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WO2013179139A1 - Compositions et procédés permettant de fabriquer des produits en papier - Google Patents

Compositions et procédés permettant de fabriquer des produits en papier Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013179139A1
WO2013179139A1 PCT/IB2013/001497 IB2013001497W WO2013179139A1 WO 2013179139 A1 WO2013179139 A1 WO 2013179139A1 IB 2013001497 W IB2013001497 W IB 2013001497W WO 2013179139 A1 WO2013179139 A1 WO 2013179139A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
paper
polyamine
acid
dewatering
retention system
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2013/001497
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Chen Lu
Junhua Chen
Scott Rosencrance
Frank Zimmerman
Vladimir Grigoriev
Original Assignee
Kemira Oyj
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Kemira Oyj filed Critical Kemira Oyj
Publication of WO2013179139A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013179139A1/fr

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/37—Polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. polyacrylates
    • D21H17/375—Poly(meth)acrylamide
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/28—Starch
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
    • D21H17/55—Polyamides; Polyaminoamides; Polyester-amides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/54—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen
    • D21H17/56—Polyamines; Polyimines; Polyester-imides
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/06—Paper forming aids
    • D21H21/10—Retention agents or drainage improvers
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H27/00—Special paper not otherwise provided for, e.g. made by multi-step processes
    • D21H27/30—Multi-ply

Definitions

  • the present embodiments relate to paper and paper making.
  • Paper is sheet material containing interconnected small, discrete fibers.
  • the fibers are usually formed into a sheet on a fine screen from a dilute water suspension or slurry.
  • Paper typically is made from cellulose fibers, although occasionally synthetic fibers are used.
  • water dewatering
  • one of the problems associated with dewatering is that some fibers and paper making additives are inadvertently removed.
  • retention and dewatering agents can be added to the cellulose fibers to improve dewatering and/or retention.
  • agents that can be used in dewatering and/or retention there is still a need to provide agents that improve dewatering and/or retention.
  • one or more embodiments include methods of making paper, compositions, and the like.
  • At least one embodiment provides a paper or paperboard formed by a method including: treating a cellulosic fiber with a dewatering/ retention system comprising a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin, wherein the dewatering/retention system has one or more of the following: a higher fiber dewatering rate as compared to a paper that has not been treated with the dewatering/retention system or a higher retention of fiber/particulate as compared to a paper that has not been treated with the dewatering/retention system.
  • At least one embodiment provides a method of making a paper, including: introducing to a cellulosic fiber a dewatering/retention system comprising a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin and two or more of following components: an aldehyde- functionalized polymer resin, a micropolymer, colloidal silica, a clay-type material, a polyamine, or a starch.
  • a dewatering/retention system comprising a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin and two or more of following components: an aldehyde- functionalized polymer resin, a micropolymer, colloidal silica, a clay-type material, a polyamine, or a starch.
  • At least one embodiment provides a composition, including a mixture of a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin and one or more of following components: an aldehyde-functional ized polymer resin, a micropolymer, a silica microparticle, a clay-type material, a polyamine, or a starch.
  • FIG. 1 graphically illustrates turbidity as a function of multiple dewatering cycles, an exemplary embodiment compared to a blank.
  • FIG. 2 graphically illustrates first pass retention and ash retention of various exemplary embodiments as compared to a blank.
  • FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the ratio of EPI sites over the product of RSV
  • PA mass vs. the ratio of EPI mass over PA mass for PAE and PPAE resins.
  • Embodiments of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, techniques of chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, paper chemistry, and the like, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature.
  • substituted refers to any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or in a compound that can be replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.
  • Acrylamide monomer refers to a monomer of formula:
  • H 2 C C(Ri)C(0)NR 2 R 3 , where Ri is H or C,-C 4 alkyl, R 2 and R 3 are H, C r C 4 alkyl, aryl or arylalkyl.
  • exemplary acrylamide monomers include acrylamide and methacrylamide.
  • Aldehyde refers to a compound containing one or more aldehyde (-CHO) groups, where the aldehyde groups are capable of reacting with the amino or amido groups of a polymer comprising amino or amido groups as described herein.
  • aldehydes can include formaldehyde, paraformaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, glyoxal, and the like.
  • Aliphatic group refers to a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon group and encompasses alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups, for example.
  • Alkyl refers to a monovalent group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by the removal of a single hydrogen atom.
  • exemplary alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n- and iso-propyl, cetyl, and the like.
  • Alkylene refers to a divalent group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by the removal of two hydrogen atoms.
  • exemplary alkylene groups include methylene, ethylene, propylene, and the like.
  • Y] and Y 2 are independently selected from H, alkyl, alkylene, aryl and arylalkyl.
  • Amino group and amine refer to a group of formula -NY 3 Y 4> where Y 3 and Y 4 are independently selected from H, alkyl, alkylene, aryl, and arylalkyl.
  • Aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic or multicyclic ring system of about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.
  • the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more Ci-C 20 alkyl, alkylene, alkoxy, or haloalkyl groups.
  • Exemplary aryl groups include phenyl or naphthyl, or substituted phenyl or substituted naphthyl.
  • Arylalkyl refers to an aryl-alkylene-group, where aryl and alkylene are defined herein.
  • Exemplary arylalkyl groups include benzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, 1 - naphthylmethyl, and the like.
  • Alkoxy refers to an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms attached through an oxygen bridge.
  • exemplary alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, and s- pentoxy.
  • Halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
  • Dicarboxylic acid compounds includes organic aliphatic and aromatic (aryl) dicarboxylic acids and their corresponding acid chlorides, anhydrides and esters, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary dicarboxylic acid compounds include maleic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebasic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, dimethyl succinate, di-isopropyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate, diethyl glutarate, dimethyl adipate, methyl ethyl adipate, dimethyl sebacate, dimethyl phthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl
  • naphthalenedicarboxylate dibasic esters (DBE), poly(ethylene glycol)
  • the "polyalkylene polyamine” can include a polyethylene polyamine, a polypropylene polyamine, a polybutylene polyamine, a polypentylene polyamine, a polyhexylene polyamine, or a mixture thereof.
  • Polyalkylene polyamines which may be used in the processes of the present disclosure, may be represented as polyamines in which the nitrogen atoms are linked together by groups of formula— CnH 2n — where n is a small integer greater than unity and the number of such groups in the molecule ranges from two up to about eight.
  • the nitrogen atoms may be attached to adjacent carbon atoms in the group— C n H 2n — or to carbon atoms further apart, but not to the same carbon atom.
  • Suitable polyamines which may be used in the processes of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to ethylene diamine (EDA), diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), and dipropylenetriamine (DPTA), which can be obtained in reasonably pure form, but also mixtures and various crude polyamine materials.
  • polyalkylene polyamine as used herein includes any of the polyalkylene polyamines referred to above or to a mixture of such polyalkylene polyamines and derivatives thereof. Additional polyamines include bis- hexamethylenetriamine (BHMT), N-methylbis(aminopropyl)amine (MBAPA), aminoethyl- piperazine (AEP), and other polyalkylenepolyamines (e.g., spermine, spermidine).
  • the "polyamine” can include an ammonium, an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, or a polyalkylene polyamine.
  • the polyalkylene polyamine can include an ammonium, an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine, or a polyalkylene polyamine.
  • polyalkylene polyamine can include a polyethylene polyamine, a polypropylene polyamine, a polybutylene polyamine, a polypentylene polyamine, a polyhexylene polyamine, or a mixture thereof.
  • Polyamidoamine refers to a condensation product of one or more of the polycarboxylic acids and/or a polycarboxylic acid derivative with one or more of a polyamine.
  • Paper strength means a property of a paper material, and can be expressed, inter alia, in terms of dry strength and/or wet strength. Dry strength is the tensile strength exhibited by the dry paper sheet, typically conditioned under uniform humidity and room temperature conditions prior to testing. Wet strength is the tensile strength exhibited by a paper sheet that has been wetted with water prior to testing.
  • paper or “paper product” (these two terms are used interchangeably) is understood to include a sheet material that contains paper fibers, and may also contain other materials.
  • Suitable paper fibers include natural and synthetic fibers, for example, cellulosic fibers, wood fibers of all varieties used in papermaking, other plant fibers, such as cotton fibers, fibers derived from recycled paper; and the synthetic fibers, such as rayon, nylon, fiberglass, or polyolefin fibers.
  • the paper product may be composed only of natural fibers, only of synthetic fibers, or a mixture of natural fibers and synthetic fibers. For instance, in the preparation of a paper product a paper web or paper material may be reinforced with synthetic fibers, such as nylon or fiberglass.
  • a paper product may be or impregnated with nonfibrous materials, such as plastics, polymers, resins, or lotions.
  • nonfibrous materials such as plastics, polymers, resins, or lotions.
  • paper web and web are understood to include both forming and formed paper sheet materials, papers, and paper materials containing paper fibers.
  • a paper product may be a coated, laminated, or composite paper material.
  • a paper product can be bleached or unbleached.
  • Paper can include, but is not limited to, writing papers and printing papers
  • Paper can include tissue paper products.
  • Tissue paper products include sanitary tissues, household tissues, industrial tissues, facial tissues, cosmetic tissues, soft tissues, absorbent tissues, medicated tissues, toilet papers, paper towels, paper napkins, paper cloths, paper linens, and the like.
  • Common paper products include printing grades (e.g., newsprint, catalog, publication, banknote, document, bible, bond, ledger, stationery), industrial grades (e.g., bag, linerboard, corrugating medium, construction paper, greaseproof, glassine), and tissue grades (sanitary, toweling, condenser, wrapping).
  • printing grades e.g., newsprint, catalog, publication, banknote, document, bible, bond, ledger, stationery
  • industrial grades e.g., bag, linerboard, corrugating medium, construction paper, greaseproof, glassine
  • tissue grades sanitary, toweling, condenser, wrapping.
  • a tissue paper may be a feltpressed tissue paper, a pattern densified tissue paper, or a high bulk, uncompacted tissue paper.
  • a tissue paper may be characterized as: creped or uncreped; of a homogeneous or multilayered construction; layered or non-layered (blended); and/or one-ply, two-ply, or three or more plies.
  • Tissue paper may include soft and absorbent paper tissue products such as consumer tissue products.
  • Paperboard is thicker, heavier, and less flexible than conventional paper.
  • Paperboard can include, but is not limited to, semichemical paperboard, linerboards, containerboards, corrugated medium, folding boxboard, and cartonboards.
  • Paper may refer to a paper product such as dry paper board, fine paper, towel, tissue, and newsprint products. Dry paper board applications include liner, corrugated medium, bleached, and unbleached dry paper board.
  • Paper can include carton board, container board, and special board/paper.
  • Paper can include boxboard, folding boxboard, unbleached kraft board, recycled board, food packaging board, white lined chipboard, solid bleached board, solid unbleached board, liquid paper board, linerboard, corrugated board, core board, wallpaper base, plaster board, book bindery board, woodpulp board, sack board, coated board, and the like.
  • Pulp refers to a fibrous cellulosic material. Suitable fibers for the production of the pulps are all conventional grades, for example mechanical pulp, bleached and unbleached chemical pulp, recycled pulp, and paper stocks obtained from all annuals.
  • Mechanical pulp includes, for example, groundwood, thermomechanical pulp (TMP), chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP), bleached chemithermomechanical pulp (BCTMP), alkaline peroxide mechanical pulp (APMP), groundwood pulp produced by pressurized grinding, semi-chemical pulp, high-yield chemical pulp and refiner mechanical pulp (RMP). Examples of suitable chemical pulps are sulfate, sulfite, and soda pulps.
  • the unbleached chemical pulps which are also referred to as unbleached Kraft pulp, can particularly be used.
  • Pulp slurry refers to a mixture of pulp and water.
  • the pulp slurry is prepared in practice using water, which can be partially or completely recycled from the paper machine. It can be either treated or untreated white water or a mixture of such water qualities.
  • the pulp slurry may contain interfering substances (e.g., fillers).
  • the filler content of paper may be up to about 40% by weight. Suitable fillers are, for example, clay, kaolin, natural and precipitated chalk, titanium dioxide, talc, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, alumina, satin white or mixtures of the stated fillers.
  • Papermaking process is a method of making paper products from pulp comprising, inter alia, forming an aqueous pulp slurry that can include cellulosic fiber, draining the pulp slurry to form a sheet, and drying the sheet.
  • the steps of forming from the papermaking furnish, draining, and drying may be carried out in any conventional manner generally known to those skilled in the art.
  • the various exemplary embodiments described herein include paper materials that may be formed by treating cellulosic fiber or an aqueous pulp slurry, with a
  • the treated cellulosic fiber or aqueous pulp slurry may show an improved fiber dewatering rate relative to cellulosic fiber or an aqueous pulp slurry that is not treated.
  • the treated cellulosic fiber or aqueous pulp slurry may show an improved fiber retention and/or particulate retention (e.g., fillers and the like) (also referred to herein as "fiber/particulate" retention) in the paper web, relative to cellulosic fiber or an aqueous pulp slurry that is not treated.
  • the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can include, for example, those made using one or more processes as described in U.S. Application serial number 13/074,469 and filed on March 29, 201 1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • An exemplary polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can be the reaction product of three components: a polyamine, a polyamidoamine, and an epihalohydrin.
  • either or both of the polyamidoamine and the polyamine can include a primary or a secondary amine that can react with epihalohydrin.
  • the epihalohydrin can cross-link the polyamidoamine and the polyamine during the reaction to form the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin, resulting in a branched polymeric structure.
  • the polyamidoamines can generally be prepared by reacting a polycarboxylic acid and/or a polycarboxylic acid derivative with one or more of the polyamines, such as, for example, those described above.
  • the reactants may be heated to an elevated temperature, for example about 125 to 200° C.
  • the reactants may be allowed to react for a predetermined time, for example about 1 to 10 hours.
  • condensation water may be collected.
  • the reaction may be allowed to proceed until the theoretical amount of water distillate is collected from the reaction.
  • the reaction may be conducted at atmospheric pressure.
  • the reaction may proceed under a reduced pressure. Where a reduced pressure is employed, a lower temperature of about 75° C to 180° C may be utilized. At the end of this reaction, the resulting product may be dissolved in water at a concentration of about 20 to 90% by weight total polymer solids, or about 30 to 80% by weight total polymer solids, or about 40 to 70% by weight total polymer solids.
  • the molar ratio of the polyamine to the polycarboxylic acid and/or polycarboxylic acid derivative can be about 1.05 to 2.0.
  • An exemplary polycarboxylic acid and/or polycarboxylic acid derivatives thereof can include malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, citric acid, tricarballylic acid (1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid), 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '- ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxyIic acid, 1 ,3-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (
  • An exemplary ester of polycarboxylic acids can include dimethyl adipate, dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, dimethyl succinate, dimethyl glutarate and diethyl glutarate.
  • An exemplary acid anhydride can include succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride, ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '-ethylenediaminetetraacetate dianhydride, phthalic anhydride, mellitic anhydride, pyromellitic anhydride, or a mixture thereof.
  • An exemplary acid halide can include adipoyl chloride, glutaryl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, or a mixture thereof.
  • An exemplary polyamidoamine can have a molar ratio of polyalkylene polyamine to dicarboxylic acid of about 2: 1 to 0.5: 1, about 1.8: 1 to 0.75: 1 , or about 1 .6: 1 to 0.85 : 1.
  • An exemplary polyamidoamine resin can have a reduced specific viscosity of about 0.02 dL/g to 0.25 dL/g, about 0.04 dL/g to 0.20 dL/g, or about 0.06 dL/g to 0.18 dL/g.
  • Reduced specific viscosity can be measured using a glass capillary viscometer at 30° C. The efflux time of each sample can be determined three times and the average efflux time calculated. The RSV can be calculated using the following formula (1):
  • An exemplary epihalohydrin can be a difunctional crosslinker that is used to prepare the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin.
  • An exemplary epihalohydrin can include epichlorohydrin, epifluorohydrin, epibromohydrin, or epiiodohydrin, alkyl- substituted epihalohydrins, or a mixture thereof.
  • An exemplary difunctional crosslinker for preparing the polyamine polyamindoamine epihalohydrin resin is epichlorohydrin.
  • An exemplary polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can generally be formed by reacting polyamine, polyamidoamine, and epihalohydrin, in an aqueous medium.
  • polyamidoamine can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, about 1 :50 to 50: 1, or about 1 :20 to 20: 1.
  • the reaction temperature can be about 25 to 100°C, about 40 to 90°C, or about 50 to 80°C.
  • the total solids of the polyamine can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, about 1 :50 to 50: 1, or about 1 :20 to 20: 1.
  • polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can be about 5 to 80%, about 10 to 50%, or about 15 to 30%.
  • the pH values of the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can be about 2 to 10, about 3 to 9, or about 3 to 8.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can be about 350 Daltons (Da) to 10 million Da, about 1000 Da to 5 million Da, or about 5000 Da to 3 million Da.
  • the Brookfield viscosity of the polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can be about 3 to 1000 cps, about 5 to 500 cps, or about 8 to 300 cps, for a 20% by weight aqueous solution.
  • An exemplary polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin can have an epihalohydrin/amine (also expressed herein as "epi/amine” or "E/N") ratio of about 0.8 or less, about 0.5 or less, about 0.45 or less, about 0.4 or less, or about 0.3 or less.
  • the epi/amine ratio is calculated as the molar ratio of epichlorohydrin content to amine content.
  • An exemplary polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin has an E/N ratio of about 0.01 to 0.8, about 0.01 to 0.5, about 0.01 to 0.45, about 0.01 to 0.4, or about 0.01 to 0.3.
  • polyamidoamineepihalohydrin has more primary and/or secondary amine groups per adipic acid group, which can mean that the molecule contains more hydroxyl groups and more pH dependent cationic groups. It should also be noted that a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin has a very high cationic density, which allows the polyamine
  • polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin to be used as an anionic neutralizer in highly anionic and high conductivity furnishes, conditions in which many other additives lose performance.
  • a dewatering/retention system may include both a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin (e.g., polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PPAE) resin) and one or more of the following: an aldehyde-functional ized polymer resin, a micropolymer (e.g., a cationic or anionic micropolymer), silica, silica microparticle, or a clay-type material (e.g., bentonite-like swellable natural material).
  • PPAE polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin
  • the components of the dewatering/retention system appear to interact synergistically to provide improved fiber dewatering rate (up to 80%) and/or fiber/particulate retention (up to 70%).
  • An exemplary aldehyde-functionalized polymer resin can be produced by reacting a polymer including one or more hydroxyl, amine, or amide groups with one or more aldehydes.
  • An exemplary polymeric aldehyde-functionalized polymer resin can comprise gloxylated polyacrylamides, aldehyde-rich cellulose, aldehyde-functional polysaccharides, or aldehyde functional cationic, anionic or non-ionic starches.
  • Exemplary materials include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4, 129,722, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • An example of a commercially available soluble cationic aldehyde functional starch is Cobond® 1000 marketed by National Starch.
  • Additional exemplary aldehyde-functionalized polymers may include aldehyde polymers such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,085,736; U.S. Pat. No. 6,274,667; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,714; all of which are herein incorporated by reference, as well as the those of WO 00/43428 and the aldehyde functional cellulose described in WO 00/50462 Al and WO 01/34903 Al .
  • An exemplary polymeric aldehyde- functional resins can have a molecular weight of about 10,000 Da or greater, about 100,000 Da or greater, or about 500,000 Da or greater.
  • An exemplary polymeric aldehyde- functionalized resin can have a molecular weight below about 200,000 Da, such as below about 60,000 Da.
  • aldehyde-functionalized polymers can include dialdehyde guar, aldehyde-functional additives further comprising carboxylic groups as disclosed in WO 01/83887, dialdehyde inulin, and the dialdehyde-modified anionic and amphoteric polyacrylamides of WO 00/1 1046, each of which are herein incorporated by reference.
  • Another exemplary aldehyde-functionalized polymer is an aldehyde-containing surfactant such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,249, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • An exemplary aldehyde-functionalized polymer can have at least about 5 milliequivalents (meq) of aldehyde per 100 grams of polymer, more specifically at least about 10 meq, more specifically about 20 meq or greater, or most specifically about 25 meq, per 100 grams of polymer or greater.
  • An exemplary polymeric aldehyde-functionalized polymer can be a glyoxylated polyacrylamide, such as a cationic glyoxylated polyacrylamide as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,932, U.S. Pat. No. 3,556,933, U.S. Pat. No. 4605702, U.S. Pat. No.
  • Such compounds include FENNOBONDTM 3000 and PAREZTM 745 from Kemira Chemicals of Helsinki, Finland, or HERCOBONDTM 1366, manufactured by Hercules, Inc. of Wilmington, Del.
  • An exemplary aldehyde functionalized polymer can be a glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin having the ratio of the number of substituted glyoxal groups to the number of glyoxal-reactive amide groups being in excess of about 0.03: 1, being in excess of about 0.10: 1, or being in excess of about 0.15: 1.
  • An exemplary aldehyde functionalized polymer can be a glyoxalated polyacrylamide resin having a polyacrylamide backbone with a molar ratio of acrylamide to dimethyldiallylammonium chloride of about 99: 1 to 50:50, about 98: 1 to 60:40, or about 96: 1 to 75:25.
  • the weight average molecular weight of the polyacrylamide backbone can be about 250,000 Da or less, about 150,000 Da or less, or about 100,000 Da or less.
  • the Brookfield viscosity of the polyacrylamide backbone can be about 10 to 10,000 cps, about 25 to 5000 cps, about 50 to 2000 cps, for a 40% by weight aqueous solution.
  • the weight ratio of the aldehyde-functionalized polymer resin to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 :100 to 100: 1 , or about 1 :50 to 50: 1, or about 1 :20 to 20: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may include both a PPAE resin and one or more flocculants.
  • the flocculants used in the application of this disclosure are high molecular weight water soluble or dispersible polymers which may have a cationic or anionic charge. Nonionic high molecular weight polymers may also be utilized. These polymers may be completely soluble in the papermaking system, or alternatively may be readily dispersible. They may have a branched or cross-linked structure provided that they do not form objectionable "fish eyes", so called globs of un-dissolved polymer on the finished paper. Polymers of these types are readily available from a variety of commercial sources.
  • Cationic polymer flocculants useful herein are generally high molecular vinyl addition polymers which incorporate a cationic functional group. These polymers are generally homopolymers of water soluble cationic vinyl monomers, or may be copolymers of a water soluble cationic vinyl monomer with a nonionic monomer such as acrylamide or methacrylamide. The polymers may contain only one cationic vinyl monomer, or may contain more than one cationic vinyl monomer. Alternatively, certain polymers may be modified or derivatized after polymerization such as polyacrylamide by the Mannich reaction to produce a cationic vinyl polymer useful in the disclosure.
  • the polymers may have been prepared from as little as 1 mole percent cationic monomer to 100 mole percent cationic monomer, or from a cationically modified functional group on a post polymerization modified polymer. Most often the cationic flocculants will have at least 5 mole percent of cationic vinyl monomer or functional group, and most preferably, at least 10 weight percent of cationic vinyl monomer or functional group.
  • Suitable cationic vinyl monomers useful in making the cationically charged vinyl addition copolymers and homopolymers of this disclosure will be well known to those skilled in the art. These materials include:
  • DMAEM dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate
  • DAEA dimethylaminoethyl acrylate
  • DEAEA diethylaminoethyl acrylate
  • DEAEM diethylaminoethyl methacrylate
  • DACHA HC1 diallylcyclohexylamine hydrochloride
  • DADMAC diallyldimethylammonium chloride
  • MATAC methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride
  • ALA allyl amine
  • High molecular weight anionic flocculants which may be useful in this disclosure are preferably water-soluble or dispersible vinyl polymers containing 1 mole percent or more of a monomer having an anionic charge.
  • these polymers may be homopolymers or water soluble anionically charged vinyl monomers, or copolymers of these monomers with for instance non-ionic monomers such as acrylamide or methacrylamide.
  • suitable anionic monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylamide 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (AMPS) and mixture thereof as well as their corresponding water soluble or dispersible alkali metal and ammonium salts.
  • the anionic high molecular weight polymers useful in this disclosure may also be either hydrolyzed acrylamide polymers or copolymers of acrylamide or its homologues, such as methacrylamide, with acrylic acid or its homologues, such as methacrylic acid, or with polymers of such vinyl monomers as maleic acid, itaconic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, or other sulfonate containing monomers.
  • Anionic polymers may contain sulfonate or phosphonate functional groups or mixtures thereof, and may be prepared by derivatizing polyacrylamide or polymethacrylamide polymers or copolymers.
  • the most preferred high molecular weight anionic flocculants are acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers, and sulfonate containing polymers such as those prepared by the polymerization of such monomers as 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate, acrylamido methane sulfonate, acrylamido ethane sulfonate and 2-hydroxy-3-acryIamide propane sulfonate with acrylamide or other non-ionic vinyl monomer.
  • the polymers and copolymers of the anionic vinyl monomer may contain as little as 1 mole percent of the anionically charged monomer, and preferably at least 10 mole percent of the anionic monomer. Again, the choice of the use of a particular anionic polymer will be dependent upon furnish, filler, water quality, paper grade, and the like.
  • Nonionic flocculants useful in the present disclosure may be selected from polyethylene oxide and poly(meth)acrylamide. In addition to the above, it may be
  • amphoteric water soluble polymers carry both a cationic and an anionic charge in the same polymer chain.
  • the nonionic, cationic, and anionic vinyl polymer flocculants useful herein can generally have a molecular weight of at least 500,000 Daltons, and preferably molecular weights of 1,000,000 Daltons and higher.
  • Water soluble and/or dispersible flocculants useful herein may have a molecular weight of 5,000,000, or higher, for instance in the range of from 10 to 30 million or higher.
  • the polymers of the present disclosure may be entirely water soluble when applied to the system, or may be slightly branched (two-dimensional) or slightly cross linked (three dimensional) so long as the polymers are dispersible in water.
  • polymers which are entirely water soluble are preferred, but dispersible polymers, such as those described in WO 97/16598, may be employed.
  • Polymers useful may be substantially linear as such term is defined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,710.
  • the upper limit for molecular weight is governed by the solubility or dispersibility of the resulting product in the papermaking furnish.
  • An exemplary silica microparticle can be used in dry powder form (including dry to the touch gels) or in dispersed form.
  • the silica microparticles can include, for example, amorphous silica microparticles or crystalline silica microparticles.
  • the silica microparticles can be, for example, in the form of colloidal silica, colloidal silicic acid, silica sols, fumed silica, agglomerated silicic acid, silica gels, and precipitated silicas, or any combinations thereof.
  • silica e.g., amorphous silica nanoparticles and bentonite
  • a mixture e.g., as a suspension
  • the silica microparticles can be, for example, inorganic silicates, such as aluminum silicates (e.g., kaolin clay).
  • the silica microparticles can be dispersed amorphous silica microparticles.
  • sica microparticles means finely divided silica having a particle size according to the present disclosure, and the term encompasses silica primary particles, silica aggregates (i.e., unitary clusters of a plurality of silica primary particles), silica agglomerates (i.e., unitary clusters of a plurality of silica aggregates), individually or in combinations thereof.
  • the silicon-containing microparticles can include, for example, colloidal silica comprising a surface area from 300 m 2 /g to 1000 m 2 /g, 500 m 2 /g to 800 m 2 /g celebrity or 600 m 2 /g to 750 m 2 /g, and an S-value from 80% to 20%, 70% to 30%, or 60% to 40%.
  • colloidal silica comprising a surface area from 300 m 2 /g to 1000 m 2 /g, 500 m 2 /g to 800 m 2 /g sanction or 600 m 2 /g to 750 m 2 /g, and an S-value from 80% to 20%, 70% to 30%, or 60% to 40%.
  • the "surface area” and "S-value" of the silica particles can be determined by respective methods such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,603,805, which is incoiporated in its entirety by reference herein.
  • the colloidal silica can be aluminate-
  • the silica microparticles have a dry particle size, for example, of not greater than about 1 ,000 nm , 1 nm to 750 nm, 2 nm to 500 nm, 3 nm to 500 nm, 4 nm to 100 nm, 5 nm to 50 nm, or 10 nm to 30 nm, on an average or absolute particle size basis.
  • the silica microparticles can have an absolute particle size within one or more of these size ranges.
  • the dry particle size distribution of the silica particles is, for example, such that at least 90%, or at least 95%, or at least 99% up to 100%, have an absolute particle size of less than 1000 nm, or less than 750 nm, or less than 500 nm, or less than 100 nm, or less than 75 nm, or less than 50 nm.
  • the presence of larger sized silicon-containing particles in the wet-end of papermaking is not excluded; however, they are not needed for purposes of obtaining the improved retention and drainage according to the present disclosure.
  • Colloidal silica solutions are frequently commercially supplied as 4% up to 50% by weight dispersions, which typically are diluted for use in processes according to the present disclosure, although not necessarily.
  • a preferred commercial dispersion of silica is available from Eka Chemicals, Inc. (Marietta, Ga.), such as EKA NP series, e.g., Eka NP 890, a high-solids, surface-modified, structured, anionic silica sol for all pH ranges.
  • the silica dispersions may be used as received or as diluted for use according to the present disclosure.
  • the concentration of silica microparticles when used in an aqueous silica suspension, colloid, sol, or other dispersion can be, for example, between about 0.1 % and about 20% by weight, or about 5 to about 15% by weight, or other ranges.
  • the viscosity of the aqueous silica suspension can be less than 50 mPa-s (measured using a Brookfield viscometer at 100 rpm).
  • Exemplary paper made in processes according to the present disclosure can include about 0.05 to about 2.5 pounds (lb.) silica microparticles/ton dry fiber, about 0.1 to about 1 lb. silica microparticles/ton dry fiber, or about 0.2 to about 0.8 lb. silica microparticles/ton dry fiber (on a solids/solids basis).
  • the amount of silica microparticles added can be expressed in weight percentage terms, wherein the amount of added silica microparticles can be as low as about 0.0025 wt % of the dry weight of the cellulose fibers, but usually does not exceed about 0.125% by weight. In an exemplary embodiment, an amount of silica microparticles can be about 0.005 wt % to 0.1 wt % of the dry paper weight.
  • the weight ratio of the silica microparticle to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1 , or about 1 :30 to 30: 1 , or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • the clay-type material can include clay materials in the smectite group (e.g., sepialite, attapulgite, and montmorillonite).
  • An exemplary clay-type material can include bentonite or bentonite-type materials or clays.
  • bentonite and bentonite type materials can include montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite, saponite, sauconite, vermiculite or hectorite, or a chemically modified version of any one of these.
  • Bentonite can include alkaline earth bentonites (e.g., calcium or magnesium bentonite) or bentonite-type clays and chemically modified variants of these (e.g., exchange of calcium for an alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium) or ammonium).
  • alkaline earth bentonites e.g., calcium or magnesium bentonite
  • bentonite-type clays e.g., calcium or magnesium bentonite-type clays and chemically modified variants of these (e.g., exchange of calcium for an alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium) or ammonium).
  • the weight ratio of the clay-type material to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, or about 1 :30 to 30: 1, or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • the micropolymer can include a cationic and/or anionic micropolymer.
  • An exemplary micropolymer can include one or more of the micropolymer described in US Patent 8,038,846, which is included herein by reference.
  • the micropolymer can be in one of at least three different forms: emulsion, dispersion, and water-in-water.
  • An exemplary emulsion micropolymer can be manufactured by a
  • the reaction occurs in the presence of a small amount of water and an organic solvent, usually oil, as a continuous phase.
  • the reactant monomers, but not the product polymers are soluble in the organic solvent.
  • the product polymer chain length increases it migrates to the small water droplets and concentrates within these water droplets.
  • the viscosity of the final product is low, and the resultant polymer is typically of very high molecular weight.
  • the polymer inverts (the water becomes the continuous phase) and the solution viscosity becomes very high.
  • An exemplary polymer can be anionic or cationic.
  • An exemplary dispersion micropolymer can be made by a precipitation polymerization process in which a salt solution acts as both the continuous phase and as a coagulant.
  • a salt solution acts as both the continuous phase and as a coagulant.
  • polymerization occurs in a salt solution in which the monomers are soluble, but not the product polymers.
  • the polymer is insoluble in the salt solution, it precipitates as discrete particles, which are kept suspended using appropriate stabilizers.
  • the final viscosity of the product is low, enabling ease of handling.
  • the process produces well- defined particles containing polymers of high molecular weight. There are no surfactants or organic solvents (particularly oils) present and the polymers are solubilized by simply mixing with water.
  • An exemplary polymer of this type can be anionic or cationic.
  • the inorganic salt (the coagulant) and high molecular weight polymer interact synergistically.
  • the system can be amphoteric, meaning that when the high molecular weight polymer is anionic, the inorganic, mineral coagulant is cationic.
  • the high molecular weight polymer is also hydrophobically associative. References describing these types of polymers include U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,605,674, 4,929,655, 5,006,590, 5,597,859, and 5,597,858, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • water-in-water micropolymers can be made by a polymerization process in which the reaction occurs in a water-organic coagulant mixture (e.g., typically 50:50), in which both the monomers and product micropolymers are soluble.
  • a water-organic coagulant mixture e.g., typically 50:50
  • exemplary organic coagulants can include certain polyamines such as
  • poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (polyDADMAC) or poly(dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide (polyDIMAPA).
  • the viscosity of the final product is high but lower than solution polymers and the resultant polymer is typically of very high molecular weight.
  • the water- organic coagulant solvent system serves as a viscosity depressor and coagulant. There are no surfactants or organic solvents (oils) present, and the resultant 2-in-l polymers are solubilized by simply mixing with water.
  • the final product can be considered to be like a high molecular weight polymer dissolved in the organic liquid coagulant.
  • the low molecular weight organic polymer is the continuous phase and a coagulant.
  • the organic coagulant and high molecular weight polymer interact synergistically.
  • An exemplary polymer of this type is usually cationic and hydrophobically associative.
  • Preferably the high molecular weight polymer is hydrophobically associative also.
  • the micropolymers as used herein can be referred to as "solventless,” in that no low molecular weight organic solvent (i.e., no oil) is present. References describing these types of polymers include U.S. Pat. No. 5,480,934 and U.S. Publ. No. 2004/0034145, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • An exemplary aqueous solution of the organic micropolymer can have a reduced viscosity greater than or equal to 0.2 deciliters per gram (dl/g), specifically greater than or equal to 4 dl/g.
  • the organic micropolymers exhibit a solution viscosity of greater than or equal to 0.5 centipoise (millipascal-second) and have an tonicity of greater than or equal to 5.0 percent.
  • An exemplary polymer can be liquid, an aqueous, a cationic or an anionic polymer with typical charge densities of between 5 and 75% mole percent, a solid content between 2 and 70%, and viscosities in water at 1% of between 10 and 20,000 mPa sec.
  • An exemplary micropolymer can be prepared by initiating polymerization of an aqueous mixture of monomers in an inorganic mineral coagulant salt or an organic coagulant solution to form an organic micropolymer.
  • the organic micropolymer is prepared by polymerizing a monomer mixture containing at least about 2 mole percent of a cationic or anionic monomer in an aqueous solution of a polyvalent ionic salt or a low molecular weight organic coagulant.
  • the polymerization is carried out in an aqueous solution that can include 1 to 30 percent by weight, based on the total weight of the monomers, of a dispersant polymer, the dispersant polymer being a water-soluble anionic or cationic polymer which is soluble in the aqueous solution of the polyvalent ionic salt or organic coagulant.
  • An exemplary polyvalent ionic coagulant salt can be a phosphate, a nitrate, a sulfate, a halide, e.g., chloride, or combinations thereof, in particular aluminum sulfate, polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and silicated polyaluminum chloride.
  • the low molecular weight organic coagulant has an intrinsic viscosity below 4 dl/g, and one or more functional groups such as ether, hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfone, sulfate ester-, amino, amido, imino, tertiary-amino and/or quaternary ammonium groups.
  • the organic coagulant can be a polyamine such as polyethyleneimine, polyvinylamine, poly(DADMAC), and
  • the polymerizable monomers are ethylenically unsaturated, and can be selected from the group consisting of acrylamide, methacrylamide, diallyldimethylamrmonium chloride, dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt,
  • acrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride methacrylamidoproplytrimethylamrmonium chloride, acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, methacrylic acid, sodium methacrylate, ammonium methacrylate, and the like, and a combination comprising of at least one of the foregoing monomers.
  • a low-viscosity, water-soluble high molecular weight water-in-water polymeric dispersion is prepared by (i) polymerizing a composition comprising 99 to 70 weight % of a water-soluble monomer (al), from 1 to 30 weight % of a hydrophobic monomer (a2) and, optionally from 0 to 20 weight %, preferably 0.1 to 15 weight % of an amphiphilic monomer (a3), in the presence of at least one polymeric dispersing agent (D) thereby preparing a dispersion of polymer (A); and a second step (ii) of adding at least one polymeric dispersion agent (D), in an aqueous solution, to the dispersion.
  • the water-soluble monomer (al) can be sodium
  • (meth) acrylate potassium (meth)acrylate, ammonium (meth)acrylate, and the like, as well as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and/or (meth)acrylic amides such as (meth)acrylic amide, N- methyl(meth)acrylic amide, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylic amide, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylic amide, N-methyl-N-ethyl (meth)acrylic amide, and N-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylic amide.
  • monomers of type (al) include 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-(N, N-dimethylamino)propyl (meth)acrylate, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(N,N-diethylalnino)ethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3-(N,N- dimethylamino)propyl (meth)acrylate, 2-(N,N,N-trimethyl amrnorl ium)ethyl (meth) acrylate chloride, 3-(N,N,N-trimethylamrnorlium)propyl (meth)acrylate chloride and 2-hydroxyl-3- (N,N,N-trimethylamrmonium)propyl (meth)acrylate chloride, 2- dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylic amide, 3-dimethylaminopropyl
  • Monomer components (al) also include ethylerically unsaturated monomers that are capable of producing water-soluble polymers such as vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, styrenesulfonic acid, N-vinylimidazole, diallyldimethylamrmonium chloride, and the like. Combinations of different water-soluble monomers, listed under (al) are also possible.
  • ethylerically unsaturated monomers that are capable of producing water-soluble polymers such as vinylpyridine, N-vinylpyrrolidone, styrenesulfonic acid, N-vinylimidazole, diallyldimethylamrmonium chloride, and the like. Combinations of different water-soluble monomers, listed under (al) are also possible.
  • To produce the (meth)acrylic amides see for example, Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 15, pages 346 to 276, 3d edition, Wiley Interscience, 1981.
  • An exemplary hydrophobic monomer (a2) can include ethylenically unsaturated compounds such as styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, p-methylstyrene, p- vinyltoluene, vinylcyclopentane, vinylcyclohexane, vinylcyclooctane, isobutene, 2- methylbutene-1 , hexene-1, 2 -methylhexene- 1 , 2 -propylhexene-1, ethyl (meth)acrylate, propyl (meth)acrylate, isopropyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth)acrylate, isobutyl
  • (meth)acrylate pentyl (meth)acrylate, hexyl (meth)acrylate, heptyl (meth)acrylate, octyl (meth)acrylate, cyclopentyl (meth)acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, 3, 3, 5- trimethylcyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, cyclooctyl (meth)acrylate, phenyl (meth)acrylate, 4- methylphenyl (meth)acrylate, 4-methoxyphenyl (meth)acrylate, and the like.
  • hydrophobic monomers (a2) include ethylene, vinylidene chloride, vinylidene fluoride, vinyl chloride or other mainly (aryl)aliphatic compounds having polymerizable double bonds. Combinations of different hydrophobic monomers (a2) can be used.
  • An exemplary amphiphilic monomer (a3) can be a copolymerizable ethylerically unsaturated compound, e.g., an acrylate or methacrylate comprising a hydrophilic group, e.g., a hydroxyl group, a polyethylene ether group, or a quaternary ammonium group, and a hydrophobic group, e.g., a C832 alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl group.
  • a hydrophilic group e.g., a hydroxyl group, a polyethylene ether group, or a quaternary ammonium group
  • a hydrophobic group e.g., a C832 alkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl group.
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agent (D) can be polyelectrolytes with an average molecular weight (mean weight, MW) of less than 5105 Dalton, or polyalkylene ethers that are incompatible with the dispersed polymer (A).
  • the polymeric dispersing agent (D) can be significantly different in its chemical composition and in its average molecular weight MW from the water-soluble polymer that can include the monomeric mix (A).
  • the average molecular weights MW of the polymeric dispersing agents range between 103 to 5105 Dalton, preferably between 10 4 to 4 ⁇ 10 5 Dalton ((to determine MW, see H. F. Mark et al., Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, vol. 10, pages 1 through 19, J. Wiley, 1987), which is incorporated herein by reference).
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agent (D) contain at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of ether-, hydroxyl-, carboxyl-, sulfone-, sulfate ester-, amino-, amido-, imino-, tertiary-amino- and/or quaternary ammonium groups.
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agent (D) can include cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, copolymers from ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, starch and starch derivatives, dextran, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl pyridine, polyethyleneimine, polyvinyl imidazole, polyvinyl succinimide, polyvinyl-2-methyl succinimide, polyvinyl- l ,3oxazolidone-2, polyvinyl-2- methyl imidazoline, as well as copolymers which, apart from the combinations of monomeric units of the above mentioned polymers, can contain the following monomer units: maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid or (meth)acrylic amide compounds.
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agent (D) can include polyalkylene ethers such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polybutylene-l ,4-ether.
  • polyalkylene ethers such as polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or polybutylene-l ,4-ether.
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agents (D) can include polyelectrolytes such as polymers that contain monomer units such as salts of (meth)acrylic acid, anionic monomer units or derivatives quaternated with methyl chloride such as N,N-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, N,N- dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylate N,N dimethylaminohydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate amide and N,N-dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylic amide.
  • polyelectrolytes such as polymers that contain monomer units such as salts of (meth)acrylic acid, anionic monomer units or derivatives quaternated with methyl chloride such as N,N-dimethylaminoethyl(meth)acrylate, N,N- dimethylaminopropyl(meth)acrylate N,N dimethylaminohydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate amide and N,
  • An exemplary polymeric dispersing agent can include poly(diallyldimethylamrmonium chloride) (poly-DADMAC) with an average molecular weight MW between 5xl0 4 and 4xl0 5 Dalton.
  • poly-DADMAC poly(diallyldimethylamrmonium chloride)
  • Low molecular emulsifying agents having a molecular weight of less than 10 3 Dalton in quantities of 0 to 5 weight % based on the polymer dispersion can be used.
  • micropolymers can also include cationic and anionic organic micropolymers that have been dried to form a powder.
  • the weight ratio of the cationic or anionic micropolymer to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1 , or about 1 :30 to 30: 1, or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may include both a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin (e.g., polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PPAE) resin) and one or more of the following: a cationic coagulant or a starch.
  • PPAE polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin
  • An exemplary cationic coagulant can include both in-organic coagulants and organic coagulants.
  • the in-organic coagulants can include alum,
  • the organic coagulants can include polyDADMAC, copolymers of DADMAC, cationic polyacrylamide, polyDlMAPA, condensation copolymers of dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin,condensation copolymers of dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and ethylene diamine, polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin, polyamine epichlorohydrin, vinylamine-containinbg polymers,
  • An exemplary starch can include cationic, anionic, and/or amphoteric starches, which are readily available by derivatization of starch.
  • starches examples include, without limitation, corn, waxy maize, potato, wheat, tapioca, or rice starches, or the like.
  • the starch cationic, anionic and/or amphoteric
  • DS degree of substitution
  • the starch has a degree of substitution (DS) of 0.001 to 0.5%.
  • the starch has a DS of 0.03 to 0.4%; and in still other applications, the starch has a DS of 0.04 to 0.3.
  • the weight ratio of the coagulant to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, or about 1 :30 to 30: 1 , or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • An exemplary starch can include cationic starch, anionic starch, non-ionic starch, amphoteric starch, cross-linked starch, graphed starch, and the like, and combinations of these.
  • An exemplary starch can be selected from a variety of starches, including corn (such as waxy corn or dent corn), potato, sorghum, tapioca, wheat, rice, as well chemically modifications (e.g., cross-linked starch, modifications imparted by modifying temperature and time of processing of the starch, and the like) of these starches, and combinations of these starches.
  • An exemplary starch is a liquid starch.
  • the weight ratio of the starch to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, or about 1 :30 to 30: 1, or about 1 : 10 to 10:1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may include a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin (e.g., polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PPAE) resin) and one or more of the following: guar, modified guar, CMC, polyethylene oxide and/or its cofactor, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetate (PVAc), copolymers of vinyl alcohol and vinylacetate, fillers (e.g., PCC, GCC, clay, CaSC , talc, Ti0 2 , aluminum trihydrate, and the like), opacifiers (e.g., organic or inorganic), enzymes, defoamers, biocides (e.g., algaecide, fungicide, bacteriacide, and a combination thereof), surfactants, softeners, debonders, bulking agents, wetting agents, FWAs, dyes (e.g., acid, basic, direct, pigment), synthetic fibers, ASA,
  • the weight ratio of any one or a combination of these components to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1, or about 1 :30 to 30: 1, or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may include a polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin resin (e.g., polyamine polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin (PPAE) resin); optionally, one or more flocculants (e.g., cationic PAM, anionic PAM, nonionic PAM); optionally, one or more of the following: alum, PAC, silicated PAC, polyDADMAC, copolymers of DADMAC, cationic polyacrylamide, polyDIMAPA, condensation copolymers of dimethylamine and epichlorohydrin,condensation copolymers of dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin, and ethylene diamine, polyamidoamine epichlorohydrin, polyamine epichlorohydrin, vinylamine-containing polymers, PEI, PEI-containing polymers, chitosan, and cationic guar; optionally, a starch; optionally, one or more of the following: aldehyl,
  • microparticles or a clay-type material (e.g., bentonite-like swellable natural material);
  • a clay-type material e.g., bentonite-like swellable natural material
  • guar optionally, one or more of the following: guar, modified guar, CMC, polyethylene oxide and/or its cofactor, polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVAc, copolymers of vinyl alcohol and
  • fillers e.g., PCC, GCC, clay, CaS0 4 , talc, Ti0 2 , aluminum trihydrate, and the like
  • opacifiers e.g., organic or inorganic
  • enzymes e.g., defoamers, biocides (e.g., algaecide, fungicide, bacteriacide, and a combination thereof), surfactants, softeners, debonders, bulking agents, wetting agents, FWAs, dyes (e.g., acid, basic, direct, pigment), synthetic fibers, ASA, AKD, rosin (e.g., anionic dispersed, cationic dispersed, soap), paraffin wax, lanoline, stearic acid, SAE, SMA, SAA, MSAA, or PUD, each of which has been described herein.
  • fillers e.g., PCC, GCC, clay, CaS0 4 , talc, Ti0 2 , aluminum trihydrate, and the like
  • the weight ratio of any one or a combination of these components to polyamine polyamidoamine epihalohydrin can be about 1 : 100 to 100: 1 , or about 1 :30 to 30: 1 , or about 1 : 10 to 10: 1. It should be noted in an exemplary embodiment the ratio can be modified to provide performance and/or cost characteristics, as necessary or desired.
  • one or more of the dewatering/retention systems provided herein may be added to a pulp slurry, which may be used to produce a paper product. As a result, the dewatering/retention system is dispersed throughout the resultant paper product.
  • the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) can be applied as an aqueous solution(s) to the cellulosic fibers, fibrous slurry, or individual fibers.
  • the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) can also be applied in the form of a suspension, a slurry, or as a dry reagent depending upon the particular application.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may be provided as a dry reagent, with sufficient water to permit interaction of the components of the dewatering/retention system.
  • dewatering/retention system may be combined first and then applied to the cellulosic fibers.
  • the individual components may be applied sequentially in any order.
  • the groups of individual components can be combined and then applied to the cellulosic fibers simultaneously or sequentially.
  • application of the dewatering/retention system can be applied by any of the following methods or combinations thereof.
  • An exemplary method can include direct addition of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) to a fibrous slurry, such as by injection of the component into a slurry prior to entry into the headbox.
  • the slurry can be about 0.05% to about 50%, about 0.1% to 10%, about 0.15% to about 5%, or about 0.2% to about 4%.
  • An exemplary method can include spraying the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) on to a fibrous web.
  • spray nozzles may be mounted over a moving paper web to apply a desired dose of a solution to a web that can be moist or substantially dry.
  • An exemplary method can include application of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) by spray or other means to a moving belt or fabric, which in turn contacts the tissue web to apply the chemical to the web, such as is disclosed in WO 01/49937.
  • An exemplary method can include printing the dewatering/retention system
  • An exemplary method can include coating the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) onto one or both surfaces of a web, such as blade coating, air knife coating, short dwell coating, cast coating, and the like.
  • An exemplary method can include extrusion from a die head of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) in the form of a solution, a dispersion or emulsion, or a viscous mixture.
  • An exemplary method can include application of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) to individualized fibers.
  • comminuted or flash dried fibers may be entrained in an air stream combined with an aerosol or spray of the compound(s) to treat individual fibers prior to incorporation into a web or other fibrous product.
  • An exemplary method can include impregnation of a wet or dry web with a solution or slurry of dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof), where the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) penetrates a significant distance into the thickness of the web, such as about 20% or more of the thickness of the web, about 30% or more of the thickness of the web, and about 70% or more of the thickness of the web, including completely penetrating the web throughout the full extent of its thickness.
  • An exemplary method for impregnation of a moist web can include the use of the Hydra-Sizer® system, produced by Black Clawson Corp., Watertown, N.Y., as described in "New Technology to Apply Starch and Other Additives," Pulp and Paper Canada, 100(2): T42-T44 (February 1999).
  • This system can include a die, an adjustable support structure, a catch pan, and an additive supply system.
  • a thin curtain of descending liquid or slurry is created which contacts the moving web beneath it. Wide ranges of applied doses of the coating material are said to be achievable with good runnability.
  • the system can also be applied to curtain coat a relatively dry web, such as a web just before or after creping.
  • An exemplary method can include a foam application of the
  • dewatering/retention system or one or more components thereof to a fibrous web (e.g., foam finishing), either for topical application or for impregnation of the additive into the web under the influence of a pressure differential (e.g., vacuum-assisted impregnation of the foam).
  • a pressure differential e.g., vacuum-assisted impregnation of the foam.
  • An exemplary method can include padding of a solution containing the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) into an existing fibrous web.
  • An exemplary method can include roller fluid feeding of a solution of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) for application to the web.
  • an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may include the topical application of the dewatering/retention system (or one or more components thereof) on an embryonic web prior to Yankee drying or through drying.
  • the application level of the dewatering/retention system can be about 0.05% to about 10% by weight relative to the dry mass of the web for any of the dewatering/retention systems.
  • the application level can be about 0.05% to about 4%, or about 0.1% to about 2%.
  • Higher and lower application levels are also within the scope of the embodiments. In some embodiments, for example, application levels of from about 5% to about 50% or higher can be considered.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system when combined with the web or with cellulosic fibers, can have any pH, though in many embodiments it is desired that the dewatering/retention system is in solution in contact with the web or with fibers have a pH below about 10, about 9, about 8, or about 7, such as about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 7, about 3 to about 6, and about 3 to about 5.5. Alternatively, the pH range may be about 5 to about 9, about 5.5 to about 8.5, or about 6 to about 8. These pH values can apply to the PPAE polymer prior to contacting the web or fibers, or to a mixture of the
  • dewatering/retention system in contact with the web or the fibers prior to drying.
  • the solids level of the web may be about 10% or higher (i.e., the web comprises about 10 grams of dry solids and 90 grams of water, such as about any of the following solids levels or higher: about 12%, about 15%, about 18%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 60%, about 75%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, about 98%, and about 99%, with exemplary ranges of about 30% to about 100% or about 65% to about 90%).
  • the dewatering/retention system (including one or more components and/or derivatives thereof) can be distributed in a wide variety of ways.
  • the dewatering/retention system may be uniformly distributed, or present in a pattern in the web, or selectively present on one surface or in one layer of a multilayered web.
  • the entire thickness of the paper web may be subjected to application of the dewatering/retention system and other chemical treatments described herein, or each individual layer may be independently treated or untreated with the dewatering/retention system and other chemical treatments of the present disclosure.
  • the dewatering/retention system is predominantly applied to one layer in a multilayer web.
  • at least one layer is treated with significantly less dewatering/retention system than other layers.
  • an inner layer can serve as a treated layer.
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system may also be selectively associated with one of a plurality of fiber types, and may be adsorbed or chemisorbed onto the surface of one or more fiber types.
  • bleached Kraft fibers can have a higher affinity for the dewatering/retention system than synthetic fibers that may be present.
  • certain chemical distributions may occur in webs that are pattern densified, such as the webs disclosed in any of the following U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,345; U.S. Pat. No. 4,528,239; U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,522; U.S. Pat. No. 5,260,171 ; U.S. Pat. No. 5,275,700; U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,565; U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,289; U.S. Pat. No. 5,431,786; U.S. Pat. No. 5,496,624; U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,277; U.S. Pat. No.
  • the dewatering/retention system or other chemicals can be selectively concentrated in the densified regions of the web (e.g., a densified network corresponding to regions of the web compressed by an imprinting fabric pressing the web against a Yankee dryer, where the densified network can provide good tensile strength to the three-dimensional web).
  • a densified network corresponding to regions of the web compressed by an imprinting fabric pressing the web against a Yankee dryer, where the densified network can provide good tensile strength to the three-dimensional web.
  • dewatering/retention system can move the dewatering/retention system toward the densified regions experiencing the most rapid drying or highest levels of heat transfer.
  • chemical migration may occur during drying when the initial solids content (dryness level) of the web is below about 60% (e.g., less than any of about 65%, about 63%, about 60%, about 55%, about 50%, about 45%, about 40%, about 35%, about 30%, and about 27%, such as about 30% to 60%, or about 40% to about 60%).
  • the degree of chemical migration can depend, for example, on the surface chemistry of the fibers, the chemicals involved, the details of drying, the structure of the web, and so forth.
  • the web with a solid contents below about 60% is through-dried to a high dryness level, such as at least any of about 60% solids, about 70% solids, and about 80% solids (e.g., from 65% solids to 99% solids, or from 70% solids to 87% solids), then regions of the web disposed above the deflection conduits (i.e., the bulky "domes" of the pattern-densified web) may have a higher concentration of
  • dewatering/retention system or other water-soluble chemicals than the densified regions, for drying will tend to occur first in the regions of the web through which air can readily pass, and capillary wicking can bring fluid from adjacent portions of the web to the regions where drying is occurring most rapidly.
  • water- soluble reagents may be present at a relatively higher concentration (compared to other portions of the web) in the densified regions or the less densified regions ("domes").
  • An exemplary dewatering/retention system (or one or more components or derivatives thereof) may also be present substantially uniformly in the web, or at least without a selective concentration in either the densified or undensified regions.
  • the conditions (e.g., temperature of the pulp slurry, temperature of pre-mixing the components, time of pre-mixing the components, concentration of the paper solution, co-mixing of solids, and the like) of the pulp slurry and process can vary, as necessary or desired, depending on the particular paper product to be formed, characteristics of the paper product formed, and the like.
  • the temperature of the pulp slurry can be about 10 to 80° C when the dewatering/retention system is added to the pulp slurry.
  • the process variables may be modified as necessary or desired, including, for example, the temperature of pre-mixing the components, the time of pre-mixing the components, and the concentration of the pulp slurry.
  • a paper may be formed by the treatment of a cellulosic fiber or an aqueous pulp slurry with a dewatering/retention system as described herein.
  • the paper can be formed using one or more methods, including those described herein.
  • Polyamidoamine was first prepared by a condensation reaction of an excess amount of diethylenetriamine with adipic acid.
  • diethylenetriamine was added to a three neck flask.
  • Adipic acid was then slowly added to the flask and the reaction mixture heated to 165-170°C and maintained for a period of 5 hours.
  • the product was diluted with water to adjust the concentration to 60% and the temperature was lowered to room temperature.
  • Table A shows the charge ratios of diethylenetriamine and adipic acid.
  • the polyamidoamine samples contain both primary amine groups and secondary amine groups. It is commonly accepted that each secondary amine group reacts with one epichlorohydrin molecule, whereas each primary amine group reacts with two epichlorohydrin molecules. Therefore, the total number of epichlorohydrin-reactive sites in a polyamidoamine sample is defined as
  • N is the molar quantity of epichlorohydrin-reactive sites
  • a ⁇ is the molar quantity of secondary amine groups
  • a2 is the molar quantity of primary amine groups.
  • a ⁇ and dl are defined as ml
  • MWl (3) where ml is the mass of polyamine used to prepare the polyamidoamine sample, m2 is the mass of dicarboxylic acid and/or its derivative used to prepare the polyamidoamine sample, MWl is the formula weight of polyamine, MW2 is the formula weight of dicarboxylic acid or its derivative and n is the number of secondary amines in the polyamine
  • RSV Reduced specific viscosity
  • t is the average efflux time of the polyamidoamine sample diluted with 1 M NaCl solution, to is the average efflux time of 1 M NaCl solution, c is the concentration of the diluted polyamidoamine sample which was 5 wt%.
  • Table D lists the active polyamidoamine mass (PA mass), the calculated molar quantities of epichlorohydrin-reactive sites on polyamidoamine (EPI sites), the RSVs of the polyamidoamine samples (RSV), and also the mass quantities of charged epichlorohydrin to increase sample final viscosity above 50 cps at 23°C (EPI mass).
  • PA mass active polyamidoamine mass
  • EPI sites calculated molar quantities of epichlorohydrin-reactive sites on polyamidoamine
  • RSV the RSVs of the polyamidoamine samples
  • EPI mass mass quantities of charged epichlorohydrin to increase sample final viscosity above 50 cps at 23°C
  • the data points for the PPAE resins show a complex non-linear correlation and do not fit the PAE linear correlation. Furthermore, the data points of the PPAE resins are all above the fitted line for the PAE resins, suggesting that a greater amount of epichlorohydrin is required to achieve the desired viscosity range compared to the PAE resins. Theoretically, the ratio of EPI mass over PA mass (y-axis) of the PPAE resins will become infinitely large when the ratio of PA mass over extra polyamine mass becomes infinitely small. Overall, these differences demonstrate that the molecular structure of the PPAE resins is fundamentally different from that of the PAE resins.
  • PAE 2 PAE 1.4 107.7 1.27 0.083 21.5
  • PAE 5 PAE 1.8 77.0 1.30 0.066 29.3
  • PAE 7 PAE 1.6 53.6 0.781 0.074 15.4
  • PAE 9 PAE 1.0 129.6 0.608 0.156 5.3
  • Cationic PAM copolymer of dimethylaminoethyl acrylate methyl chloride quaternary salt and acrylamide, 10 mol% charge, weight average molecular weight is around 6 Million Da
  • Anionic PAM copolymer of acrylic acid and acrylamide, 30 mol% charge, weight average molecular weight is in the range of 3 to 20 Million Da
  • Anionic Micropolymer anionic polyacrylamide micropolymer, 30 mol% anionic charge
  • Cationic Micropolymer cationic polyacrylamide micropolymer, 10 mol% cationic charge
  • Americas drainage device and then filters through a 60 mesh screen.
  • the amount of the time needed to collect 700 grams of filtrate is used as a measurement of free drainage.
  • First Pass Retention is an indication of the efficiency of fiber and fines retention in a web of paper as it is being formed.
  • the lab evaluation is simulated by using a DDJ to filter pulp furnish through a 125P screen. It is calculated from the consistency of the pulp furnish added to the DDJ and the consistency of the filtrate. This calculation follows the TAPPI standard method T 269 cm-92. The equation is shown as follows:
  • FPR (Consistency puIp - Consistency flllrale ) I Consistency pulp
  • FPAR is an indication of the efficiency of inorganic particles retention in a web of paper as it is being formed. It is calculated from the ash content in the pulp furnish and the ash content from the DDJ filtrate.
  • Example 1 PPAE used alone
  • the Furnish, white water, used in these examples was 100% recycled fiber from old corrugated container for a packaging grade.
  • the pH of the furnish was between 6.5 to 7.5, and the conductivity was between 1000 to 2000 ⁇ 8/ ⁇ (low conductivity range).
  • the zeta potential of the fiber as measured with a Mutek ZDT06 was -9.9 mV and cationic demand as measured with a Mutek PCD05 was 376 ⁇ ./L. All the PPAE samples tested showed improvement on both retention and drainage compared to the blank experiment (with no chemical added). PPAE 2 showed the best overall retention and drainage benefit: 46.9% improvement on drainage and 39.6% improvement on retention over the blank (as calculated from Table 1).
  • Example 2 The synergistic effect when PPAE is used with Anionic PAM
  • the Furnish used was 100% recycled fibers from old corrugated container for a packaging grade, mid ply (filler grade).
  • the pH of the furnish was about 6.5 to 7.5, and the conductivity was about 1000 to 2000 ⁇ 8/ ⁇ (low conductivity range).
  • the zeta potential of the fiber was -4.4 mV.
  • 2 lb/ton PPAE 2 increased vacuum drainage 29.7% over the control, as calculated from Table 2.
  • Example 3 PPAE used with cationic polymer and/or microparticles
  • PPAE 6 used together with 1.0 lb/ton cationic poly aery lam ide or 1.0 lb/ton cationic micropolymer was also compared to various other common commercially used retention and drainage aids. PPAE 6 out-performed all other types of retention and drainage aids tested as shown in Table 3B.
  • Example 4 PPAE used on virgin fiber furnish
  • the Furnish used was a 100% bleached virgin fibers used to make lightweight coated paper.
  • the pH of the Furnish was about 7.0 to 8.5, and the conductivity was about 1000 to 2000 ⁇ 8/ ⁇ (low conductivity range).
  • the cationic demand of the process water was about 640 ⁇ Eq. ⁇ L.
  • Example 5 PPAE used in an acidic condition
  • PPAE 6 also showed synergistic effects when used with cationic micropolymer.
  • the drainage time was reduced 26.3% and the turbidity of filtrate was deduced about 5.2% compared to PPAE 6 alone.
  • Example 6 PPAE and synergy in a low conductivity system
  • the Furnish used was 100% recycled fibers for paperboard.
  • the Furnish was prepared from thick stock and white water from the same paper machine.
  • the pH of this furnish was about 7.1
  • the conductivity was in the range of 1000 to 2500 ⁇ 8/ ⁇ .
  • Vacuum drainage and tray turbidity were used to conduct the evaluation.
  • PPAE 8 When used by itself, PPAE 8 repeatedly showed a drainage and retention benefit. Synergistic retention and drainage improvement was also demonstrated for PPAE 8 with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), with CPAM and colloidal silica, with CPAM and anionic micropolymer (MP), and with cationic micropolymer as shown in Table 6.
  • CPAM cationic polyacrylamide
  • MP anionic micropolymer
  • Example 7 PPAE and synergy in a high conductivity pulp furnish
  • the Furnish used for testing was from the same thick stock as Example 6, and the white water used to dilute the thick stock was from a different mill manufacturing a similar paper grade, but with significantly higher conductivity.
  • the pH of the final furnish was about 7.1 and the conductivity was about 8000 ⁇ 8/ ⁇ .
  • the fiber charge of this Furnish was in the range of 8.0 to 10 mV and the cationic demand was 1816 ⁇ Eq./L. Vacuum drainage and filtrate turbidity were used to conduct the evaluation. In this evaluation, blends of PPAE with polyamine and with liquid starch were also tested.
  • PPAE 8 When used alone, PPAE 8 showed drainage and retention improvements compared to the blank experiment (Table 7). A synergistic retention and drainage improvement was also found when used with cationic micropolymer (MP), with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and colloidal silica, and with colloidal silica alone.
  • ratios, concentrations, amounts, and other numerical data may be expressed herein in a range format. It is to be understood that such a range format is used for convenience and brevity, and thus, should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited.
  • a concentration range of "about 0.1% to about 5%” should be interpreted to include not only the explicitly recited concentration of about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt%, but also include individual concentrations ⁇ e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges ⁇ e.g., 0.5%, 1.1 %, 2.2%, 3.3%, and 4.4%) within the indicated range.
  • the term "about” can include traditional rounding according to the numerical value provided and the technique/system/apparatus used.
  • the phrase “about 'x' to 'y'” includes “about 'x' to about 'y" ⁇

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Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte, dans un ou plusieurs modes de réalisation, à des procédés permettant de fabriquer du papier, à des compositions et analogues.
PCT/IB2013/001497 2012-05-30 2013-05-28 Compositions et procédés permettant de fabriquer des produits en papier WO2013179139A1 (fr)

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WO2015075318A1 (fr) * 2013-11-22 2015-05-28 Kemira Oyj Procédé pour augmenter la résistance du papier
WO2016030407A1 (fr) 2014-08-29 2016-03-03 Solenis Technologies, L.P. Composition pulvérulente de polymère cationique soluble dans l'eau
WO2018063271A1 (fr) * 2016-09-30 2018-04-05 Kemira Oyj Procédé de fabrication de papier, de carton ou similaire
WO2019221692A1 (fr) * 2018-05-14 2019-11-21 Kemira Oyj Composition améliorant la résistance du papier, fabrication de celle-ci et son utilisation dans la production de papier
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