WO2018155369A1 - 高感度バイオセンサ - Google Patents
高感度バイオセンサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018155369A1 WO2018155369A1 PCT/JP2018/005683 JP2018005683W WO2018155369A1 WO 2018155369 A1 WO2018155369 A1 WO 2018155369A1 JP 2018005683 W JP2018005683 W JP 2018005683W WO 2018155369 A1 WO2018155369 A1 WO 2018155369A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/414—Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS
- G01N27/4145—Ion-sensitive or chemical field-effect transistors, i.e. ISFETS or CHEMFETS specially adapted for biomolecules, e.g. gate electrode with immobilised receptors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3275—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
- G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
- G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
- G01N33/5438—Electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/327—Biochemical electrodes, e.g. electrical or mechanical details for in vitro measurements
- G01N27/3275—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction
- G01N27/3278—Sensing specific biomolecules, e.g. nucleic acid strands, based on an electrode surface reaction involving nanosized elements, e.g. nanogaps or nanoparticles
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biosensor having excellent detection specificity and detection sensitivity.
- a biosensor recognizes external information (for example, chemical elements) as some physical signal by utilizing the excellent molecular discrimination power of living organisms, and has various principles and measurement objects. More specifically, a biosensor is a type of chemical sensor that uses a chemical substance as a measurement target. The biosensor is a molecular identification element that recognizes only the measurement target substance, and a physical signal such as an electrical signal indicating that the information is recognized. And a signal conversion element for converting the signal into the signal. In general, biosensors such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA, cells, microorganisms, and compounds that capture biomolecules are used for the molecular identification element, so these sensors are called biosensors.
- an ordinary electronic device or chemical sensor such as an electrode, thermistor, crystal resonator, surface plasmon resonance, or semiconductor element is used.
- a field effect transistor FET
- Research on the biosensor used has become active.
- biosensors using FETs when a molecular identification element recognizes a chemical substance to be measured, physical changes such as heat, mass, and charge, and chemical changes such as decomposition of the target substance and generation of the substance occur. The change is converted into an electric signal by an FET which is a signal conversion element as a change in charge or a change in capacitance, and the target substance is measured.
- Biosensors using FETs can (1) be able to electrically detect charges inherent to ions and molecules, (2) do not require time and effort until measurement, (3) enable real-time measurement, (4) non-measurement It has features such as labeling and non-invasive electrical measurement, and (5) miniaturization and integration by semiconductor microfabrication technology.
- the biosensor described in Patent Document 1 was an epoch-making invention in that a trace amount of a measurement target substance contained in a body fluid can be measured.
- various substances other than the measurement target substance are contained in the body fluid, in practical use of such a biosensor, not only the detection sensitivity for the measurement target substance is increased, but also There was a need to prevent false detection (ie, increase detection specificity).
- the present inventors have conducted a test by coating the biosensor gate electrode (electrode in contact with the test sample) with a polymer of catecholamine (polycatecholamine). It has been found that non-specific adsorption of a substance in a sample to the gate electrode can be prevented and detection noise can be almost completely removed.
- the present inventors laminated a molecular template polymer (MIP) layer on the gate electrode of a biosensor coated with polycatecholamine, so that only the detection target substance in the test sample and the gate electrode We have found that it can be designed to interact.
- the molecular template polymer is a polymer in which a “molecular template” having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance is formed on the polymer surface or in the polymer by a predetermined production method. That is, only the detection target substance can be incorporated into the molecular template.
- the present inventors have further studied for the practical application of a biosensor in which a molecular template polymer is applied to a gate electrode. Then, the present inventors have found that a biosensor in which a molecular template polymer produced by a simple method is applied to a gate electrode, although the specificity to a detection target substance is improved as compared with the prior art, the molecular template polymer A new technical problem was encountered in that the detection sensitivity and detection stability for the detection target substance were slightly reduced by the thickness of the layer.
- the inventors control the film thickness of the molecular template polymer layer applied to the gate electrode by applying the polymer control technology mainly used in the field of polymer chemistry to this technical field.
- the molecular template polymer layer can be made an ultrathin film layer.
- a gate electrode having an ultra-thin molecular template polymer layer has not only detection specificity for a detection target substance but also extremely high detection sensitivity.
- the present invention includes an identification substance that can bind to a detection target substance, and an electrode that charges a charge of the identification substance, and is generated by binding the detection target substance to the identification substance.
- the surface of the electrode is coated with polycatecholamine, and all or part of the electrode surface coated with polycatecholamine is further coated with a detection target substance.
- a biosensor comprising a polymer layer on which a molecular template having a structure complementary to a molecular structure is formed, wherein the polymer layer contains the identification substance, and the polymer layer is an ultrathin film layer About.
- the polycatecholamine is a polymer of L-dopa, dopamine, adrenaline, or noradrenaline.
- the ultra thin film layer is a thin film layer having a thickness of 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the ultra thin film layer is a thin film layer having a thickness of 100 nm or less.
- the detection target substance is catecholamine, and the biosensor does not substantially detect L-dopa.
- the detection target substance is dopamine, adrenaline, or noradrenaline.
- the identification substance is phenylboronic acid.
- the electrode is a gold electrode, silver electrode, copper electrode, platinum electrode, indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode, palladium electrode, steel electrode, nickel titanium alloy electrode, titanium oxide. It is characterized by being an electrode, a silicon dioxide electrode, a crystal electrode, an aluminum oxide electrode, a gallium arsenide electrode, a glass electrode, or a tantalum oxide electrode.
- ITO indium-tin oxide
- the electrode is electrically connected to a gate electrode of a field effect transistor.
- the electrode is disposed away from the field effect transistor, and the electrode is electrically connected to the gate electrode of the field effect transistor through a wiring. It is characterized by.
- the electrode is electrically connected to the gate insulating film by being placed directly on the gate insulating film of the field effect transistor. To do.
- the electrode is electrically connected to a signal amplifier.
- the signal amplifier is an operational amplifier.
- the polymer layer includes (A): A monomer solution containing one or a plurality of types of monomers, the detection target substance, and the identification substance is polymerized on all or a part of the surface of the electrode, whereby all or one of the surfaces of the electrode is polymerized. Forming a polymer layer that is an ultra-thin layer on the part; and (B): After the step (a), by removing the detection target substance from the polymer layer, forming a molecular template having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance in the polymer layer , It is formed by the method containing.
- the polymerization of the monomer solution is a living radical polymerization or an electrolytic polymerization.
- the living radical polymerization is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-cleavage chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), or nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP). It is characterized by.
- the living radical polymerization is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and prior to the step (a), the polymerization initiating molecules are preliminarily formed on all or part of the surface of the electrode. It is characterized by being combined.
- ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
- a monomer solution containing one or more types of monomers, the detection target substance, and the identification substance is applied to the surface of the electrode using spin coating. And a polymer layer of an ultrathin film layer is formed on all or part of the surface of the electrode by polymerizing the applied monomer solution.
- the monomer solution comprises an acrylamide derivative, a methacrylamide derivative, an acrylate derivative, a methacrylate derivative, acrylonitrile, 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, and acetic acid. It contains at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl.
- another embodiment of the present invention is an electrode used in a biosensor, wherein the biosensor detects a change in charge density of the electrode caused by binding of a detection target substance to an identification substance.
- a sensor, and the electrode is an electrode that charges a charge of the identification substance capable of binding to the detection target substance, and the surface of the electrode is coated with polycatecholamine, and the electrode coated with polycatecholamine
- a polymer layer on which a molecular template having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance is further formed is formed on all or part of the surface of the electrode, and the polymer layer contains the identification substance,
- the polymer layer is an ultrathin film layer, and relates to an electrode.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an ion-sensitive biosensor used in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a change in the gate surface potential of the FET when a non-detectable substance (dopamine) is added to the electrode of the ion-sensitive biosensor used in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of the FET when a non-detectable substance (albumin) is added to the electrode of the ion-sensitive biosensor used in Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a biosensor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an ion-sensitive biosensor used in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing a change in the gate surface potential of the FET when a non-detectable substance (dopamine) is added to the electrode of the ion-sensitive biosensor used in Example 1.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the change in the gate surface potential of the FET, showing the effect of suppressing the adsorption of catecholamine molecules to the gold electrode by the polydopamine thin film layer.
- FIG. 6 shows a graph showing the change in the gate surface potential of the FET, showing the adsorption of catecholamine molecules on the gold electrode.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of the FET when each substance is added to an extended FET in which a polydopamine thin film layer and a molecular template polymer layer for dopamine are formed on a gold electrode.
- FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of the FET when various substances are added at various concentrations to the expanded FET in which the polydopamine thin film layer and the molecular template polymer layer for dopamine are formed on the gold electrode.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of the FET when each substance is added to the expanded FET in which a polydopamine thin film layer and a molecular template polymer layer for dopamine are formed on a gold electrode.
- FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of the FET when various substances are added at various concentrations to the expanded FET in which a polydopamine thin film layer and a molecular template polymer layer for dopamine are formed on a gold electrode.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of an FET when dopamine is added to an extended FET in which a polydopamine thin film layer and a molecular template polymer layer for dopamine are formed on a gold electrode.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing changes in the gate surface potential of an FET when glucose is added to an extended FET in which a poly L-dopa thin film layer and a molecular template polymer layer for glucose are formed on a gold electrode.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram in which the experimental results shown in FIG. 12 are plotted on two axes, a change in gate surface potential and a glucose concentration.
- the biosensor of the present invention detects an electrical change caused by the binding between a detection target substance and an identification substance that can specifically or selectively bind to the detection target substance as a change in the charge density of the electrode. Based on the basic principle (details will be described later).
- the “detection target substance” in the present invention is not limited as long as it can produce a molecular template polymer corresponding to the substance, and those skilled in the art can detect various substances based on common general technical knowledge.
- the biosensor of the present invention can be used for detection of a very small amount of substance in various test samples.
- a biological substance, an environmental substance, or a food The substance in it can be detected.
- the present invention can be detected even if the concentration of the detection target substance in the test sample is extremely low.
- body fluid blood, lymph, tissue fluid, body cavity fluid, digestive fluid, sweat, tears, nasal discharge, saliva, urine
- Semen vaginal fluid, amniotic fluid, milk, etc.
- substances in body fluid include, for example, body fluid components (for example, alkaline phosphatase, AST, ALT, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase, ⁇ -GTP, creatine kinase, cholinesterase, bilirubin, bile acid, albumin, urea nitrogen Creatinine, uric acid, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, neutral fat, glucose, amylase, lipase, sodium, potassium, chlor, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, ferritin, C-reactive protein, ⁇ 2-microglobulin, Hemoglobin A1C, glycoalbumin, ammonia, various hormones, various neurotransmitters (for example, monoamines such as catecholamine, serotonin, melatonin, histamine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, ⁇ -a Components such as amino acids such as nobutyric acid, glycine, and taurine; acet
- the “discriminating substance capable of binding to the detection target substance” in the present invention can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art depending on the detection target substance, and the identification substance may specifically bind to the detection target substance.
- the substance may be a substance that can bind selectively to the substance to be detected.
- Examples of the “discriminating substance capable of binding to the detection target substance” in the present invention include, for example, a pair of substances known to cause specific or selective interaction (for example, glucose and phenylboronic acid). , Lactic acid and phenylboronic acid, histamine and carboxyl group monomer, uric acid and carboxyl group monomer, creatinine and carboxyl group monomer, sialic acid and phenylboronic acid & amino group monomer, dopamine and phenylboronic acid & amino group monomer, biotin and streptavidin ), Either an aptamer that specifically binds to a specific molecule (eg, nucleic acid aptamer, peptide aptamer), or a receptor-ligand (or agonist) combination, specifically binds to the substance to be detected Antibodies (for example, May be mentioned monoclonal antibody) or antigen-binding fragment thereof that different binding, a nucleic acid that specifically binds to the detection target
- the method for forming a molecular template having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance on the polymer layer is not limited, and various methods known to those skilled in the art as the molecular template polymer forming method are used. Can do. Specifically, after a monomer solution containing a detection target substance is polymerized to form a polymer, a molecular template polymer can be produced by removing the detection target substance from the polymer.
- the monomer solution for producing the molecular template polymer contains one type or two or more types of monomers.
- monomers contained in the monomer solution include, for example, acrylamide derivatives (acrylamide, dimethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, acryloylmorpholine, etc.), methacrylamide derivatives (methacrylamide, dimethylmethacrylamide, N-isopropyl).
- the method for removing the detection target substance from the polymer containing the detection target substance is not limited, and can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art depending on the type of the detection target substance and the type of monomer used.
- Non-limiting examples of the detection target substance-identification substance-removal method combination include the following.
- the molecular template polymer layer applied to the electrode surface is an ultrathin film layer.
- the method for controlling the thickness of the polymer layer is not limited, and various methods known in the field of polymer chemistry can be used.
- a method of controlling the thickness of the polymer layer a method of controlling the thickness of the polymer layer using a chemical method or a method of producing a thin polymer layer using a physical method can be used.
- the thickness of the polymer layer As a method for chemically controlling the thickness of the polymer layer that can be used in the present invention, for example, living radical polymerization or electrolytic polymerization can be used.
- living radical polymerization since the thickness of the polymer layer can be controlled by the polymerization time, it can be suitably used for producing a polymer layer having a uniform nano-order thickness.
- Examples of the living radical polymerization method include nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP); for example, JP-A-60-89452, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP); 509475), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (Reversible Addition / Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT); for example, International Publication No. 98/01478 pamphlet).
- NMP nitroxide-mediated polymerization
- ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
- 509475 reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
- RAFT Reversible Addition / Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
- an appropriate one of these polymerization methods can be selected and used according to the property of the substance to be detected and the necessary detection procedure.
- Activator ReGenerated by Electron Transfer which reduces the divalent copper produced in the ATRP system to continuously active monovalent copper by adding a reducing agent for the purpose of improving the polymerization rate and ease of operation.
- the ATRP method has been reported (for example, Angew Chem, Int Ed, 45 (27), 4482 (2006)). This method can be suitably used in the present invention because the thickness of the polymer layer can be controlled without requiring a strict vacuum state.
- Polymerization can be carried out without solvent or in various solvents.
- Preferred examples of the solvent include anisole, toluene, ethylbenzene, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide and the like.
- the amount of the polymerization solvent to be used is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0 to 2000 parts by mass, more preferably in the range of 10 to 1000 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the monomer.
- the upper limits of these ranges are significant in terms of suppressing polymerization rate reduction and controlling polymerization.
- a compound having a group generally known as a polymerization initiating molecule for living radical polymerization can be suitably used.
- a polymerization initiating molecule for living radical polymerization a compound having a group generally known as a polymerization initiating molecule for living radical polymerization.
- an alkyl halide organic substance, an organic peroxide, an azo compound, an inorganic peroxide, a redox type polymerization initiator, and the like can be used.
- a catalyst for the polymerization It is preferable to use a catalyst for the polymerization.
- the type of the catalyst can be appropriately selected from various commonly known types according to the polymerization method.
- a metal catalyst containing a metal such as Cu (0), Cu +, Cu2 +, Fe +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Ru2 +, Ru3 + can be used.
- monovalent copper compounds containing Cu + or zero-valent copper are particularly preferred. Specific examples thereof include Cu (0), CuCl, CuBr, Cu2O and the like.
- organic ligands are usually used for the above-described metal catalyst.
- the coordination atom to the metal include a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom, a phosphorus atom, and a sulfur atom. Of these, a nitrogen atom and a phosphorus atom are preferable.
- Specific examples of organic ligands include 2,2′-bipyridine and its derivatives, 1,10-phenanthroline and its derivatives, tetramethylethylenediamine, pentamethyldiethylenetriamine, tris (dimethylaminoethyl) amine (Me6TREN), triphenyl Examples include phosphine and tributylphosphine.
- An example of a physical control method for the thickness of the polymer layer that can be used in the present invention is a method using spin coating. Specifically, a monomer solution is applied to the target surface, and unnecessary polymer solution is removed by rotating at high speed using a spin coater, and then polymerized to form a polymer layer having a nano-order thickness. Can be produced. Moreover, the thickness of the polymer layer by this method can be adjusted by the rotational speed of the spin coater.
- the thickness of the molecular template polymer layer used in the biosensor of the present invention is preferably 1 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 100 nm or less.
- the preferable upper limit and lower limit of the thickness of the molecular template polymer layer used in the biosensor of the present invention vary depending on the substance to be detected.
- the upper limit is 1 ⁇ m, 500 nm, 400 nm, 300 nm, 200 nm, 100 nm or 50 nm
- the lower limit is 1 nm, 3 nm. It may be 5 nm, 8 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, or 30 nm.
- the thickness of the polymer layer may be 1 nm to 1 ⁇ m, preferably 3 nm to 500 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 100 nm, and most preferably 5 nm to 50 nm.
- the thickness of the molecular template polymer layer used in the biosensor of the present invention does not have to be strictly uniform in all the regions, and the thickness is within the above range on average. I just need it.
- the method for measuring the thickness of the molecular template polymer layer is not particularly limited, and can be measured using any method known in the art.
- the thickness of the molecular template polymer layer can be measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a commercially available ellipsometer.
- polycatecholamine is a general term for compounds having catechol and amine derived from tyrosine.
- L-dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and the like are known.
- Polycatecholamine means a polymer of catecholamine, and examples thereof include polymers of L-dopa, dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline.
- the method for coating the surface of the electrode with polycatecholamine is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art.
- catecholamine is polymerized by oxidation
- polymerization by auto-oxidation air oxidation
- examples of other oxidation methods include electrochemical oxidation (cyclic voltammetry and the like), UV ozone oxidation, addition of an oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate, and the like.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of a biosensor 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a detection target substance is dopamine and a so-called extended-gate FET is used as a detection element will be described as an example. It is not limited to such an example.
- a normal FET in which the gate electrode is directly placed on the insulating film may be used.
- the biosensor according to the present invention is not limited to one using FET as a detection element.
- An essential feature of the present invention is that the presence of a substance to be detected in a test sample is detected as an electrical signal at an electrode portion coated with polycatecholamine.
- the electrode is used as a signal amplifier (for example, a vacuum tube).
- Transistors, operational amplifiers, magamps, etc.) can also be used as biosensors.
- a biosensor 200 is a biosensor for detecting a detection target substance (dopamine) using an FET device 201 as a detection element, and includes a molecular identification member (
- the extended gate electrode 206, the polycatecholamine thin film layer 207, and the molecular template polymer layer 208 are collectively referred to as “molecular identification member”), and the FET device 201 is mainly provided.
- the extended gate electrode 206 is sputtered on the substrate 205, the polycatecholamine thin film layer 207 is coated on the extended gate electrode 206, and the molecular template polymer layer 208 is provided further on the polycatecholamine thin film layer 207.
- the extended gate electrode 206 is electrically connected to the gate electrode 203 over the oxide gate insulator 202 through the wiring 204.
- the molecular identification member is connected to the FET device 201 via the oxide gate insulator 202, and also serves as a gate electrode in the FET.
- the molecular template polymer layer 208 contains phenylboronic acid, and a molecular template having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of dopamine is formed on the surface and inside thereof.
- a glass ring is fixed on the substrate 205 so as to surround the molecular identification member, and the buffer 210 is filled in the glass ring.
- the reference electrode 209 is provided in the buffer solution 210 and forms a closed circuit together with the source electrode and the drain electrode of the FET device 201.
- the reference electrode 209 is an electrode that serves as a reference potential for voltage measurement in the FET, and may be grounded. Practically, it is necessary when measuring the voltage in the FET, but the reference electrode 209 may not be provided if it can be replaced by another known method.
- the semiconductor substrate of the FET device 201 is, for example, a p-type semiconductor, and a source electrode and a drain electrode are provided in an n-type semiconductor portion formed by locally doping a part (for example, two places) thereof. That is, the FET used in the glucose sensor 100 is a so-called n-channel MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor).
- the FET used in the biosensor according to the present invention is not limited to the n-channel MOSFET (n-MOS) described above, but a p-channel MOSFET (p-MOS), an n-channel junction FET, and a p-channel junction FET. It may be.
- the material of the semiconductor substrate is not particularly limited, but Si, GaAs, transparent oxide semiconductor (for example, ITO, IGZO, IZO), organic semiconductor, carbon semiconductor (for example, carbon nanotube, graphene semiconductor, A known semiconductor such as a diamond semiconductor) can be appropriately selected and used.
- Si GaAs
- transparent oxide semiconductor for example, ITO, IGZO, IZO
- organic semiconductor for example, carbon nanotube, graphene semiconductor, A known semiconductor such as a diamond semiconductor
- the measurement sensitivity of the biosensor 200 can be made higher than when Si is used (even if the detection target substance concentration in the test sample is low, it can be measured with high accuracy. ).
- the measurement principle of the biosensor 200 according to one embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 4 will be described.
- the test sample is added to the buffer solution 210, only the dopamine molecules in the test sample are incorporated into the molecular template formed on the surface and inside the molecular template polymer layer 208.
- the molecular template polymer layer 208 contains phenylboronic acid that specifically reacts with dopamine, glucose that has entered the molecular template polymer layer 208 reacts with the phenylboronic acid. Due to the reaction between phenylboronic acid in the molecular template polymer layer 208 and glucose, at least one of charge density and capacitance in the molecular identification member changes, and this is detected by the FET as a change in potential. The presence or concentration of a substance can be measured.
- the extended gate electrode 206 is not covered with the molecular template polymer 208, a substance in the test sample (for example, a protein such as albumin) adsorbs to the extended gate electrode 206 nonspecifically. Measurement noise may occur. However, in the present invention, since the extended gate electrode 206 is coated with the polycatecholamine thin film layer 207, even if a part of the extended gate electrode 206 that is not covered with the molecular template polymer 208 exists, No measurement noise due to specific adsorption.
- a substance in the test sample for example, a protein such as albumin
- the extended gate type FET is used as the detection element.
- the molecular identification member is separated from the FET body (the FET device 201 including the semiconductor substrate provided with the source electrode and the drain electrode). Can be detachably connected.
- the molecular identification member and the FET device can be separately prepared and combined.
- the molecular identification member can be modified to specifically detect various detection target substances.
- a molecular identification member corresponding to various detection target substances can be detected by a detection device.
- a detection device By configuring as a chip that can be attached to and detached from the main body (FET device), various factors can be detected by a single detection device.
- Example 1 Noise removal effect by coating polycatecholamine on electrode
- polycatecholamines polymers of L-dopa, dopamine, adrenaline, or noradrenaline
- a MOSFET manufactured by NXP, 2N7002
- NXP NXP, 2N7002
- an electrode ion-sensitive electrode
- a 6 mm diameter gold electrode sputtered on a glass substrate was used, and a polycatecholamine thin film layer was produced on the gold electrode by the method described later.
- the gold electrode was electrically connected through a wiring from a gate electrode that is in direct contact with the MOSFET, thereby forming an extended gate electrode (extended gate electrode).
- a gold electrode was subjected to the same procedure as described above except that a simple Tris buffer solution (100 mM, pH 10) was applied to a gold electrode to which a glass ring was fixed (that is, a gold electrode without a coating with polycatecholamine).
- a simple Tris buffer solution 100 mM, pH 10
- dopamine added to PBS is used as an example of impurities other than the detection target (hydrogen ions) (that is, a substance that causes non-specific adsorption to the electrode).
- FIG. 2 shows the change in surface potential (mV) of polycatecholamine, and the horizontal axis shows the measurement time (seconds).
- the gate surface potential hardly reacted with the addition of dopamine (that is, the detection non- target substance).
- an ion sensitive sensor comparative example having a gold electrode not coated with polycatecholamine was confirmed to have a potential shift in the negative direction in response to the addition of dopamine.
- albumin added to PBS is used as an example of impurities other than the detection target (hydrogen ions) (that is, a substance that causes non-specific adsorption to the electrode).
- the results of the comparative experiment are shown in FIG.
- the vertical axis in FIG. 3 represents the change in surface potential (mV) of polycatecholamine, and the horizontal axis represents the measurement time (seconds).
- the gate surface potential hardly reacted with the addition of albumin (that is, the detection non-target substance).
- albumin that is, the detection non- target substance.
- an ion-sensitive sensor having a gold electrode not coated with polycatecholamine was confirmed to have a potential shift in the negative direction in response to the addition of albumin.
- Example 2 Production of a biosensor for specifically detecting a detection target substance
- the polycatecholamine-coated electrode shown in Example 1 is used to specifically detect a detection target substance according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a biosensor for detection was prepared.
- an example in which “dopamine” is used as the detection target substance is shown.
- a MOSFET manufactured by NXP, 2N7002
- NXP NXP, 2N7002
- an electrode for detecting the charge of the object a 6 mm diameter gold electrode sputtered on a glass substrate is used.
- the polydopamine thin film layer and the molecular structure of catecholamine are complementary to each other by the method described later.
- An ultra-thin polymer layer in which a molecular template having a structure was formed was produced.
- the gold electrode (electrode for detecting the electric charge of the object) is electrically connected to a metal electrode (gate electrode) that is in direct contact with the MOSFET through a wiring, thereby expanding the gate electrode. (Extended gate electrode).
- the polymer layer contains in its component a substance (phenylboronic acid) that specifically binds to catecholamine, and when catecholamine fits into a molecular template formed in the polymer layer, the catecholamine is combined with phenylboronic acid in the polymer layer. Join.
- the catecholamine sensor which is one embodiment of the present invention determines the presence of catecholamine in an object by detecting a change in the charge density of the electrode caused by the binding.
- the electrode for detecting the charge of the object and the polymer layer may be referred to as a “molecular identification member”.
- a glass ring having an outer diameter of 12 mm, an inner diameter of 10 mm, and a height of 10 mm is placed on the molecular identification member obtained as described above using an epoxy resin. Fixed.
- a gold electrode that is, a gold electrode not coated with polydopamine
- a gold electrode not coated with polydopamine prepared by the same method as described above using only a PBS buffer instead of a dopamine solution was prepared.
- FIG. 5 shows changes in the surface potential of a gold electrode having a polydopamine thin film layer
- FIG. 6 shows changes in the surface potential of a gold electrode not having a polydopamine thin film layer.
- the vertical axis represents the change in surface potential (mV) of the molecular identification member
- the horizontal axis represents the measurement time (seconds).
- the gold electrode having a polydopamine thin film layer did not respond to each catecholamine (dopamine or adrenaline).
- the gold electrode without the polydopamine thin film layer reacted with each catecholamine (dopamine or adrenaline), and the gate surface potential changed depending on the concentration.
- Polymerization initiating molecules were bonded onto the polydopamine thin film layer by immersing the gold electrode on which the polydopamine thin film layer was formed in 1 mM 2-bromoisobutyrate (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) / Ethanol solution overnight. .
- an ultrathin molecular template polymer (MIP) layer was formed on the gold electrode without coating with polycatecholamine prepared in (2) by the same method as described above.
- Polymerization initiating molecules were bonded onto the polydopamine thin film layer by immersing the gold electrode on which the polydopamine thin film layer was formed in 1 mM 2-bromoisobutyrate (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) / Ethanol solution overnight. .
- an ultrathin molecular template polymer (MIP) layer was formed on the gold electrode without coating with polycatecholamine prepared in (2) by the same method as described above.
- Dopamine powder 0.2 g, 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 0.49 g and triethylamine 0.21 g were dissolved in 10 ml dimethylformamide and stirred for 4 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. Then, it is mixed with a 111 mM trishydroxymethylaminomethane solution, and 500 ⁇ l of the solution is put on a gold substrate on which the above glass ring is fixed, and left at room temperature for 24 hours. A polydopamine thin film layer into which the starting molecule) was introduced was formed.
- a hydrogel without a molecular template was prepared on a gold electrode with the same method except that only dopamine was omitted from the polymerization solution.
- an electrode that is, an electrode having no molecular template polymer layer
- a polydopamine thin film layer in which a bromo group was introduced into a gold electrode was prepared.
- L-dopa powder 0.2 g, 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) 0.49 g and triethylamine 0.21 g were dissolved in 10 ml dimethylformamide and stirred for 4 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Thereafter, it is mixed with a 111 mM trishydroxymethylaminomethane solution, 500 ⁇ l of the solution is put on a gold substrate on which the glass ring is fixed, and left at room temperature for 24 hours to introduce a butyl group on the gold substrate. An L-dopa thin film layer was formed.
- Sensitive detection of catecholamines by the sensor of the present invention (Production Example 1) Using the biosensor according to one embodiment of the present invention produced by the above methods (1) to (4) as a test sample Changes in the gate surface potential of the gold electrode when dopamine and adrenaline were added and when L-dopa (a precursor of dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline) was added were measured.
- FIG. 8 shows the amount of change in the gate surface potential when each substance is added at a concentration of 10 nM to 1 ⁇ M.
- the biosensor produced by the method of Production Example 1 has an active catecholamine (dopamine, adrenaline) and its precursor (with a very low concentration of catecholamine contained in saliva or urine). It was shown that it can be detected separately from L-dopa). In general, it is reported that catecholamine is contained in saliva at a concentration of about several hundred nM, urine about several mM, tear fluid about several ⁇ M, and blood about several nM. .
- the biosensor of the present invention is a highly practical device having high selectivity and sufficient detection sensitivity for a small amount of biomolecules contained in various body fluids.
- the biosensor of the present invention can further increase the detection specificity for the detection target substance by adjusting the strength of the molecular template polymer layer.
- Sensitive detection of dopamine by the sensor of the present invention (Production Example 3) Using the biosensor according to the embodiment of the present invention produced by the method of Production Example 3 above and a comparative example, dopamine as a test sample The change in the gate surface potential of the gold electrode was measured when.
- catecholamine for example, catecholamine in a concentration range such as contained in saliva or urine
- FIG. 12 shows the results of adding 400 ⁇ M, 1 mM, 4 mM, and 10 mM glucose to the sensor including the poly L-dopa thin film layer and the molecular template polymer layer produced by the method of Production Example 4.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of adding 400 ⁇ M, 1 mM, 4 mM, and 10 mM glucose to the sensor including the poly L-dopa thin film layer and the molecular template polymer layer produced by the method of Production Example 4.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of adding 400 ⁇ M, 1 mM, 4 mM, and 10 mM glucose to the sensor including the poly L-dopa thin film layer and the molecular template polymer layer produced by the method of Production Example 4.
- FIG. 12 shows the results of adding 400 ⁇ M, 1 mM, 4 mM, and 10 mM glucose to the sensor including the poly L-dopa thin film layer and the molecular template polymer layer produced by the method of Production Example 4.
- glucose for example, glucose in a concentration range such as contained in blood or urine
- Expanded gate electrode type ion-sensitive sensor 101: Electric signal detector (MOSFET) 102: Wiring 103: Substrate 104: Ion sensitive electrode (gold electrode) 105: polycatecholamine thin film layer 106: reference electrode 107: buffer solution 108: gate electrode 200: gate electrode expansion biosensor 201: FET device 202: oxide gate insulator 203: gate electrode 204: wiring 205: substrate 206: expansion Gate electrode (gold electrode) 207: Polycatecholamine thin film layer 208: Molecular template polymer layer 209: Reference electrode 210: Buffer solution
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Abstract
Description
(a):1または複数種のモノマー、前記検出対象物質、および、前記識別物質、を含むモノマー溶液を前記電極の表面の全部又は一部において重合させることにより、前記電極の表面の全部または一部に超薄膜層であるポリマー層を形成させるステップ、および、
(b):前記ステップ(a)の後、前記ポリマー層から前記検出対象物質を除去することにより、前記ポリマー層に前記検出対象物質の分子構造と相補的な構造を有する分子鋳型を形成させるステップ、
を含む方法によって形成されることを特徴とする。
・グルコース-フェニルボロン酸-塩酸/メタノール
・乳酸-フェニルボロン酸-塩酸/メタノール
・ヒスタミン-カルボキシル基モノマー-酢酸/メタノール/アセトニトリル
・尿酸-カルボキシル基モノマー-酢酸/メタノール/アセトニトリル
・クレアチニン-カルボキシル基モノマー-酢酸/メタノール/アセトニトリル
・シアル酸-フェニルボロン酸&アミノ基モノマー-塩酸/メタノール
・ドーパミン-フェニルボロン酸&アミノ基モノマー-塩酸/メタノール
本発明の一実施形態に係るバイオセンサの一例を示し、その構成について説明する。図4は、本発明の一実施形態であるバイオセンサ200の概略的な構成を示す模式図である。なお、以下の説明では、検出対象物質をドーパミンとし、検出素子としていわゆる拡張ゲート(Extended-gate)型のFETを使用した場合を例に挙げて説明するが、本発明に係るバイオセンサは、このような例に限定されるものではない。例えば、ゲート電極が絶縁膜上に直接に載置される通常のFETを用いてもよい。
各種ポリカテコールアミン(Lドーパ、ドーパミン、アドレナリン、または、ノルアドレナリンの重合物)の電極へのコーティングによるノイズ除去効果を示すため、まずは、ポリドーパミン薄膜層を金電極に積層したイオン感応性バイオセンサを作成した。
本実施例において用いたイオン感応性センサは、以下のように作製した(構成の概念図を図1に示した)。
L-ドーパ粉末(D0600,東京化成工業)、ドーパミン粉末(A0305,東京化成工業)、ノルアドレナリン粉末(A0906,東京化成工業)、または、アドレナリン粉末(A0173,東京化成工業)を、それぞれトリス緩衝液(100mM,pH10)に溶解させ、25mMのカテコールアミン溶液(L-ドーパ溶液、ドーパミン溶液、ノルアドレナリン溶液、または、ノルアドレナリン溶液)を作製した。次に、前出のガラスリングを固定した金電極にいずれかのカテコールアミン溶液を500μl入れ、紫外線オゾン表面処理/改質装置(ミズカプラニング社製、PL―16)にて5分間UVを照射し、24時間室温にて放置することによって、金電極上にポリカテコールアミン薄膜層を形成させた。
本実施例に係るイオン感応性センサが、比較例のイオン感応性センサと比較して、非特異的な吸着によるノイズが大幅に低減されていることを示すための比較実験を行った。
本実施例に係るイオン感応性センサのガラスリングに500μlのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液(Phosphate buffered saline、PBS、pH7.4)を入れ、ゲート電位安定後に終濃度が100nMおよび10μMになるようドーパミンを添加した。また、比較例に係るイオン感応性センサを用いて同様の試験を行った。
本実施例に係るイオン感応性センサのガラスリングに500μlのリン酸ナトリウム緩衝液(Phosphate buffered saline、PBS、pH7.4)を入れ、ゲート電位安定後に終濃度が1g/Lおよび5g/Lになるようアルブミンを添加した。また、比較例に係るイオン感応性センサを用いて同様の試験を行った。
実施例1で示した、ポリカテコールアミンをコーティングした電極を利用して、本発明の一実施形態である、検出対象物質を特異的に検出するバイオセンサを作製した。本実施例においては、検出対象物質として、「ドーパミン」を用いた例を示す。
本実施例において用いた、本発明の一実施形態であるカテコールアミンセンサは、以下に説明するように作成した(構成の概念図を図4に示した)。
材上に、外径12mm、内径10mm、高さ10mmのガラスリングを、エポキシ樹脂を用いて固定した。
ドーパミン粉末(A0305:東京化成工業社製)をリン酸緩衝液(Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS,pH7.4)に溶解させ、5mg/mlのドーパミン溶液を作製し、10分間窒素バブリングにより脱気した。次に、前出のガラスリングを固定した金電極に500μlのドーパミン溶液を入れ、紫外線オゾン表面処理/改質装置(ミズカプラニング社製、PL―16)にて1分間UVを照射することによって金電極上にポリドーパミン薄膜層を形成させた。
(2)で作製したポリドーパミン薄膜層を備えた金電極と、ポリドーパミン薄膜層を備えていない金電極(比較例)を用いて実験を行った。
(4-1)ATRP法による、ドーパミンを選択的に捕捉する分子鋳型ポリマー(MIP)層の形成(製造例1)
次に、以下に示す方法により、(2)で作製した金電極上に、ドーパミンの分子構造と相補的な構造を有する分子鋳型が形成された、超薄膜の分子鋳型ポリマー層を形成させた。
作製されたポリマー層の厚さを、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)を用いて測定したところ、およそ50nmであった。
下記に示すように(4-1)とはエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(架橋剤)の条件を変えて、(2)で作成した金電極上に分子鋳型ポリマー(MIP)層を形成させた。製造例2では、製造例1よりもポリマー溶液におけるエチレングリコールジメタクリレート(架橋剤)の割合が高いため、より強固なポリマーが形成される。
作製されたポリマー層の厚さを、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)を用いて測定したところ、およそ50nmであった。
本製造例では、下記に示すように、ポリドーパミン薄膜層を形成するステップにおいて、ATRP法の重合開始分子を含むポリドーパミン薄膜層を形成させることによって、分子鋳型ポリマー層を形成させるステップにおいて重合開始分子を結合させるステップを省略した例を示す。
作製されたポリマー層の厚さを、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)を用いて測定したところ、およそ20nmであった。
本製造例では、グルコースの分子構造と相補的な分子構造を有する超薄膜の分子鋳型ポリマー層を作製した例を示す。
作製されたポリマー層の厚さを、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)を用いて測定したところ、およそ20nmであった。
上記の(1)~(4)の方法によって作製した、本発明の一実施形態であるバイオセンサを用いて、被験試料としてドーパミン、アドレナリンを添加した場合と、L-ドーパ(ドーパミン、アドレナリン、ノルアドレナリンの前駆体)を添加した場合の金電極のゲート表面電位の変化を測定した。
(5)と同様の実験を、製造例2の方法で作製したバイオセンサを用いて行った。その結果を図9および図10に示す。
上記の製造例3の方法によって作製した、本発明の一実施形態であるバイオセンサおよび比較例を用いて、被験試料としてドーパミンを添加した場合の金電極のゲート表面電位の変化を測定した。
上記の製造例4の方法によって作製した、本発明の一実施形態であるバイオセンサを用いて、被験試料としてドーパミンを添加した場合の金電極のゲート表面電位の変化を測定した。
101:電気信号検出器(MOSFET)
102:配線
103:基板
104:イオン感応性電極(金電極)
105:ポリカテコールアミン薄膜層
106:参照電極
107:緩衝液
108:ゲート電極
200:ゲート電極拡張型バイオセンサ
201:FETデバイス
202:酸化物ゲート絶縁体
203:ゲート電極
204:配線
205:基板
206:拡張ゲート電極(金電極)
207:ポリカテコールアミン薄膜層
208:分子鋳型ポリマー層
209:参照電極
210:緩衝液
Claims (20)
- 検出対象物質と結合することができる識別物質と、前記識別物質の電荷を帯電する電極とを備え、前記検出対象物質が前記識別物質に結合することにより生じる前記電極の電荷密度の変化を検出するバイオセンサにおいて、
前記電極の表面がポリカテコールアミンによりコーティングされており、
ポリカテコールアミンによりコーティングされた前記電極表面の全部又は一部には、さらに、検出対象物質の分子構造と相補的な構造を有する分子鋳型が形成されたポリマー層が形成されており、
前記ポリマー層は前記識別物質を含み、
前記ポリマー層は超薄膜層であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記ポリカテコールアミンが、L-ドーパ、ドーパミン、アドレナリン、または、ノルアドレナリンの重合物であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記超薄膜層は、厚さが1μm以下の薄膜層であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項3に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記超薄膜層は、厚さが100nm以下の薄膜層であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記検出対象物質はカテコールアミンであり、
前記バイオセンサは、L-ドーパを実質的に検出しないことを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項5に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記検出対象物質はドーパミン、アドレナリン、または、ノルアドレナリンであることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項5または6に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記識別物質は、フェニルボロン酸であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記電極が、金電極、銀電極、銅電極、白金電極、インジウム-スズ酸化物(ITO)電極、パラジウム電極、鋼電極、ニッケルチタン合金電極、酸化チタン電極、二酸化ケイ素電極、水晶電極、酸化アルミニウム電極、ガリウムヒ素電極、ガラス電極、または、酸化タンタル電極であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記電極が、電界効果トランジスタのゲート電極に電気的に接続されている
ことを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項9に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記電極は、前記電界効果トランジスタから離れて配置されており、
前記電極は、配線を介して、前記電界効果トランジスタの前記ゲート電極と電気的に接続されていることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項9に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記電極が、前記電界効果トランジスタのゲート絶縁膜上に直接に載置されることにより、前記ゲート絶縁膜に電気的に接続されていることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記電極が、信号増幅器に電気的に接続されていることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項12に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記信号増幅器が、オペアンプであることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記ポリマー層は、
(a):1または複数種のモノマー、前記検出対象物質、および、前記識別物質、を含むモノマー溶液を前記電極の表面の全部又は一部において重合させることにより、前記電極の表面の全部または一部に超薄膜層であるポリマー層を形成させるステップ、および、
(b):前記ステップ(a)の後、前記ポリマー層から前記検出対象物質を除去することにより、前記ポリマー層に前記検出対象物質の分子構造と相補的な構造を有する分子鋳型を形成させるステップ、
を含む方法によって形成されることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項14に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記モノマー溶液の重合が、リビングラジカル重合、または、電解重合であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項15に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記リビングラジカル重合は、原子移動ラジカル重合(ATRP)、可逆的付加-開裂連鎖移動重合(RAFT)、または、ニトロキシドを介した重合(NMP)であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項16に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記リビングラジカル重合は、原子移動ラジカル重合(ATRP)であり、
前記ステップ(a)に先立って、重合開始分子が電極の表面の全部又は一部にあらかじめ結合されることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項14に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記ステップ(a)が、1または複数種のモノマー、前記検出対象物質、および、前記識別物質、を含むモノマー溶液を、スピンコートを用いて電極の表面の全部又は一部に適用し、適用されたモノマー溶液を重合させることにより、前記電極の表面の全部または一部に超薄膜層のポリマー層を形成させるステップ、であることを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - 請求項14~18のいずれか1項に記載のバイオセンサであって、
前記モノマー溶液が、アクリルアミド誘導体、メタクリルアミド誘導体、アクリレート誘導体、メタクリレート誘導体、アクリロニトリル、2-ビニルピリジン、4-ビニルピリジン、N-ビニル-2-ピロリドンおよび酢酸ビニルからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類のモノマーを含むことを特徴とする、
バイオセンサ。 - バイオセンサにおいて使用される電極であって、
前記バイオセンサは、検出対象物質が識別物質に結合することにより生じる前記電極の電荷密度の変化を検出するバイオセンサであり、
前記電極は、前記検出対象物質と結合することができる前記識別物質の電荷を帯電する電極であり、
前記電極の表面はポリカテコールアミンによりコーティングされており、
ポリカテコールアミンによりコーティングされた前記電極の表面の全部又は一部には、さらに検出対象物質の分子構造と相補的な構造を有する分子鋳型が形成されたポリマー層が形成されており、
前記ポリマー層には前記識別物質を含み、
前記ポリマー層は超薄膜層である
ことを特徴とする、
電極。
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