSA Tryptic Soy Agar
  • SDA Sabouraud Agar
  • Figure 5 shows the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in Example 2 using sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) for a dose- equivalent unadjuvanted NISV composition of a commercial flu vaccine (NISV, no TLR-3 agonist adjuvant) versus a commercial vaccine control (no NISV, no TLR-3 agonist adjuvant). All compositions were stored for 6 months at 4°C and 40°C prior to IM injection into mice. The results shown are for H1N1 and H3N2 and demonstrate that the NISV composition
  • Figure 6 shows in vitro Fluzone ® content for (A) commercial Fluzone ®
  • Fluzone ® HA content as detected by sELISA at temperatures higher than 4°C for the storage of commercial Fluzone ® vaccine.
  • 3 months only 40% of the original HA content remains for commercial Fluzone ® stored at 40°C.
  • 6 months only 20% of the original HA content remains for commercial Fluzone ® stored at 40°C.
  • NISV formulated adjuvanted Fluzone ® groups showed no loss of original HA content over time or as a result of increased storage temperature.
  • Figures 10 (H1N1) and Figure 11 (H3N2) show the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in Example 2 using sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) for a subset of the compositions described in Table 4 versus a commercial vaccine control (no NISV, no TLR-3 agonist adjuvant). All vaccines were stored for 6 months at 4°C and 40°C prior to IM injection into mice. For the 6 month stability time point we dropped the two adjuvanted high dose Fluzone ® groups (formulated in NISV and unformulated) and only tested the 7 remaining compositions in the mouse potency assay.
  • Fluzone ® group (unformulated and unadjuvanted) lost potency when stored at 40°C over the same 6 month time period ( Figure 10A animal Group 1 (HAI titer of 174.5 when stored at 4°C) versus Figure 10B animal Group 3 (HAI titer of 47.6 when stored at 40°C)).
  • the dose-sparing Fluzone groups adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) both (unformulated and NISV formulated compositions) also retained in vivo potency when stored for up to 6 months at 4°C and 40°C ( Figure 10A animal Group 10 (HAI titer of 190.3 when NISV formulated composition stored at 4°C) and animal Group 19 (HAI titer of 112.6 when unformulated composition stored at 4°C) versus Figure 10B animal Group 12 (HAI titer of 226.3 when NISV formulated composition stored at 40°C) and animal Group 21 (HAI titer of 114.5 when unformulated composition stored at 40°C)).
  • Figure 10A animal Group 10 HAI titer of 190.3 when NISV formulated composition stored at 4°C
  • animal Group 19 HAI titer of 112.6 when unformulated composition stored at 4°C
  • Figure 10B animal Group 12 animal Group 12 (HAI titer of 226.3 when NISV formulated composition
  • the adjuvanted dose-equivalent Fluzone ® groups gave substantially higher HAI titers than the unadjuvanted high dose Fluzone ® groups (both NISV formulated and unformulated). While the dose-sparing Fluzone ® groups (both NISV formulated and unformulated) gave comparable HAI titers to the unadjuvanted high dose Fluzone ® groups (both NISV formulated and unformulated).
  • the NISV formulated adjuvanted Fluzone groups (dose-equivalent and dose-sparing) gave higher HAI titers than the unformulated adjuvanted Fluzone groups (dose-equivalent and dose-sparing).
  • Figure 11A animal Group 7 HI titer of 730.3 when NISV formulated composition stored at 4°C
  • animal Group 16 HI titer of 297.8 when unformulated composition stored at 4°C
  • Figure 11B animal Group 9 HI titer of 669.7 when NISV
  • Fluzone ® group gave higher HAI titers than the unformulated adjuvanted dose-equivalent Fluzone ® group.
  • Figures 12 (H1N1) and Figure 13 (H3N2) show the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in Example 2 using sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) for a subset of the test articles described in Table 4 versus a commercial vaccine control (no NISV, no TLR-3 agonist adjuvant). All vaccines were stored for 12 months at 4°C and 40°C prior to IM injection into mice. For the 12 month stability time point we dropped the four adjuvanted and unadjuvanted high dose Fluzone ® groups (formulated in NISV and
  • the dose-sparing Fluzone ® groups adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) both (unformulated and NISV formulated compositions) also retained in vivo potency when stored for up to 12 months at 4°C and 40°C ( Figure 12A animal Group 10 (HAI titer of 200 when NISV formulated composition stored at 4°C) and animal group 19 (HAI titer of 160 when unformulated composition stored at 4°C) versus Figure 12B animal group 12 (HAI titer of 293 when NISV formulated composition stored at 40°C) and animal Group 21 (HAI titer of 154 when unformulated composition stored at 40°C).
  • the dose-sparing Fluzone groups adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) both (unformulated and NISV formulated compositions) also retained in vivo potency when stored for up to 12 months at 4°C and 40°C (Figure 13 A animal Group 10 (HAI titer of 226 when NISV formulated composition stored at 4°C) and animal Group 19 (HAI titer of 154 when unformulated composition stored at 4°C) versus Figure 13B animal Group 12 (HAI titer of 247 when NISV formulated composition stored at 40°C) and animal Group 21 (HAI titer of 119 when unformulated composition stored at 40°C).
  • Bioburden For all the lyophilized compositions stored at 4°C, 25°C or 40°C,
  • Particle Size Distribution There were apparent changes in the size distribution and the mean particle size at 40°C in both lyophilized NISV-containing and non NISV- containing compositions (data not shown). These changes were not observed at 4°C or 25°C and the extent of change was greater for the dose sparing compositions (1/3 OX) compared to the high dose compositions (0.3X).
  • High Performance Liquid Chromatography After 1 month and 12 months storage, all NISVs-containing compositions were analysed in terms of lipid identity, composition purity and possible presence of degradation products by reverse phase HPLC. For each of the lyophilized compositions stored at various temperatures (4°C, 25 °C or 40°C) chromatographic profiles were similar at both time points: 1 month and 12 months. The ratio of lipids recovered was comparable to theoretical ratios (5:4: 1) with no observable trend depending on composition or storage temperature.
  • This Example describes a scaled-up manufacturing method for preparing a thermostable lyophilized immunogenic composition for intramuscular (IM) injection.
  • All the non-ionic surfactant vesicle (NISV) compositions were prepared by the inverted melt method. The following lipids were used: 1-monopalmitoyl glycerol (a non-ionic surfactant), cholesterol (a steroid) and dicetyl phosphate (an ionic amphiphile).
  • lipids (12.390 g of 1-monopalmitoyl glycerol (MPG), 11.596 g of cholesterol (CHO), and 4.100 g of dicetyl phosphate (DCP)) was placed in a flat bottom 250 ml depyrogenated glass beaker, ensuring none of the powder adhered to the side of the glass beaker.
  • MPG 1-monopalmitoyl glycerol
  • CHO cholesterol
  • DCP dicetyl phosphate
  • a concentrated phosphate buffer was prepared as follows: 5.980 g of Na 2 HP0 4 and 1.363 g of Na ⁇ PC ⁇ were dissolved in 20 ml of sterile water, the pH was measured and the solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ sterile filter. 1000 ml of Fluzone ® influenza vaccine (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) was transferred into a 2 liter depyrogenated glass beaker mixing vessel and heated to between 30-35°C and mixed with a depyrogenated magnetic stir bar. The antigen stock solution was dispensed into a 2 liter sterilized stainless steel homogenizing vessel and mixing was started using a high shear mixer at 2,000 rpm.
  • the resulting NISV-antigen suspension was divided equally (approximately 510 ml) into two depyrogenated glass carboys (NISV-Fluzone® No Adjuvant; and NISV-Fluzone® With Adjuvant Poly(IC:LQ) and both suspensions were mixed at a target speed of 220 + 10 rpm at 30-35 °C for 60 minutes. Finally, 490 ml of a 400 mM sucrose solution in sterile water was added to the first glass carboy with NISV-antigen solution (NISV-Fluzone® No Adjuvant) and mixing was continued for a minimum of 5 minutes at a target speed of 220 + 10 rpm at 30-35°C.
  • NISV-antigen solutions (with or without adjuvant) were aliquoted into vials (NISV-Fluzone® With Adjuvant PolylCLC target fill volume 0.5 ml; and NISV-Fluzone® No Adjuvant, target fill volume 1.5 ml) frozen at -45°C and subsequently lyophilized according to the target lyophilization parameters in the lyophilization cycle outlined in Table 7.
  • Fluzone® composition was further diluted in 1.5 ml of sterile water to give a dose- sparing NISV Fluzone® No Adjuvant composition (1/30X standard human unit dose). Rehydrated compositions were kept between 2°C to 8°C and administered to animals within 4 hours of rehydration.
  • Table 8 summarizes the different compositions that were prepared. Table 8
  • Fluzone (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine.
  • Each 0.5 ml dose of Fluzone ® (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) contains 15 ⁇ g HA antigen from each of the following influenza virus strains: H1N1, A/Brisbane/59/2007; H3N2, A/Brisbane/10/2007; andB/Brisbane/60/2008.
  • Figure 14 shows the in vivo potency against H1N1 virus (A) and H3N2 virus (B) of this scaled-up manufacturing batch of an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine in mice (dose equivalent at 0.1X standard human unit dose or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose or dose-sparing at 1/30X standard human unit dose with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC)) formulated with NISV compared to the licensed influenza vaccine (0.1X standard human unit dose) unformulated and unadjuv anted. All compositions were stored at 4°C and 40°C for 6 months and then injected into mice IM and sera were tested 14 days after the second vaccination. The results are presented as individual HAI titers against H1N1 and H3N2 and the geometric mean(s) for the same data set(s).
  • composition (unadjuvanted dose-equivalent or unadjuvanted dose-sparing or adjuvanted dose- sparing) retains in vivo potency when stored for up to 6 months at 4°C and 40°C ( Figure 14B animal Group 7 versus Group 8 (dose-equivalent unadjuvanted NISV formulated compositions stored at 4°C and 40°C induced HAI titers of 184 and 200 respectively) and animal Group 5 versus Group 6 (dose-sparing unadjuvanted NISV formulated compositions stored at 4°C and 40°C induced HAI titers of 63 and 58 respectively) and animal Group 3 versus Group 4 (dose- sparing adjuvanted NISV formulated compositions stored at 4°C and 40°C induced HAI titers of
  • ferrets received either an exemplary licensed influenza vaccine
  • HAI hemagglutination inhibition
  • Plaque assays analyze and detect the replication and titer of influenza viruses in
  • MDCK Madin Darby Canine Kidney cells. Virus present in sample dilutions was spread over cultured cells under agarose overlay and caused the lysis of cells and the formation of holes (plaques). Virus was quantitated by counting plaques on each plate and multiplying that number by the dilution factor. Confluent monolayers of MDCK cells in 6-well plates were infected with original nasal wash sample and dilutions (10 1 to 10 "5 ). Positive and negative controls were included. PBS served as a negative control and already tested virus with known titer served as a positive control. MDCK monolayers were washed twice with pre-warmed PBS prior to the addition of 100 ⁇ of virus (original and dilutions to each dedicated well).
  • Virus titer Number of plaques/ V X D
  • Virus titer Number of plaques X The dilution factor for that well X 10
  • Figure 7 compares the viral load (pfu) observed on the peak day of viral infection using the negative saline control and either commercial Fluzone vaccine (standard human unit dose, 45 ⁇ g) or NISV formulated Fluzone ® (dose-sparing, 15 ⁇ g) and adjuvanted with 100 ⁇ g of the TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) (both stored for 5 months at 4°C or 40°C).
  • the latter induced good efficacy in viral challenge when stored at 4°C or 40°C and was significantly better than commercial Fluzone vaccine stored at 4°C.
  • Commercial Fluzone vaccine stored at 40°C was not efficacious yielding a comparable viral load as the negative saline control.
  • Serum samples were collected pre- and post-IM injection (for up to 10 weeks post 2 nd injection) and analyzed by HAI assay as described in Example 2.
  • HAI assays were carried out for H1N1 and H3N2 and data for H3N2 is presented in Figure 8 for the three treatment groups.
  • Dose-sparing NISV compositions either adjuvanted with the exemplary TLR-3 agonist Poly(IC:LC) or unadjuvanted showed superior immunogenicity compared to commercial vaccine control in rhesus macaques up to 10 weeks after the second IM administration.
  • Example 8 The Role of Lipid: Antigen Ratio, Lipid Concentration and Lipid Content to Thermostability
  • compositions were formulated using the inverted melt method (as described in Example 1) with different lipid: antigen ratios, different lipid content per unit dose and different lipid
  • Fluzone (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine.
  • Each 0.5 ml unit dose of Fluzone ® (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) contains 15 ⁇ g HA antigen from each of the following influenza virus strains: H1N1, A/Brisbane/59/2007; H3N2, A/Brisbane/10/2007; and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (i.e., 45 ⁇ g total HA antigen in 0.5 ml).
  • the NISVs were composed of the following lipids: 1 -monopalmitoyl glycerol
  • MPG a non-ionic surfactant
  • cholesterol CHO, a steroid
  • DCP dicetyl phosphate
  • the buffered antigen stock solutions were then homogenized at 8,000 rpm at 30-35°C, and quickly (to prevent crystallization) the melted lipids were transferred into the beaker while homogenizing the solution, at which point homogenization at 8,000 rpm continued for 10 minutes at 30-35°C.
  • the resulting NISV-antigen suspensions were shaken for 1-2 hours at 220 + 10 rpm at 30-35°C.
  • an equal volume of 400 mM sucrose solution in water was added to the NISV-antigen solutions and shaken for 5 minutes at 220 + 10 rpm at 30-35°C.
  • compositions (described in Table 10) were stored at 4°C or 40°C for up to 3 months, and were then administered IM to mice (as described in Example 3). Immune response in vaccinated mice was determined using the HAI assay described in Example 2. In addition to in vivo potency some additional stability tests as described in Example 4 were conducted on the compositions including visual inspection of the lyophilized cake; measurement of antigen content by sELISA and measurement of moisture content of the lyophilized cake.
  • Fluzone (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) is an inactivated trivalent split influenza vaccine.
  • Each 0.5 ml unit dose of Fluzone" (2009-2010 season; Sanofi Pasteur) contains 15 ⁇ g HA antigen from each of the following influenza virus strains: HlNl, A/Brisbane/59/2007; H3N2, A/Brisbane/10/2007; and B/Brisbane/60/2008 (i.e., 45 ⁇ g total HA antigen in 0.5 ml).
  • the residual moisture in compositions was determined using the Karl Fischer assay and was expressed as percent moisture by weight and is presented in Table 11. There were distinct differences when comparing the residual moisture of the lower lipid: antigen ratio NISV Fluzone ® compositions (30:1 and 100: 1) versus the higher lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone ® compositions (300: 1). In general, the low lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone ® compositions had higher moisture content (30: 1 - 2.87% and 100: 1 - 1.81%) than the higher lipid:antigen ratio NISV composition (300: 1 - 1.53% or less).
  • compositions prepared with lower lipid concentrations during homogenization had a residual moisture content in the range of 1.21 to 1.53% (Test articles 3, 4, 6) while compositions prepared with higher lipid concentrations during homogenization had a lower residual moisture content in the range of 0.54 to 0.66% (Test articles 5 and 7).
  • the various lipid:antigen ratios and lipid concentrations can also be expressed as the total lipid content in the lyophilized cake.
  • T 0, all of the NISV Fluzone composition lyophilized cakes appeared white, well-formed and devoid of micro- collapse, irrespective of lipid content.
  • T 3 months at 4°C.
  • Figure 15 shows in vitro HA antigen content for unformulated commercial
  • Aliquots of rehydrated compositions were centrifuged in an ultracentrifuge at 24,000 rpm, for 20 minutes at 4°C and supernatant and pellet fractions were removed, extracted and analyzed by sELISA to determine antigen content (or "in vitro potency") as described in Example 4.
  • Figure 16 shows the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in
  • Figure 17 shows the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in
  • Fluzone® control (Group 8) versus a 300:1 lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone® composition (Group 3), a 100: 1 lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone® composition (Group 2) and a 30: 1 lipid: antigen ratio NISV Fluzone® composition (Group 1). All compositions were stored for 3 months at 4°C or 40°C prior to IM injection into mice.
  • Figure 17 also shows the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed as described in Example 2 using in sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) for 300:1 lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone® compositions at three different lipid concentrations during homogenization and reconstitution: low-range lipid concentration (Group 4), mid-range lipid concentration (Group 3) and high-range lipid concentration (Group 5). All compositions were stored for 3 months at 4°C or 40°C prior to IM injection into mice.
  • Figure 17 also shows the in vivo potency in mice (HAI titers assayed, as described in Example 2 using sera samples taken 15 days post 2 nd vaccination) for 300: 1 lipid:antigen ratio NISV Fluzone® compositions at three different lipid concentrations during homogenization and the same lipid concentration at reconstitution: low-range lipid concentration (Group 6), mid- range lipid concentration (Group 3) and high-range lipid concentration (Group 7). All compositions were stored for 3 months at 4°C or 40°C prior to IM injection into mice.
  • composition (Group 6) showed a minimal loss of potency when stored at 40°C over the same 3 month time period.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions et des méthodes pouvant servir à traiter la grippe. Lesdites compositions et méthodes sont fondées sur le développement de certaines compositions qui renferment un antigène hémagglutinine du virus de la grippe en association avec des vésicules lipidiques qui comportent un tensioactif non ionique (NISV) et/ou en association avec un adjuvant de type agoniste du TLR-3. Dans certains modes de réalisation, les compositions restent actives même si elles ne sont pas conservées dans un système de chaîne du froid normalisé (à savoir, elles sont thermostables).
PCT/US2011/043095 2010-07-06 2011-07-06 Compositions et méthodes pour traiter la grippe WO2012006368A2 (fr)

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2013104995A3 (fr) * 2012-01-12 2013-10-17 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de traitement d'infections virales
WO2013111012A3 (fr) * 2012-01-27 2013-10-24 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour agents thérapeutiques
EP2663327A4 (fr) * 2011-01-13 2015-12-02 Variation Biotechnologies Inc Compositions et méthodes de traitement d'infections virales
US9610248B2 (en) 2010-07-06 2017-04-04 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating influenza
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US9849173B2 (en) 2009-07-06 2017-12-26 Variation Biotechnologies Inc. Methods for preparing vesicles and formulations produced therefrom
US9610248B2 (en) 2010-07-06 2017-04-04 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Compositions and methods for treating influenza
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US10736844B2 (en) 2011-01-13 2020-08-11 Variation Biotechnologies Inc. Compositions and methods for treating viral infections
WO2013104995A3 (fr) * 2012-01-12 2013-10-17 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Compositions et méthodes de traitement d'infections virales
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EP2806894A4 (fr) * 2012-01-27 2015-11-04 Variation Biotechnologies Inc Procédés et compositions pour agents thérapeutiques
WO2013111012A3 (fr) * 2012-01-27 2013-10-24 Variation Biotechnologies, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour agents thérapeutiques
RU2698906C2 (ru) * 2012-01-27 2019-09-02 Вэриэйшн Биотекнолоджиз, Инк. Способы и композиции для терапевтических агентов
US11167032B2 (en) 2012-01-27 2021-11-09 Variation Biotechnologies Inc. Methods and compositions for therapeutic agents
EP4008354A1 (fr) * 2012-01-27 2022-06-08 Variation Biotechnologies Inc. Procédés et compositions pour agents thérapeutiques

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