WO2018195621A1 - Binary-cycle turbine engine comprising three isobaric processes and four adiabatic processes and a method for controlling the thermodynamic cycle of the turbine engine - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heat engine containing an isobaric expansion heating chamber (22), a three-way proportional control valve (23), two turbine rotors (24) and (25) and two compressor rotors (26) and (27), all connected to the shaft (210), a thermally insulated isobaric compression chamber (29) and an isobaric compression cooling chamber (28). These components form two subsystems, an energy conversion subsystem and an energy conservation subsystem, wherein both implement an interdependent, but not differential, binary thermodynamic cycle. Operating with gas, implementing a thermodynamic cycle comprising seven continuous processes, that is to say all the processes take place simultaneously, three of these processes being "isobaric" and four being "adiabatic" with variable mass transfer from one of the subsystems to the other dynamically, which transfer may be zero or partial.

Description

 "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES AND CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE"

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a turbine-type thermal motor and its seven-process thermodynamic cycle, more specifically a thermal machine characterized by an energy conversion subsystem and an energy conservation subsystem and both perform an interdependent but non-differential binary thermodynamic cycle, operates on gas, this system performs a thermodynamic cycle composed of seven continuous processes, that is, all processes occur simultaneously, three of which are "isobaric" and four "adiabatic" with transfer of processes. dynamically varying mass from one subsystem to another, which may be null or partial.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[002] Classical thermodynamics defines three concepts of thermodynamic systems, the open thermodynamic system, the closed thermodynamic system and the isolated thermodynamic system. These three concepts of thermodynamic systems were conceptualized in the nineteenth century in the early days of the creation of the laws of thermodynamics and underlie all motor cycles known to date.

The isolated thermodynamic system is defined as a system in which neither matter nor energy passes through it. Therefore, this concept of thermodynamic system does not offer properties that allow the development of motors. The open thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which energy and matter can enter and leave this system. Examples of an open thermodynamic system are the Otkins cycle Atkinson cycle internal combustion engines, Sabathe cycle Otto cycle diesel cycle, Brayton diesel cycle internal combustion engine, Rankine exhaust cycle from steam to the environment. The materials that come into these systems are fuels and oxygen or working fluid or working gas. The energy that enters these systems is heat. The materials that come out of these systems are the combustion or working fluid exhaust, gases, waste, the energies that come out of these systems are the mechanical working energy and part of the heat dissipated.

[005] The closed thermodynamic system is defined as a thermodynamic system in which only energy can enter and leave this system. Examples of closed thermodynamic systems are external combustion engines such as Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle, Rankine cycle with closed circuit working fluid, Brayton heat cycle or external combustion, Carnot cycle. The energy that enters this system is heat. The energies that come out of this system are the working mechanical energy and part of the heat dissipated, but no matter comes out of these systems, as they do in the open system.

[006] Both open and closed systems, all working gas mass is exposed to incoming energy, heat or combustion and all of it is exposed to cooling or cooling, that is, working gas mass is constant in their processes and the difference between them is that in the open system the working gas mass goes through the system, and in the closed system the mass remains in the system.

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[007] The engines known until the year 2010 are based on open thermodynamic systems or closed thermodynamic systems, they have their thermodynamic cycles composed of a series of sequential and independent processes, and only one process occurs at a time until the cycle completes, in some cases the processes that form its cycle all occur simultaneously. but with constant gas mass within a single system, such as Brayton cycle turbine engines for example, which is formed by two isobaric and two adiabatic processes. Therefore, form the state acts! from the technique until the year 2010 the cycle engines Otto, Âtkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton, Rankine, Stirling, Ericsson and the ideal theoretical cycle of Carnot.

Joule (a) The internal working gas energy of motors based on open and closed systems is not constant during its cycle, the equation representing internal energy is given in equation (a). li ~

Joule

In equation (a), (U) represents the internal energy in "Joule", (ri) represents the number of mol, (R) represents the universal constant of perfect gases, (7) represents the temperature of the gas in "Kelvin" and (γ) represent the adiabatic expansion coefficient.

[01 0] Since only one process occurs at a time in motors designed with the concept of open or closed system, the internal energy varies over time, since the product: number of mol (ri) by temperature (7), (n. T) is not constant during the cycle because temperature (7) is a process variable and the number of mol (n) is a process constant.

[01 1] The current state of the art that characterizes all engines is further characterized by the property where the process output, the work, is a direct consequence of the input of energy, heat or combustion, ie when more work is required. injects more heat or promotes more combustion, all processes that form the engine cycle are equally influenced, in other words, the engines are controlled by direct power. For example, in internal combustion engines, Otto, Diesel, Brayton, to get more power, more fuel, more oxygen is injected and thus more work is done, more rotation. For greater power with constant speed, gearboxes or speed transformation are usually used. By analogy, such technologies can be compared in electricity to direct current motors, which, to increase horsepower, increase the motor supply voltage.

[012] The current state of the art comprises a number of engines, most of them dependent on very specific and special conditions to operate, for example, internal combustion engines, each requiring its own specific fuel, fine fuel control, oxygen and combustion time and in some cases require specific conditions including pressure, fuel flexibility is quite limited. In this category, of the engines based on open and closed systems, the most flexible engine is the Rankine cycle, external combustion, Stirling or Ericsson, also external combustion, these are more flexible in their source.

[013] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require combustion, that is, the burning of some type of fuel, and therefore the need for oxygen.

[014] The current state of the art comprises a series of engine cycles, most of which require high operating temperatures, especially those of internal combustion, usually operating with working gas at temperatures above 1500 ° C. External combustion engines or engines operating from external heat sources, such as Rankine and Stirling cycle, are typically designed to operate at working gas temperatures between 400 ° C and 800 ° C. In addition to motors based on open and closed systems, they often require high temperatures to operate, all of them have their efficiencies limited to Carnot's theorem, that is, their maximum efficiencies depend exclusively on temperatures as defined by equation (b).

[015] In equation (b), {]) is the yield, (77) is the cold source temperature and (7qf) is the hot source temperature, both in "Kelvin".

[016] The current state of the art, based on open and closed systems, comprises basically six motor cycles and some versions thereof: the Afkinson cycle Otto cycle, similar to the Sabathe cycle Diesel cycle Otto cycle, similar to the Diesel, Brayton cycle, Rankine cycle, Stirling cycle, Ericsson cycle and Carnot cycle, ideal theoretical reference for engines based on open and closed systems. The latest developments in the current state of the art have been introduced through innovations by joining more than one old cycle into combined cycles, ie: new engine systems composed of a Brayton cycle machine operating on fossil fuels, gas or oil. and a heat-dependent Rankine cycle machine rejected by the Brayton cycle machine. Or the same philosophy, combining a diesel engine with a Rankine cycle engine or an Otto cycle engine, also joining it with a Rankine cycle engine.

[017] The current state of the art has a number of limitations and also offers a number of problems. Most engines, such as Otto, Âtkinson, Diesel, Sabathe and Brayton internal combustion engines, require specific fuels for each concept, for example: gasoline, diesel, gas, kerosene, coal, and high calorific power, They have to work under high temperatures and consequently, for many years, have been relying on fossil fuels, bringing severe damage to the climate and the environment, that is, they are characterized by non-sustainability. The system thermodynamic under which these motors are designed, bring as a limitation of efficiency the Carnot theorem which, due to its principle, imposes the limit of efficiency as a direct and exclusive function of temperatures, according to equation (b).

[018] Most engines today require refined and polluting fuels that have a detrimental effect on the climate and the environment and thus compromise sustainability. One of the latest technologies developed to minimize impact was the joining of two old engine concepts, the Brayton cycle engine and the Rankine cycle engine, forming a system composed of two combined cycles, such that the heat waste The first machine is used by the second machine to improve the efficiency of the set, but the use of fossil fuels and their effects remain. The combined cycle continues to be characterized by an open engine concept and an independent closed engine concept, ie it is classified as a combined system, two completely independent cycles, not characterized as a hybrid or binary system.

[019] The other engines, Stirling and Ericsson cycle, are engines under the closed system concept, are of external combustion or external heat source. Because of their properties, although they have the simplest motor concepts, they are difficult to build. They require parameters of married designs, that is, they work well with good efficiency only in their specific operating regime, temperature, pressure, load, but outside the central point of operation their efficiencies drop sharply or do not operate, so they are machines very little used for industrial or popular use.

[020] Carnot's ideal engine, while considered the ideal, most perfect engine to date, is in theory and within open and closed system concepts considering all ideal parameters, so it is the reference to date for all existing engine concepts. THE Carnot's moor is not found in practical use because real materials lack the properties required to make Carnot's engine a reality, the physical dimensions for Carnot's cycle to be performed as in theory would be unviable in a practical case, therefore it is an ideal engine in open system and closed system concepts, but only in the theoretical concept.

[021] Power, rotation and torque control of existing Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton cycle engines, these internal combustion engines, are derived directly from the fuel and oxygen supply and as a result offer increased engine speed and torque. simultaneously. For separation between torque and rotation, they require gearboxes. These machines do not allow controllability, or at the very least, offer difficulties in controllability through their thermodynamic cycles.

[022] The power, speed and torque control of existing Rankine cycle engines, which are external combustion, are due to the flow and working pressure of steam or gas, and as a result offer interdependent variations in speed and torque simultaneously. There is separate controllability between torque and rotation.

[023] The power, speed and torque control of existing Stirling and Ericsson cycle engines, these from external combustion, are due to working gas mass or pressure, temperatures, construction geometry, and as a result offer interdependent variations of rotation and torque simultaneously, there is no separate controllability between torque and rotation. These machines have very narrow operating curves offering low controllability and a narrow operating range. In these cases designs that do not work are common because the parameters in their interdependencies may not provide the conditions that cause the engine to run. [024J The state acts! of the technique, recently revealed some references that already have similar concepts of the hybrid or binary system, are engines that have characteristics of having two interdependent thermodynamic cycles constituting a complex cycle formed by eight processes, always with two processes operating simultaneously in a system formed by two integrated energy-to-work subsystems. The patent "PI 1000624-9" registered in Brazil defined as "Thermomechanical Energy Converter" consists of two subsystems operating through a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes and four isochoric processes without regeneration. United States Patent "PCT / BR2013 / 000222" defined as "Carnot Thermodynamic Cycle Thermal Control Machine and Control Process" which is comprised of two power conversion subsystems and operates In each subsystem, a thermodynamic cycle formed by two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. United States Patent "PCT / BR2014 / 000381" defined as "Thermal Thermodynamic Transform Differential Thermal Machine and Control Process" which consists of two energy conversion sub-systems and operates a thermodynamic cycle formed by four isothermal processes of four adiabatic processes. These references differ from the present invention especially by two very striking features, the most important being that the references cited are characterized by differential cycles and have two energy conversion to work subsystems, while the proposed technology has a energy conversion to work subsystem. and the other energy conservation subsystem, and its cycle is binary and not differential and processes are continuous, that is, all processes that form its cycle occur simultaneously. The hybrid or binary thermodynamic system concept provides the basis for the development of new thermal motor families, the differential binary cycle thermal motor family and the family of Non-differential binary cycle thermal motors and each motor will have its own characteristics according to the processes and phases that constitute its respective thermodynamic cycles.

[025] Therefore thermal motors can be classified as follows: open system based thermal motors, closed system based thermal motors, differential binary cycle hybrid thermal motors and non-differential binary cycle hybrid thermal motors .

[026] Otto cycle internal combustion engines, Atkinson internal combustion cycle engines, Diesel internal combustion cycle engines, Sabathe internal combustion cycle engines, Brayton internal combustion cycle engines are part of the open system.

[027] The closed system is Stirling cycle engines, Ericsson cycle engines, Rankine cycle engines, Brayton external combustion cycle engines, Carnot cycle engines.

[028] The hybrid differential cycle system comprises all engines formed by two energy-to-work conversion subsystems. The non-differential binary hybrid cycle system comprises all motors made up of a working energy conversion subsystem and an energy conservation subsystem.

OBJECTIVES GIVES INVENTION

[029] The major problems of the state of the art are, therefore, the difficulty of current technologies to meet sustainable projects, due to dependence on fossil fuels, pollutants, with severe impacts on the environment and climate, low efficiency, limited exclusively to temperatures. , demonstrated by Carnot's theorem, low level of controllability due to limitations in model parameter variability based on open and closed thermodynamic systems, lack of flexibility in energy sources, many require refined and specific fuels, dependence on air (oxygen) for combustion.

[030] Another major problem of the state of the art is technologies for space applications in generating electricity for eelectric systems and for generating electricity for electricity based propulsion systems such as ion motors. Solar panels require large dimensions for reasonable energy production, limiting them to projects not far from the sun, combustion thermal machines require fuels, oxygen, so these designs are limited to near-earth applications, so technologies based on In thermonuclear energy and for this purpose, high efficiency, controllable thermal motors that can operate over wide temperature ranges become the most viable solutions within the frontiers of science today.

[031] The aim of the invention focuses on eliminating some of the existing problems, minimizing other problems and offering new possibilities. To achieve these objectives, a new concept of thermal motors has become indispensable and the creation of new motor motors is necessary. so that the efficiency of the engines is no longer dependent solely on temperatures and whose energy sources can be diversified and that allow the design of engines for environments even without air (oxygen). The concept of hybrid system and differential and binary cycles, the very characteristic that underlies this invention, eliminates the dependence of efficiency exclusively on temperature, the efficiency of any thermal machine depends on its potentials and their potential differentials, while open and closed systems generate potentials where the mass of gas is constant and for this reason they cancel out, demonstrated in the equations, the hybrid differential and binary cycle systems the mass is not necessarily constant, so they do not cancel and their efficiencies they depend on the potentials from which the driving force originates, that is, the pressures. The hybrid system concept provides dependent potentials proportional to the product of the working gas mass by temperature. As in the hybrid system, unlike open and closed systems, mass is variable, its efficiency becomes a non-temperature-dependent but mass-dependent function for a binary cycle motor composed of three isobaric processes and four adiabatic processes. By operating with two subsystems, one of energy conversion and one of energy conservation, the efficiency is demonstrated as presented in equation (c) and indicated by graph 213 of figure 2.

[032] In equation (c), (q) is the yield, (Ta) is the initial temperature of the high temperature isobaric process, (Tb) is the final temperature of the high temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize. with the hot source temperature (Tq), (Tc) is the initial temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, (Td) is the final temperature of the low temperature isobaric process, this temperature tends to equalize with the cold source temperature (Tf), all temperatures in "Kelvin", (n1) is the number of moles in the heating chamber shared by the energy conversion subsystem and the energy conservation subsystem, indicated by region (ab) indicated at 21 3 in Figure 2, (n2) is the number of moles of the energy conversion subsystem, indicated by region (cd) in drawings 21 and 213 of Figure 2.

[033] The high temperature dependence of most current state of the art engines also leads to the dependence on high calorific fuels, making it difficult to use clean sources which normally offer lower temperatures. hybrid system, and working fluid whose processes do not require the exchange of physical state, eliminates this obligation of high temperature dependence. The binary concept of the hybrid system always establishes a cycle formed by two interdependent subsystems, one of conversion and one of conservation, and all processes occur simultaneously, shown in graphs 19 of figure 1. 213 of FIGS. 2 and 32 of FIG. 3 enable machines that can operate at low temperatures and as a result renewable clean sources such as thermosolar, geothermal become fully viable and their efficiencies have the mass, or number moles, as shown in equation (c), as a parameter for obtaining better efficiencies, even with relatively low temperature differentials and thermonuclear energies for space uses, eliminating fuel dependency and high reservoir volumes.

[034] The major known thermodynamic cycles, Otto, Atkinson, Diesel, Sabathe, Brayton, Stirling, Ericsson, Rankine and the Carnot cycle operate on a single thermodynamic system and have a constant working gas mass, referenced to the mechanical cycle of the driving force elements, their control is a direct function of the power supply power, in turn the hybrid system binary cycles perform two interdependent cycles, for this reason is called binary and all their processes occur simultaneously indicated at 19, 213 and 32 of Figures 1, 2 and 3 respectively, enabling the control of the thermodynamic cycle separate from the mechanical cycle, the cycle can be modulated and thus the mechanical cycle becomes a consequence of the thermodynamic cycle and not the other way around as in open and closed system motors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[035] Binary cycle turbine engines are characterized by having two subsystems, forming a complex hybrid system, represented by 21 in figure 2, each subsystem executes a cycle referenced to the other subsystem in order to always execute all its processes. simultaneous and interdependent. Otherwise, considering a hybrid binary cycle system with properties of both open and closed systems simultaneously, the system is said to perform a composite thermodynamic cycle, indicated by 19, 213 and 32 of Figures 1, 2 and 3, ie always runs all processes simultaneously, including mass transfer between subsystems. Therefore these are turbine engines and cycles completely different from engines and cycles based on open or closed or hybrid differential cycle systems. Figure 2 shows the correlation of the mechanical model indicated in 21 and the cycle graph indicated in 213.

The concept of binary cycles of the hybrid thermodynamic system is new, characterized by a system formed by two interdependent subsystems and between them there is exchange of matter and energy, and one of them supplies out of its boundaries energy in the form of work and part heat dissipated energy and the other subsystem is energy conservation. This thermodynamic system was created in the 21st century and offers new possibilities for the development of thermal motors.

[037] The present invention brings important developments for the conversion of thermal energy to mechanical either for use in power generation or other use, such as mechanical force for movement and traction. Some of the main advantages that can be seen are: the total flexibility as to the energy source (heat), the independence of the atmosphere, does not require atmosphere for a binary cycle motor to operate, the flexibility regarding the temperatures, the motor of Torque cycle can be designed to operate over a very wide temperature range, well above most motors based on open and closed systems, including a torque cycle motor can be designed to operate at both temperatures below zero degrees Celsius, it is sufficient that the design conditions promote the expansion and contraction of the working gas and that the materials chosen for their construction have the properties to perform their operational functions at design temperatures. Other important advantages that distinguish the hybrid cycle motors based on the hybrid system are their counter-reliability due to the ease of modulation promoted by the existence of two subsystems whose mass transfer between them is controlled by means of valves or other actuators in order to facilitate the operation. torque and rotation control. Therefore, the advantages observed include the flexibility of the sources, promoting the use of clean and renewable sources, thermonuclear source for space uses, as the operational advantages, being able to operate theoretically in any temperature range, in environments with or without atmosphere and its control property. of rotation and torque.

[038] Binary cycle turbine engines based on the hybrid system concept may be constructed from materials and techniques similar to conventional engines, such as Brayton cycle engines, as it is a closed-loop gas engine, Considering the complete system, this closed-circuit working gas concept with respect to the external environment indicates that the system must be sealed, or in some cases leaks may be allowed provided they are compensated. Suitable materials for this technology should be noted, which are similar in this respect to Brayton external combustion cycle engine design technologies. The working gas depends on the project, its application and the parameters used, the gas may be various, each will provide specific characteristics, as the gases may be suggested: helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, dry air, neon, among others.

[039J] Conversion chambers, items that characterize the hybrid system, may be constructed of various materials, depending on design temperatures, working gas used, pressures involved, environment and operating conditions. One of these chambers is heated by power source, another cooled by a cooling or cooling system and another is insulated and these must be designed observing the requirement of thermal insulation to each other, to minimize the direct flow of energy from hot to cold areas, this condition is important for overall system efficiency.

Mass transfer occurs via a valve 23, an expansion rotor 25, and a compression rotor 27, and this transfer always occurs after the conversion of energy into useful work in process (ab) shown in Figure 2. .

[041] The main driving force element is the turbine rotor indicated in 24 and is responsible for performing the mechanical work and making it available for use. This driving force element operates by the working gas forces of the engine.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[042] The attached figures show the main features and properties of the new hybrid thermodynamic concept, specifically on binary cycle turbine engines, as follows:

Figure 1, shown in 11 shows the curves that characterize the differential cycle of four isobaric processes and four adiabatic processes, is the cycle that most closely approximates the new seven-process binary cycle, both of which are based on the concept of hybrid thermodynamic system. but the differential cycle is characterized by two conversion subsystems and its cycle consists of eight processes where two simultaneous processes always occur at a time, and in the binary cycle turbine engine is characterized by a conversion subsystem, a conservation subsystem, and seven processes occur and all occur simultaneously, indicated at 19 in figure 1;

Figure 2, shown at 21, represents the engine's mechanical model. seven process, three isobaric and four adiabatic binary cycle turbine. In 213 the binary cycle mentions the regions of the mechanical model where the processes occur;

Figure 3, indicated at 31, shows a turbine engine concept model with an approximate realistic demonstration, and at 32 the binary cycle making reference to the regions of the mechanical concept model where the processes take place;

Figure 4 presents the turbine engine model with an approximate realistic demonstration again, pointing out in more detail its main elements and the channels and chambers where the conversion cycle and the energy conservation cycle occur;

Figure 5 represents, indicated in 51, 52 and 53 three curves of the binary cycle under different conditions between the conversion and conservation cycles, showing how the power differentials occur as a function of greater or lesser mass transfer between the subsystems;

Figure 8 is a diagram of an example of using a binary cycle turbine engine for power generation;

Figure 7 shows a diagram of an example of using a binary cycle turbine engine for power generation from a thermonuclear battery, pointing out possibilities for space designs or applications in environments without combustion atmosphere;

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[043J] The binary cycle engine consisting of an energy conversion subsystem, an energy conservation subsystem, an isobaric heating process, an isobaric cooling process, an isobaric thermally isolated compression process, two adiabatic expansion processes. and two adiabatic compression processes is based on a hybrid thermodynamic system because it has two interdependent thermodynamic subsystems which each perform an interacting thermodynamic cycle and can exchange heat, work and mass as shown in Figure 1, indicated by 19. Energy input is indicated by 1 10, energy output, ie cooling is indicated by 1 12, useful work is indicated by conversion cycle paths (abcda) and conserved energy is indicated by cycle paths conservation (ab-c'-d'-a).

[044] Figure 2 shows the hybrid thermodynamic system again and the non-differential binary thermodynamic cycle, 21 shows the mechanical model representing a binary cycle turbine motor, a heating chamber that is the power input, is shown in 22, in this chamber the mass of gas is heated by the power source in an isobaric pressure (Ph) process, the temperature increases from the value (Ta) to (Tb), the working gas gains pressure to act on the turbine rotors. Conversion 24 and Preservation 25, a three-way proportional control valve 23 is used to direct the desired gas mass to the preservation process. The turbine rotor of the conversion process 24 conducts the working gas to the cooling chamber 28, in this chamber the gas mass is cooled in an isobaric pressure (PL) process, the temperature decreases from the value (Tc) to (Td ), the conversion process compressor rotor 26 performs the gas compression process adiabatically back to the heating chamber 22. The conservation process turbine rotor 25 conducts the conservation gas mass to the compression chamber 29, thermally insulated, in this chamber the gas mass is cooled in an isobaric pressure (PL ') process, the temperature reduces from the value (Tc') to (Td '), the conservation process compressor rotor 27 performs the process of compression of the gas mass and its associated conservation energy adiabatically back to the heating chamber 22. The energy input is indicated by 21 1, the gas energy dissipation after it has performed 212. Useful work is obtained on axis 210. Therefore, the basic design of the binary cycle turbine engine is defined by two thermodynamic subsystems formed by four sets of rotors, 24, 25, 26 and 27, among these. , two sets for the energy conversion subsystem 24 and 26 and two sets for the energy conservation subsystem 25 and 27, an energy conversion subsystem formed by an isobaric expansion heating chamber 22, a turbine rotor 24, an adiabatic compression compressor rotor 26, an isobaric compression cooling chamber 28, an energy conservation subsystem formed by an isobaric expansion chamber 22 in common with the conversion subsystem, a turbine rotor adiabatic expansion 25, an adiabatic compression compressor rotor 27, a thermally insulated isobaric compression chamber 23, a proportional control valve connecting the isobaric expansion chamber 22 to the turbine rotors of the energy conversion subsystem 24 and the turbine rotors of the energy conservation subsystem 25, a mechanical power shaft 210 coupled to turbine rotors 24 and 25 and to the compressor rotors 26 and 27 of the energy conservation and conversion subsystems configuring a non-differential binary cycle turbine engine based on a hybrid thermodynamic system with properties of both open and closed systems containing working gas and these two subsystems perform a binary, interdependent cycle and all processes occur simultaneously, three of which are isobaric, (ab), (cd) and (c'-d '), four adiabatic, (bc), (b-c'), (da) and (d'-a), with variable mass transfer between the subsystems.

[045] In Figure 2, 213 shows the graph of pressure and volumetric displacement demonstrating how the processes that form the non-differential binary cycle that occur in the mechanical model of turbine engine 21 occur, all processes, also called thermodynamic transformations, occur simultaneously, the path (ab) shows the isobaric processes of alia temperature of the conversion subsystem and conservation subsystem, but in this path, the conservation process does not use the energy of the source, this only occurs at the operational start of the turbine engine until it reaches the potential differential, from this moment the energy is conserved, that is, the energy of the conservation cycle process (ab) equals the process energy (c'-d ^! ) of the conservation cycle compression process. Path (bc) represents the conversion subsystem adiabatic expansion process, this process has the same energy as the conversion subsystem adiabatic compression process (da). The path (b-c ') represents the adiabatic expansion process of the conservation subsystem, this process has the same energy as the adiabatic compression process (d' -a) of the conservation subsystem. The path (cd) represents the heat dissipation isobaric compression process of the energy conversion subsystem. Irajeio (c'-d ^! ) Represents the isobaric compression process of the conservation subsystem, this energy is not dissipated, it remains conserved to maintain thermodynamic potential. Therefore, the presented binary cycle turbine engine operates by a process composed of seven thermodynamic transformations, also called processes, which form the binary cycle of turbine engine 21 being a process or transformation of high temperature heating (ab) isobar expansion. energy conversion and conservation systems, and the gas fraction (Δη) of the conservation subsystem only receives energy from the hot source at the start of the turbine engine, and then in continuous operation, this fraction of gas conserves its energy by alternating between heat and kinetic energy by lending to maintain the engine's operating potentials, not being used to produce external work, an adiabatic power conversion subsystem (bc) expansion process or transformation, an adiabatic subsystem expansion process or transformation energy conservation (bc ^! ), a process or transformation of low temperature cooling (cd) isobar compression of the energy conversion means an isobaric (c'-d ') compression process or transformation of the energy conservation subsystem, an adiabatic compression process or transformation of the energy conversion (da) subsystem, an adiabatic compression process or transformation of the energy conservation subsystem (d'-a) is a modulation process or also called working gas mass transfer control and energy conservation through a three-way valve between the conversion and conservation subsystems that occurs together with the adiabatic expansion processes of both subsystems.

[046] The conservation subsystem has some very important functions, the most important being the definition of the potentials in which the engine will operate. Thermal motors operate between two potentials, because to produce work mass flow is required, and flux can only occur when there is a potential difference that generates a mass flow from the highest potential to the lowest potential, motion, and consequently, work. The thermal motors designed based on the open or closed systems have constant working gas mass, to generate potential difference a temperature difference is also necessary, when the mass is constant, the potential difference will depend on the temperature only verify through the equation of the universal gas law. The most important function of the conservation subsystem is to generate a difference also in the working gas mass between the heating and cooling chambers, so the potential difference will depend, besides the temperature difference, also on the mass difference, but it is important. Since the project considers that the engine will not be able to perform all the work that the gas mass and the temperature difference allow, part of this work cannot be used, it must be conserved with the function of maintaining the potential difference, that is, mass, this energy is not lost, it is conserved and promotes greater motor efficiency to the limit where all the mass is used for conservation, in which case the efficiency will tend to the maximum, close to 100%, but the work will tend to the minimum, close to zero. Therefore the design of an engine must follow criteria between efficiency and work. The motor needs power to generate the potential differential, but once established, it will be maintained throughout its operation, so the motor must be designed and its process controlled so that it does not convert useful work to energy. used to maintain the potential differential, if it does, efficiency will fall.

[047] Figure 3, shown at 31, shows a turbine engine concept model with an approximate realistic demonstration, in the region between points (a) and (b) the isobaric heating process occurs between points (b) and (c) the adiabatic process of expanding the energy conversion subsystem occurs between points (b) and (c ') the adiabatic process of expanding the energy conservation subsystem occurs between points (c) and (d ) occurs the isobaric process of cooling of the working gas of the energy conversion subsystem, between points (c ') and (d') occurs the isobaric process of compression of the energy conservation subsystem, between points (d) and (a) the adiabatic compression process of the energy conversion subsystem occurs, between points (d ') and (a) the adiabatic compression process of the energy conservation subsystem occurs.

[048] In Figure 3, indicated at 32, the graph of the non-differential torque cycle pressure and volumetric displacement that occurs in the mechanical model of the turbine engine indicated at 31 is shown, path (ab) shows the high temperature isobaric process of the conversion subsystem and conservation subsystem, but in this path, the conservation process does not use the energy of the source, this only occurs at the operational start of the engine until it reaches the potential differential, from this moment the energy is conserved that is, process (ab) of the conservation cycle is the same as process (c'-d ') of the compression process. The path (bc) represents the adiabatic expansion process of the conversion subsystem, this process energy equal to the adiabatic compression process of the conversion subsystem. The path (b-c ') represents the adiabatic expansion process of the conservation subsystem, this process in energy equal to the adiabatic compression process (d' ~) of the conservation subsystem. The path (cd) represents the heat dissipation isobaric compression process of the energy conversion subsystem. The path (c'-d ') represents the isobaric compression process of the conservation subsystem, this energy is not dissipated, it remains conserved to maintain the thermodynamic potential.

[049] Figure 4, indicated at 41, shows the turbine engine concept model with a realistic demonstration in more detail, in region 42 is shown the rotors of the power conversion subsystem compressor, in region 43 is shown the rotors of the compressor of the energy conservation subsystem, in region 44 is shown the chamber of the isobaric working gas heating process, in region 45 is shown the three-way proportional control valve that has the function of channeling part of the gas mass of work for the turbines of the energy conservation subsystem, in region 46 the turbine rotor of the energy conservation subsystem is shown, in region 47 the turbine rotors of the energy conversion subsystem are shown, in region 48 the chamber is shown compression chamber of the isobaric process of cooling of the energy conversion subsystem, in region 41 1 the compression chamber of the compression process is shown. The isobaric cooling and energy conservation subsystem, the mass flow of the energy conversion subsystem working gas is indicated by 49, the mass flow of the gas energy conservation is indicated by subsystem 410.

[050] Figure 5 shows the binary cycle under different operating conditions of the binary cycle turbine engine, in almost all working gas is used in the energy conversion process in the conversion subsystem and a small fraction of the gas mass is used in the conservation process of energy, in this case the working gas is subject to a lower potential differential, although almost all the working gas participates in the conversion process, the efficiency is lower since the efficiency is proportional to the difference of the potentials defined by (Ph) and (PL), in 52 a larger fraction of the working gas is used in the energy conservation process in the conservation subsystem compared to the graph indicated in 51, and a larger fraction of the gas mass is used in the conservation process. In this case, the working gas is subject to a higher potential differential than the previous case, the efficiency increases, since the efficiency is proportional to the difference of the potentials defined by (Ph) and (PL), in the third graph, indicated By 53, the gas mass of the conservation process is even larger, it can be observed that in this case the work decreases, but the efficiency increases in relation to the two previous cases, showing that As more gas mass is used in the conservation process the efficiency increases but the work decreases tending to approach zero and the process tends to turn into a continuous adiabatic process without work where the gas expands and compresses and the energy is now in the form of mechanical kinetic energy and sometimes in heat in the gas.

[051] Table 1 shows the seven processes (ab, bc, bc \ cd, c'-d ', da, d ^! -A) that form the non-differential binary turbine engine cycle, shown step by step with three isobaric processes and four adiabatic processes.

Table 1

Data Transfer Subsystem Subsystem

Process Step

 mass conservation conversion

High Isobaric High Isobaric

 1 a-b Does not occur

temperature temperature Adiabatic Adiabatic

 2 b-c / b-c 'Transfer expansion expansion

Low Isobaric Low Isobaric

3 cd / c ^! -d 'Does not occur

 temperature temperature

Adiabatic Adiabatic

4 da / d ^! -The transfer compression compression

[052] Table 1 shows all processes that form the binary cycle, but all steps, 1, 2, 3, and 4 occur simultaneously, unlike most processes that form differential cycle motor cycles which normally occur in and different from open and closed engine-based motor cycles which normally occur one by one sequentially except for the Brayton cycle,

[053] Figure 6 shows, for example, a simplified power generation system, the turbine motor 61 is connected to a starter motor 82 and an electricity generator 63.

Figure 7 indicated by 71 shows, as an example, how the binary cycle turbine engine can be applied to form a system for generating electricity from a generic thermal source 72, which may be of various natures, thermosolar, geothermal. , thermonuclear or from various other sources, including by combustion or heat exchangers in cogeneration systems. A thermal fluid is heated by the source and fed to the turbine engine heating system by means of a pump 73. The flow of the thermal fluid is indicated by 74. The thermal fluid may be any flowable, pumping fluid having properties. to carry the heat. As it is a motor that operates basically with heat and in several temperature ranges, it can be used to generation of energy or mechanical force in environments without atmosphere, eg in space or submerged.

η₂.γΙί [055J This binary cycle is no different! of a turbine engine composed of two subsystems, a conversion subsystem, a conservation subsystem, based on the hybrid system concept, whose pressure and volume curve is indicated by 21 3, in Figure 2, has seven processes, an isobaric process High-temperature energy input to the system, (ab) with _(/?} mole of gas, represented by the expression (d), an isobaric process of low temperature and energy discharge unused (cd) with (n ₂ ) mol of gas, represented by the expression (e), an adiabatic conversion subsystem expansion process, (bc), represented by the expression (f), an adiabatic conservation subsystem expansion process, (bc ^! ), Represented expression (g), a low temperature isobaric process, energy conservation, heat transformation at work, kinetic energy, (cr-d '), with (Δη) mol of gas, an adiabatic compression process of the conversion, (d- a), represents by expression (h), an adiabatic conservation subsystem compression process, (d'-a), represented by expression (i). Considering also that (Δη = n _x - n ₂ ). Expressions consider the direction signal of the flow of energies.

η ₂ .γΙί

C (CD) ^■ n íy- (Ta - Tc) (e)

(g) W (d> -a) - ^ 0)

The total input energy to the turbine engine is represented by the expression (j) below.

[057J The total energy discharged to the outside environment is represented by the expression (k) below,

[058] The total useful motor work, considering an ideal lossless model, is the difference between the input and output of the energy and is represented by the expression (I) below.

_{Wu =} ( ^'/' ,, - T _a) - ^ (T _a - T _c) (!)

In both subsystems, adiabatic processes compensate for each other, the energy associated with mass provides! a (Δη) mol is conserved and is used to maintain the potential difference, the energy associated with this gas mass cannot be used to produce work, otherwise it is not conserved and the efficiency drops.

[060] The theoretical final demonstration of the non-differential binary cycle efficiency of seven processes, three isobaric processes and four adiabatic processes that all take place simultaneously is given by the expression (m), characterizing that non-differential binary cycles based on the hybrid thermodynamic system have as a parameter of efficiency, also the number of moles or mass in the processes and therefore these cycles do not have their efficiencies solely dependent on temperatures. [061] Analyzing equation (m) and graph 213 of figure 2 it is observed that if (Δη) tends to "zero", the working gas mass will be constant in all processes of the thermodynamic cycle of the conversion unit. energy, there will be no gas mass in the energy conservation unit e (ni = n ₂ ) and efficiency, ideally, will depend only on temperature as occurs on motors based on open and closed systems. On the other hand, if (Δη) tends to the maximum, ie (n ₂ = 0), the working gas mass will be constant in all processes of the energy conservation unit thermodynamic cycle, there will be no gas mass in the energy conversion unit and efficiency will ideally tend to 100% but work will tend to zero as the cycle will become a continuous adiabatic process with no power input to the system and no work output or system heat.

[062] Hybrid based non-differential binary cycle turbine engines operate on heat, do not require combustion, although they can be used, do not require fuel burning, although they can be used, so they can operate in environments with or without atmosphere. The thermodynamic cycle does not require changing the physical state of the working gas. Due to their properties set forth in this description, non-differential binary cycle turbine engines can be designed to operate over a wide temperature range, higher than most existing open or closed system based motor cycles. Non-differential binary cycle turbine motors are fully flexible as to the energy source (heat). Figures 6 and 7 show applications for the use of these motors for power generation and mechanical power generation from power sources. from various sources, indicating their applicability for mechanical power generation or power generation in environments with or without atmosphere, for projects using clean and renewable energy in aerospace and even combined cycle projects.

Claims

1) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE MOTOR COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES", characterized in that it consists of two thermodynamic subsystems formed by four rotor assemblies, (24), (25), (26) and (27), of these, two sets for the energy conversion subsystem, (24) and (26) and two sets for the energy conservation subsystem, (25) and (27), an energy conversion subsystem formed by a isobaric expansion heating (22), an adiabatic expansion turbine rotor (24), an adiabatic compression compressor rotor (26), an isobaric compression cooling chamber (28), an energy conservation subsystem formed by an isobaric expansion chamber (22) in common with the conversion subsystem, an adiabatic expansion turbine rotor (25), an adiabatic compression compressor rotor (27), a thermally insulated isobaric compression chamber (29), a valve three-way proportional control port connecting the isobaric expansion chamber (22) to the energy conversion subsystem turbine rotors (24) and the energy conservation subsystem turbine rotors (25), a mechanical power axis ( 210) coupled to the turbine rotors (24) and (25) and the compressor rotors (26) and (27) of the energy conservation and conversion subsystems configuring a non-differential binary cycle turbine engine based on a hybrid thermodynamic system , with properties of both open and closed systems containing working gas and these two subsystems execute a binary, interdependent cycle and all processes occur simultaneously, three of them being isobaric, (ab), (cd) and (c'-d ' ), four adiabatic, (bc), (b-c '), (da) and (d'-a), with variable mass transfer between the subsystems. 2) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABACTIC PROCESSES" Claim 1, characterized in that it comprises two thermodynamic subsystems consisting of four sets of rotors, (24), (25), (26) and (27), among which two sets for the energy conversion subsystem, (24) and (26) and two sets for the energy conservation subsystem, (25) and (27). 3) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it comprises an adiabatic expansion turbine rotor assembly (24) belonging to the power conversion subsystem. energy. 4) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it is composed of an adiabatic expansion turbine rotor assembly (25) belonging to the conservation subsystem. energy. 5) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE MOTOR COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it comprises a compressor rotor assembly, adiabatic compression (26), belonging to the energy conversion. 6. "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE MOTOR COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES" according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that it comprises an adiabatic compression compressor rotor assembly (27) belonging to the maintenance subsystem of energy. 7) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABACTIC PROCESSES" Claim 1, characterized in that it comprises an isobaric expansion chamber (22) shared by the conversion and conservation subsystems. 8. "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATIC PROCESSES" according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises an isobaric compression chamber (28) belonging to the energy conversion subsystem. 9) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBARIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABACTIC PROCESSES" according to claim 1, characterized in that it is composed of an isobaric compression chamber (29) belonging to the energy conservation subsystem. 10. "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE ENGINE COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATHIC PROCESSES" according to claims 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7, characterized in that it comprises a proportional three-way control valve (23) connecting the isobaric expansion chamber (22) to the conversion subsystem turbine rotor assemblies (24) and the energy conservation subsystem turbine rotors (25). 1 1) "BINARY CYCLE TURBINE MOTOR COMPOSED OF THREE ISOBATIC PROCESSES, FOUR ADIABATIC PROCESSES" according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises a mechanical power shaft (210) coupled to the turbine rotors and compressor rotors conversion and conservation subsystems. 12) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE THERMODYNAMIC TURBINE ENGINE CYCLE", characterized by a process consisting of seven thermodynamic transformations, also called processes, which form the binary cycle of the turbine engine (21) being a process or transformation of high temperature heating (ab) isobaric expansion of energy conservation and conversion systems, with the fraction of gas (Δη) from the conservation subsystem only receives energy from the hot source at the start of the turbine engine, and then continuously running, this fraction of gas conserves its energy by alternating between heat and kinetic energy by lending to maintain the operating potentials of the turbine engine. engine, not being used to produce external work, an adiabatic energy conversion subsystem (bc) expansion process or transformation, an adiabatic energy conservation subsystem (b-c ') expansion process or transformation, a process or conversion subsystem low temperature cooling (cd) compression transformation of subsystem an energy conservation subsystem (c'-d ') compression process or transformation, an energy conversion subsystem (ad) compression process or adiabatic compression subsystem compression process or transformation energy conservation (d'-a) and a modulation process or also called working gas mass transfer control and energy conservation via a three-way proportional control valve between the conversion and conservation subsystems which occurs together with the adiabatic expansion processes of both subsystems. The control process for the turbine thermodynamic cycle according to claim 12, characterized by a process or transformation of isobaric expansion of high temperature heating (ab) of the energy conservation and conversion systems. Since the gas fraction (Δη) of the conservation subsystem only receives energy from the hot source at the start of the turbine engine, and subsequently in continuous operation, this gas fraction retains its energy alternating between heat and kinetic energy lending itself to maintain the engine's operating potentials, without being used to produce external work. 14. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by an adiabatic process or transformation of the power conversion subsystem (b-c). 15. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by an adiabatic process or transformation of the energy conservation subsystem (bc ^! ). 16) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by a process or transformation of low temperature cooling (c-d) compression of the power conversion subsystem. 17. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by a process or transformation of isobaric compression (c'-d ') of the energy conservation subsystem. 18. "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by an adiabatic compression process or transformation of the energy conversion subsystem (d-a). 19) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE MOTOR THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by an adiabatic compression process or transformation of the energy conservation subsystem (d'-a). 20) "CONTROL PROCESS FOR THE TURBINE ENGINE THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE" according to claim 12, characterized by a modulation process, control of working gas mass transfer and energy conservation by a three-way valve between the conversion and conservation subsystems that occur together with the adiabatic expansion processes (bc), (bc ^! ), (da) and (d'-a) of both subsystems.