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WO2018190559A1 - Solution d'électrodéposition pour métal lithium, et procédé de fabrication d'électrode métallique au lithium à l'aide de celle-ci - Google Patents

Solution d'électrodéposition pour métal lithium, et procédé de fabrication d'électrode métallique au lithium à l'aide de celle-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018190559A1
WO2018190559A1 PCT/KR2018/003951 KR2018003951W WO2018190559A1 WO 2018190559 A1 WO2018190559 A1 WO 2018190559A1 KR 2018003951 W KR2018003951 W KR 2018003951W WO 2018190559 A1 WO2018190559 A1 WO 2018190559A1
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Prior art keywords
lithium
lithium metal
nitrate
electroplating
metal electrode
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Application number
PCT/KR2018/003951
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English (en)
Korean (ko)
Inventor
박창훈
장민철
성다영
박세호
김도연
강동현
Original Assignee
주식회사 엘지화학
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority claimed from KR1020180038063A external-priority patent/KR101990618B1/ko
Application filed by 주식회사 엘지화학 filed Critical 주식회사 엘지화학
Priority to JP2019537737A priority Critical patent/JP6732319B2/ja
Priority to CN201880004373.2A priority patent/CN109964342B/zh
Priority to EP18784957.5A priority patent/EP3514859B1/fr
Priority to US16/337,804 priority patent/US10858749B2/en
Publication of WO2018190559A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018190559A1/fr

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04Processes of manufacture in general
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/139Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/1395Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/66Selection of materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/64Carriers or collectors
    • H01M4/70Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electroplating solution for lithium metal and a method for producing a high capacity lithium metal electrode using the same.
  • Representative high capacity batteries of lithium secondary batteries include lithium sulfur batteries, lithium air batteries, and the like, and they commonly use lithium metal as a high capacity negative electrode material.
  • Lithium metal is an ideal material as a cathode of a high energy density lithium secondary battery with a high theoretical capacity of 3862 mAh / g and a low standard electrode potential (-3.04 vs SHE).
  • a negative electrode material of the lithium battery due to the deterioration of safety due to the internal short circuit of the battery due to lithium dendrite growth, there is a problem when commercializing as a negative electrode material of the lithium battery.
  • irreversible may be generated by forming a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer according to a combination of a solvent and a salt of the electrolyte.
  • SEI solid electrolyte interphase
  • the SEI layer When the SEI layer is unstable, the direct reaction between the electrolyte and the lithium metal continuously occurs, thereby causing additional irreversibility, which may cause a decrease in the charge and discharge efficiency of the lithium metal.
  • the electrolyte may be depleted due to the consumption of the electrolyte used in generating the SEI layer, and the life of the battery may be reduced by the gas generated as a by-product.
  • the inventors of the present invention have conducted various researches to solve the above problems.
  • the lithium metal electrode was manufactured by electroplating, and the lithium metal electrode with controlled surface properties was manufactured by changing the composition of the plating solution used during electroplating. It was confirmed that the lithium metal electrode manufactured by the method described above exhibited flat surface characteristics, thereby improving the life characteristics of the battery.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide an electroplating solution for lithium metal capable of producing a lithium metal electrode.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a method of manufacturing a high capacity lithium metal electrode.
  • the present invention is an electroplating solution for lithium metal
  • the plating solution is an ether solvent; Lithium salts; Lithium nitrate; And it provides an electroplating solution for lithium metal containing an additive represented by the formula (1).
  • M is Cs, Rb, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na or Mg, and x is 2 or 3.
  • the plating solution may use at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium salt, lithium ingot and transition metal oxide as a source of lithium metal.
  • the lithium salt may be included in a concentration of 1 M to 7 M.
  • the lithium nitrate may be included in 1 to 5% by weight.
  • Concentration ratio ([Li + ] / [M + ]) of Li + of the lithium nitrate and M + of the additive represented by Formula 1 may be 10 or more.
  • the ether solvent may be at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl ether and dibutyl ether.
  • the lithium salt is LiFSI, LiPF 6 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, may be one or more selected from the group consisting of one or more selected from the group consisting of lithium chloroborane and lithium 4-phenyl borate.
  • the lithium nitrate may be at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) and lithium nitrite (LiNO 2 ).
  • the additive is selected from the group consisting of potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), cesium nitrate (CsNO 3 ), magnesium nitrate (MgNO 3 ), barium nitrate (BaNO 3 ), potassium nitrite (KNO 2 ) and cesium nitrite (CsNO 2 ). It may be one or more.
  • the lithium nitrate and the additive may be lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) and cesium nitrate (CsNO 3 ), respectively.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a lithium metal electrode using electroplating, the method of manufacturing a lithium metal electrode electroplating lithium metal on a current collector using the plating solution.
  • the method of manufacturing a lithium metal electrode includes: (a) immersing a source of lithium metal and a current collector to be electroplated with lithium metal in the plating solution; And (b) electroplating lithium metal on the current collector by applying a reduction potential to the plating solution.
  • the source of the lithium metal may be at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium salts, lithium ingots and transition metal oxides.
  • the current collector may be selected from the group consisting of Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, SUS (steel use stainless) and Ti, and may be in the form of a three-dimensional structure.
  • the electroplating solution for lithium metal according to the present invention is used for the electroplating of lithium metal, and using at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium salt, lithium ingot and transition metal oxide as a source of lithium metal among electroplating.
  • the surface characteristics of the lithium metal electrode manufactured according to the composition of the plating solution can be controlled.
  • LiNO 3 lithium nitrate
  • CsNO 3 cesium nitrate
  • a metal electrode can be manufactured.
  • a lithium metal electrode can be manufactured using various current collectors, such as Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, SUS, and Ti, which have been difficult to use by conventional rolling methods.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a lithium half battery capable of electroplating according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a lithium source according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to an electroplating solution for lithium metal, ether solvent; Lithium salts; Lithium nitrate; And an additive represented by Formula 1 below.
  • M is Cs, Rb, K, Ba, Sr, Ca, Na or Mg, and x is 2 or 3.
  • the plating solution of the present invention is used for the electroplating of lithium metal, in particular lithium salt (Li Salt), lithium ingot and transition metal oxide as a source of lithium metal during electroplating
  • lithium salt Li Salt
  • lithium ingot lithium ingot
  • transition metal oxide transition metal oxide
  • One or more selected from the group consisting of may be used for the use for the electroplating, if the compound that can provide a lithium ion is not limited thereto (FIG. 2).
  • the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAl0 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiC 4 F9SO 3 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 3 ) 2 , LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 .
  • the transition metal oxide is LiM'O 2 (M 'is Co, Ni or Mn), Li 1 + x Mn 2 - x O 4 + (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3) and LiNi 1 - x M x O 2 (M May be Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, or Ga, and 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.3).
  • the ether solvent is a non-aqueous solvent for forming an ether plating solution
  • tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF), dimethyl ether (DME) and dibutyl ether ( DBE) may be one or more selected from the group consisting of, in particular, when using dimethyl ether (DME) may be advantageous for electroplating lithium metal on the current collector.
  • the lithium salt is LiFSI, LiPF 6 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI, LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , LiPF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , 1 selected from the group consisting of at least one selected from the group consisting of LiPF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, chloroborane lithium and lithium 4-phenyl borate It may be more than one species, and in particular, when using LiFSI may be advantageous for electroplating lithium metal on the current collector.
  • the concentration of the lithium salt may be appropriately adjusted according to the composition of the plating solution, for example, may be 1.0 M to 7.0 M, preferably 1 M to 4 M. If the lithium salt is less than 1.0 M, the conductivity of the plating solution may not be good, and thus the high rate discharge characteristics and lifetime characteristics may be reduced. Can be degraded.
  • the plating solution may form a stable film on the lithium metal electrode by the lithium nitrate and the additive represented by the formula (1) having a NO bond in the molecule, thereby, side reaction of the lithium metal and the plating solution As this is suppressed, the stability of the lithium metal electrode and the plating solution is further improved, and the life of the battery can be greatly improved.
  • the lithium nitrate may be at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) and lithium nitrite (LiNO 2 ), and the additive may be potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ), cesium nitrate (CsNO 3 ), It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of magnesium nitrate (MgNO 3 ), barium nitrate (BaNO 3 ), potassium nitrite (KNO 2 ) and cesium nitrite (CsNO 2 ).
  • the lithium nitrate may be included in an amount of 1 to 5 wt% based on the total weight of the plating solution represented by Formula 1, and when the content of the additive is less than 1 wt%, the amount of product (Li x NO y ) is excessively small.
  • a protective layer there is a problem that the thickness is not sufficient, and when it is more than 5% by weight, there may be a problem such as deterioration of efficiency due to excessive consumption of lithium as an active material when the protective layer is generated.
  • the amount of the lithium nitrate and the additive represented by the formula (1) is a concentration ratio of Li + derived from the lithium nitrate and the M + derived from the additive represented by the formula (1) ([Li + ] / [M + ] Can be defined as
  • the concentration ratio ([Li + ] / [M + ]) may be 10 or more. When the concentration ratio is less than the above range, M + may be reduced without being present in an ionic state, and thus, lithium dendrite inhibitory effect may be insignificant, and surface planarization may be difficult.
  • the concentration ratio (Li + ] / [M + ]) may be 10 to 40.
  • the plating solution may be advantageous to planarize the surface of the lithium metal electrode when lithium nitrate and additives include lithium nitrate (LiNO 3 ) and cesium nitrate (CsNO 3 ), respectively.
  • lithium nitrate LiNO 3
  • CsNO 3 cesium nitrate
  • the concentration in the plating solution may be 0.1 M or less per Li + 1M.
  • the reduction potential of Cs + ions changes according to the concentration.
  • the concentration of Cs + per 1M Li + is more than 0.1M, the Cs + ions become higher than the reduction potential of Li + ions. Reduced before + ions. Since Cs + must be present on the surface in the ionic state, it is possible to inhibit dendrite as a leveler. Therefore, the concentration of Cs + per 1M of Li + ions may be 0.1M or less, preferably, Cs + 0.03 to 0.07 per 1M of Li +. Can be M.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a lithium metal electrode using electroplating, the method of manufacturing a lithium metal electrode characterized in that the surface of the lithium metal electrode produced according to the composition of the plating solution used during the electroplating is controlled. It is about.
  • electroplating may be performed using a lithium half battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a half cell that can be electroplated according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the upper surface of the upper lithium metal 40 of the Cu current collector 10 is used by using a Cu current collector 10 as a cathode, a source of lithium metal 20 as an anode, and an ether plating solution 30. By plating, a lithium metal electrode may be manufactured.
  • the specific conditions of the electroplating is C-rate 0.01 to 0.5 C, it may be to use a current with a current density of 0.1 to 5 mAh / cm2, if out of the conditions of such electroplating, when electroplating lithium metal
  • the surface characteristics of the formed lithium metal electrode may be degraded. That is, a problem may arise such that the surface of the lithium metal electrode is not electroplated flat or the thickness of the electroplating becomes thick.
  • the ether-based plating solution 30 is the same as the electroplating solution for lithium metal as described above.
  • the source of lithium metal 20 is also as described above.
  • the current collector capable of electroplating lithium metal may be selected from the group consisting of Cu, Al, Ni, Fe, SUS (steel use stainless) and Ti, the current collector may be in the form of a three-dimensional structure have.
  • Such a current collector could not be used in a rolling process used in lithium metal in the prior art, and there is an advantage in that various current collectors can be used by electroplating using an ether plating solution.
  • the lithium metal electrode manufactured by the electroplating method as described above may have a flatter surface due to reduced surface roughness.
  • a lithium metal electrode having a flat surface it is possible to prevent the lithium growth generated during charging and discharging to grow into a needle shape that causes internal short circuits, thereby improving battery driving safety.
  • lithium metal can be electroplated to a thin thickness which cannot be manufactured by the conventional rolling process, and finally, a lithium metal electrode having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m or less can be produced by rolling.
  • lithium dendrites formed on the surface of the lithium metal electrode it is also possible to control the shape of the lithium dendrites formed on the surface of the lithium metal electrode according to the composition of the ether-based plating solution used during the electroplating.
  • lithium dendrites are needle-shaped, lithium dendrites easily fall out of the electrode and lose their electrical conductivity, increasing the probability of dead lithiation, leading to reduced efficiency.
  • needle type it may cause a short-circuit through the separator and cause a fire due to excessive heat.
  • the composition of the ether-based plating solution to control the surface characteristics of the lithium metal electrode, for example, roughness, degree of flattening, thickness
  • the shape of the lithium dendrites can improve the life characteristics of the battery to which the lithium metal electrode is applied.
  • Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 the lithium metal is plated on the Cu current collector by electroplating, and the composition of the plating solution used during the electroplating is changed as shown in Table 1 below. Prepared.
  • Example 1 DME LiFSI (3M) LiNO 3 (2 wt.%) CsNO 3 (0.15M) 20
  • Example 2 DME LiFSI (1M) LiNO 3 (2 wt.%) CsNO 3 (0.15M) 20
  • Example 3 DME LiFSI (3M) LiNO 3 (2 wt.%) CsNO 3 (0.05M) 60
  • Example 4 DME LiFSI (3M) LiNO 3 (2 wt.%) CsNO 3 (0.3M) 10
  • Concentration ratio ([Li + ] / [M + ]) means the concentration ratio of Li + of lithium nitrate and Cs + of additive.
  • a lithium metal electrode was prepared by plating lithium metal on a Cu current collector by electroplating.
  • the plating solution is dissolved in LiFSI lithium salt in dimethyl ether (DME) ether solvent to be 3M, and then added so that the lithium nitrate LiNO 3 is 2% by weight based on the total weight of the plating solution.
  • the LiNO 3 was used as the plating solution was prepared such that the Li + and derived additive CsNO 3 Cs + concentration ratio ([Li +] / [Cs +]) 20 of the origin (Table 1).
  • C-rate 0.2 C (using a Cu current collector as a negative electrode and using a lithium half battery including a positive electrode containing LiCoO 2 as a lithium source, a polyethylene separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode and the plating solution) 0.95 mA) and 3 mA / cm ⁇ 2> of electric current, and electroplating was performed.
  • a lithium metal electrode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that electrolytic plating was performed by dissolving LiFSI, which is a lithium salt, to 1 M.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out, except that the plating solution was dissolved in LiPF 6, which is a lithium salt, in a carbonate solvent of EC: DEC: DMC (25:50:25 v / v) as shown in Table 1. After this, a lithium metal electrode was manufactured using a plating solution in which VC (vinyl carbonate) was dissolved by 2% by weight based on the total plating solution weight.
  • VC vinyl carbonate
  • EC ethylene carbonate
  • DEC diethlyene carbonate
  • DMC dimethylene carbonate.
  • Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that the plating solution was dissolved in LiFSI, which is a lithium salt, in dimethyl ether (DME), an ether solvent, to 1 M, and LiNO 3, which was a lithium nitrate, was By adding 2% by weight, using a plating solution prepared without using an additive, a lithium metal electrode was prepared.
  • LiFSI dimethyl ether
  • DME dimethyl ether
  • LiNO 3 which was a lithium nitrate
  • Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that the plating solution was dissolved in LiFSI, which is a lithium salt, in dimethyl ether (DME), an ether solvent, to 2 M, and LiNO 3, which was a lithium nitrate, was By adding 2% by weight, using a plating solution prepared without using an additive, a lithium metal electrode was prepared.
  • LiFSI dimethyl ether
  • DME dimethyl ether
  • LiNO 3 which was a lithium nitrate
  • Example 2 The same procedure as in Example 1 was carried out except that the plating solution was dissolved in LiFSI, which is a lithium salt, in dimethyl ether (DME), an ether solvent, to 3 M, and LiNO 3, which was a lithium nitrate, was A lithium metal electrode was prepared using a plating solution prepared by adding CsNO 3 as an additive to 0.15 M without using it.
  • LiFSI dimethyl ether
  • DME dimethyl ether
  • LiNO 3 which was a lithium nitrate
  • the surface of the lithium metal electrode prepared in Example 1 has a relatively flat surface.
  • Comparative Example 1 using a carbonate solvent had the best surface flatness and lithium dendrite was observed in the acicular form.
  • the lithium dendrites are needle-shaped, the lithium dendrites easily fall out of the electrode and lose their electrical conductivity, which increases the probability of dead lithiation, leading to reduced efficiency.
  • lithium dendrite when lithium dendrite is acicular, it may cause a problem such as causing a short-circuit through a separator and causing a fire due to excessive heat. Therefore, when the dendrite grows flat, the efficiency of lithium metal can be increased by reducing the probability of the dendrite falling out of the electrode and losing its function as an active material, and the safety can be greatly improved by preventing the short circuit occurring when the membrane is destroyed. .

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une solution d'électrodéposition pour un métal lithium, et un procédé de fabrication d'une électrode métallique au lithium à l'aide de celle-ci et, plus spécifiquement, une électrode métallique au lithium est fabriquée à l'aide d'une électrodéposition, l'électrode métallique au lithium présentant des caractéristiques de surface améliorées pouvant être fabriquée par électrodéposition à l'aide d'une solution de placage comprenant du nitrure de lithium et un nitrure métallique, et les caractéristiques de durée de vie d'une batterie peuvent être améliorées par l'application de l'électrode métallique au lithium à la batterie.
PCT/KR2018/003951 2017-04-14 2018-04-04 Solution d'électrodéposition pour métal lithium, et procédé de fabrication d'électrode métallique au lithium à l'aide de celle-ci WO2018190559A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2019537737A JP6732319B2 (ja) 2017-04-14 2018-04-04 リチウム金属用電気めっき溶液及びこれを利用したリチウム金属電極の製造方法
CN201880004373.2A CN109964342B (zh) 2017-04-14 2018-04-04 锂金属用电镀溶液和通过使用该锂金属用电镀溶液制造锂金属电极的方法
EP18784957.5A EP3514859B1 (fr) 2017-04-14 2018-04-04 Solution d'électrodéposition pour métal lithium, et procédé de fabrication d'électrode métallique au lithium à l'aide de celle-ci
US16/337,804 US10858749B2 (en) 2017-04-14 2018-04-04 Electroplating solution for lithium metal, and method for manufacturing lithium metal electrode by using same

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KR20170048299 2017-04-14
KR10-2017-0048299 2017-04-14
KR10-2018-0038063 2018-04-02
KR1020180038063A KR101990618B1 (ko) 2017-04-14 2018-04-02 리튬 금속용 전기 도금용액 및 이를 이용한 리튬 금속전극의 제조방법

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Cited By (2)

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KR20200118981A (ko) * 2019-04-09 2020-10-19 한국생산기술연구원 이종의 전해액 및 양이온교환막을 포함하는 도금조 및 이를 이용한 리튬금속 도금방법
WO2023163593A1 (fr) 2022-02-24 2023-08-31 Lionvolt B.V. Anode protégée préchargée, batterie et procédé de fabrication

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20200118981A (ko) * 2019-04-09 2020-10-19 한국생산기술연구원 이종의 전해액 및 양이온교환막을 포함하는 도금조 및 이를 이용한 리튬금속 도금방법
KR102201710B1 (ko) * 2019-04-09 2021-01-12 한국생산기술연구원 이종의 전해액 및 양이온교환막을 포함하는 도금조 및 이를 이용한 리튬금속 도금방법
WO2023163593A1 (fr) 2022-02-24 2023-08-31 Lionvolt B.V. Anode protégée préchargée, batterie et procédé de fabrication
NL2031071B1 (en) 2022-02-24 2023-09-06 Lionvolt B V Pre-loaded protected anode, battery and manufacturing method

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