CN111417433B - 从心室植入的无引线心脏起搏器检测心室充盈期间心房收缩定时基准的方法和系统 - Google Patents
从心室植入的无引线心脏起搏器检测心室充盈期间心房收缩定时基准的方法和系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种可植入心室的医疗设备,其包括感测模块,所述感测模块被配置为在心室充盈期间检测伪影并至少部分基于所检测到的伪影来识别心房事件。所述可植入医疗设备中的控制电路配置为向患者心脏递送心室起搏治疗,其中所述心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分取决于所识别的心房事件。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2017年12月1日提交的美国临时专利申请62/593,642的权益,其公开内容通过引用结合于此。
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及植入式医疗设备,并且更具体地,涉及使用无引线心脏起搏器来监测、起搏和/或使患者的心脏除颤的系统。
背景技术
如今,植入式医疗设备普遍用于监视患者和/或为患者递送治疗。例如,在某些情况下,起搏设备用于治疗患有各种心脏疾病的患者,这些疾病可能导致心脏将足够量的血液输送到患者体内的能力降低。这样的心脏状况可能导致缓慢、快速、不规则和/或无效的心脏收缩。为了帮助减轻其中一些状况,可以将各种医疗设备(例如,起搏器、除颤器等)植入患者体内。这样的设备可以监视心脏并且在某些情况下向心脏提供电刺激(例如起搏、除颤等),以帮助心脏以更正常、有效和/或安全的方式工作。在某些情况下,检测在心脏多个腔室中发生的心脏事件可能是有益的。在某些情况下,这可以用于增强心脏起搏治疗的有效性和/或可以允许递送不同类型的心脏起搏治疗。
发明内容
本公开总体上涉及植入式医疗设备,并且更具体地,涉及使用无引线心脏起搏器来监测、调整和/或使患者的心脏除颤的系统。
在第一示例中,无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)可以配置为感应心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送到患者心脏的心室。所述LCP包括:壳体,具有近端和远端;第一电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;第二电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;布置在所述壳体内的感测模块,所述感测模块被配置为在心室充盈期间检测伪影并至少部分地基于所检测到的伪影来识别心房事件;和电路,在所述壳体中可操作地耦合到所述第一电极和第二电极,并且还可操作地耦合到所述感测模块,所述电路被配置成经由所述第一电极和第二电极将心室起搏治疗递送到患者心脏,其中所述心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分取决于所确定的心房事件。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为在被动心室充盈期间检测心房伪影。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为感测压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括滤波器,用于对压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项的信号进行滤波。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述滤波器可以包括用于使第一频带通过的第一滤波器,用于使第二频带通过的第二滤波器以及用于使第三频带通过的第三滤波器。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述伪影可以包括下各项中的至少一项:p波、S2心音、S3心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置、二尖瓣位置和无动性心室压力。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为在主动心室充盈期间检测心房伪影。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为感测阻抗、张力、声音、旋转或流量中的至少一项。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述伪影可以包括以下各项中的至少一项:p波、a波、e波、S1心音、S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置和二尖瓣位置。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括大约1赫兹(Hz)至大约5Hz的带通滤波器。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括大约15赫兹(Hz)至大约30Hz的带通滤波器。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以进一步被配置为检测姿势、活动或呼吸中的至少一项。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述电路可以进一步被配置为至少部分地基于所述心房事件确定固有间隔。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为针对检测到的伪影计算多个心跳上的总体平均定时。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述LCP可配置为可植入患者心脏的心室中。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为通过检测被动和主动心室充盈之间的转变来检测心房伪影。
在另一示例中,无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)可以配置为感应心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送到患者心脏的心室。所述LCP包括:壳体,具有近端和远端;第一电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;第二电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;布置在所述壳体内的感测模块,所述感测模块被配置为在心室充盈期间检测伪影并至少部分地基于所检测到的伪影来识别心房事件;和电路,所述壳体中可操作地耦合到所述第一电极和第二电极,并且还可操作地耦合到所述感测模块,所述电路被配置成经由所述第一电极和第二电极将心室起搏治疗递送到患者心脏,其中所述心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分取决于所确定的心房事件。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为在被动心室充盈期间检测心房伪影。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为感测压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述伪影可以包括下各项中的至少一项:p波、S2心音、S3心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置、二尖瓣位置和无动性心室压力。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为在主动心室充盈期间检测心房伪影。
作为以上任一示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为感测阻抗、张力、声音、旋转或流量中的至少一项。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述伪影可以包括以下各项中的至少一项:p波、a波、e波、S1心音、S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置和二尖瓣位置。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以进一步被配置为检测姿势、活动或呼吸中的至少一项。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为通过检测被动和主动心室充盈之间的转变来检测心房伪影。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述电路可以进一步被配置为至少部分地基于所述心房事件确定固有间隔。
在另一示例中,所述植入式医疗设备可以被配置为感测心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送给患者心脏。所述植入式医疗设备可包括:壳体;第一电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;第二电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;以及设置在所属壳体内的感测模块。所述感测模块可被配置为:在患者心脏的被动心室充盈期间感测压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项;检测伪像;并至少部分基于检测到的伪影来识别心房事件。所述植入式医疗设备还可包括电路,所述电路在所述壳体中可操作地耦合至所述第一电极、第二电极和感测模块,所述电路配置为通过所述第一电极和第二电极将心室起搏脉冲递送至患者心脏,其中所述心室起搏脉冲的定时至少部分地取决于所识别的心房事件的定时。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括滤波器,用于对压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项的信号进行滤波。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述滤波器可以包括用于使第一频带通过的第一滤波器,用于使第二频带通过的第二滤波器以及用于使第三频带通过的第三滤波器。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以被配置为针对检测到的伪影计算多个心跳上的总体平均定时。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述检测到的伪影可以包括下各项中的至少一项:p波、S2心音、S3心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置、二尖瓣位置和无动性心室压力。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述植入式医疗设备可被配置为可植入患者心脏的心室中,并且所述感测模块至少部分地基于检测到的伪影来识别心房事件。
在另一示例中,所述植入式医疗设备可以被配置为感测心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送给患者心脏。所述植入式医疗设备可包括:壳体;第一电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;第二电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;以及设置在所属壳体内的感测模块。所述感测模块可被配置为:在患者心脏的主动心室充盈期间感测压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项;检测伪像;并至少部分基于检测到的伪影来识别心房事件。所述植入式医疗设备还可包括电路,所述电路在所述壳体中可操作地耦合至所述第一电极、第二电极和感测模块,所述电路被配置为经由所述第一电极和第二电极将心室起治疗递送至患者心脏,其中所述心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分取决于所识别的心房事件。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括大约1赫兹(Hz)至大约5Hz的带通滤波器。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述感测模块可以包括大约15赫兹(Hz)至大约30Hz的带通滤波器。
作为上述任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述伪影可以包括以下各项中的至少一项:p波、a波、e波、S1心音、S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置和二尖瓣位置。
作为以上任何示例的替代或补充,在另一示例中,所述植入式医疗设备可被配置为可植入患者心脏的心室中,并且所述感测模块至少部分地基于检测到的伪影来识别心房事件。
以上概述并非旨在描述本公开的每个实施方式或每种实施方式。通过参考以下结合附图的描述和权利要求,优点和成就以及对本公开的更完整的理解将变得显而易见和领会。
附图说明
考虑到以下结合附图对各种示例性实施方式的描述,可以更完全地理解本公开,其中:
图1是根据本公开的一个示例的说明性无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)的示意性框图;
图2是另一医疗设备(MD)的示意性框图,该医疗设备可以与LCP 100(图1)结合使用,以检测和/或治疗心律不齐和其他心脏疾病;
图3是根据本公开的又一示例的示例性医疗系统的示意图,该医疗系统包括LCP和另一医疗设备;
图4是示例性心电图(ECG)的图形表示,其示出了心脏的电信号与心脏的收缩的机械指示之间的时间关系;
图5是示出随着时间推移心脏内的示例性压力和容积的图;
图6是在心动周期期间发生的各种伪影以及检测它们的不同方式的说明性表格;
图7是在心动周期期间发生的各种伪影的示意图,并且在此期间发生每个心相;
图8是说明性LCP的侧视图;
图9A是在心室充盈期间植入心脏内的示例性LCP的局部横截面平面图;
图9B是在心室收缩期间植入心脏内的示例性LCP的局部横截面平面图;
图10是流程图,示出了从植入心脏心室的LCP检测心房活动并使用该LCP产生和递送心室起搏脉冲的说明性方法;
图11是说明性的信号平均方法的示意图,植入心室的LCP可以使用该方法来帮助识别心房定时基准;
图12示出了示例性心室压力信号的一部分;
图13示出了说明性的心脏信号的曲线图,包括心音、右心室压力和心电图,以及这些信号的可检测特征之间的各种间隔;
图14示出了说明性的心脏信号的曲线图,包括心音、右心室压力和心电图,以及从这些信号的可检测特征到所需心室起搏脉冲的各种定时延迟(AV间隔);
图15是用于确定医疗设备何时应当利用反转的说明性方法;
图16示出了当设备在正常VDD跟踪模式下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔与当设备在VDD伪跟踪模式下操作时心电图上的起搏间隔的比较;和
图17是高阶导数的图形表示,植入心室的LCP可以使用这些高阶导数来帮助识别心房定时基准。
尽管本公开可以做出各种修改和替代形式,但是其细节已经通过示例在附图中示出并且将被详细描述。然而,应当理解,其意图不是将本公开的方面限于所描述的特定说明性实施方式。相反,其意图是涵盖落入本公开的精神和范围内的所有修改、等同形式和替代形式。
具体实施方式
应当参考附图来阅读以下描述,在附图中,不同附图中的相似元件编号相同。说明书和附图不一定按比例绘制,其描绘了示例性实施方式,并且无意于限制本公开的范围。尽管本公开适用于任何合适的植入式医疗设备(IMD),但是下面的描述使用起搏器,并且更具体地使用无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)作为特定示例。
本文中所有数字均假定由术语“约”修饰,除非内容另有明确规定。端点对数值范围的引用包括该范围内包含的所有数字(例如1到5包括1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4和5)。
如本说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数对象,除非内容中另有明确规定。如本说明书和所附权利要求书中所使用的,术语“或”通常以包括“和/或”的含义使用,除非内容另有明确规定。
注意,说明书中对“一个实施方式”、“一些实施方式”、“其他实施方式”等的引用指示所描述的实施方式可以包括特定的特征、结构或特性,但是每个实施方式可以不必包括特定的特征、结构或特征。而且,这样的短语不一定指代相同的实施方式。此外,当结合实施方式描述特定的特征、结构或特性时,可以想到的是,除非另有明确规定,否则该特征、结构或特性可以应用于其他实施方式,而无论是否明确描述。
正常健康的心脏通过传导整个心脏固有产生的电信号来诱导收缩。这些固有信号导致心脏的肌肉细胞或组织以协调的方式收缩。这些收缩迫使血液流出并进入心脏,从而在整个身体的其余部分提供血液循环。许多患者患有影响其心脏有效工作的心脏疾病。例如,某些心脏会发展出病变的组织,这些组织不再产生或无法有效传导固有的电信号。在一些示例中,患病的心脏组织可能以不同的速率传导电信号,从而引起心脏的不同步和无效的收缩。在其他示例中,心脏可能以低速率产生固有信号,从而使心率变得危险地低。在其他示例中,心脏可能以异常高的速率产生电信号,甚至导致心脏颤动。在某些情况下,此类异常可能会发展为颤动状态,在这种状态下,患者心脏的收缩几乎完全失步,心脏的泵血很少甚至没有。可配置为确定此类心脏异常或心律不齐的发生并向患者心脏递送一种或多种电刺激治疗的植入式医疗设备可以帮助终止或缓解这些和其他心脏疾病。
可以设想,植入右(或左)心室的设备可以使用心房事件或指示心房事件的伪影来计时心室的起搏脉冲,以支持治疗心动过缓事件。在某些情况下,可以调整心室起搏脉冲的定时,以使通过被动充盈进入右心室的血液量最大化。在某些情况下,这可以包括相对于心房基准(例如,心房驱血)调整AV延迟。在某些情况下,测得的随时间变化的压力变化(或其他心房基准)可用于支持CRT心脏治疗(例如,如果放置在左心室中)、患者健康状况监测和/或任何其他合适目标的管理。预期使用单个无引线心脏起搏器测量心室和心房之一或两者中的事件可以仅使用单个设备来复制双腔系统。例如,这样的系统可以使设备能够定位在心室中并且能够感测固有的心室和心房事件并在适当的时候对心室起搏(例如,VDD起搏器)。
图1描绘了可以被植入患者中以提供心动过缓治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT)、抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗、除颤治疗等的说明性无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)。如在图1中可以看到的,说明性LCP 100可以是紧凑的设备,其所有组件都被容纳在LCP壳体120内和/或之上。在图1所示的示例中,LCP 100包括通信模块102、脉冲发生器模块104、电感测模块106、机械感测模块108、处理模块110、电池112和电极114。可以预期,根据应用,LCP 100可以包括更多或更少的模块。
通信模块102可以被配置为与位于患者身体外部和/或内部的远程设备(例如,传感器)、其他设备等通信。其他设备可以是主要用作医疗设备的设备(例如,LCP编程器、植入式传感器),也可以是主要用作非医疗设备的设备(例如,个人计算机、平板计算机、智能电话、膝上型计算机等)。不论位置或主要功能如何,远程设备(即,LCP 100外部但不一定在患者体外)都可以通过通信模块102与LCP 100通信,以完成一个或多个所需功能。例如,LCP100可以通过通信模块102将感测到的信号、数据、指令、消息等信息传达给远程医疗设备。然后,远程医疗设备可以使用传达的信号、数据、指令和/或消息来执行各种功能,例如确定心律不齐的发生、递送电刺激治疗、存储接收到的数据、分析接收到的数据、将接收到的数据发送到外部编程器或服务器等,以供医师检查和/或执行任何其他合适的功能。LCP 100可以另外通过通信模块102从远程医疗设备接收信号、数据、指令和/或消息等信息,并且LCP 100可以使用接收到的信号,数据、指令和/或消息来执行各种功能,例如确定心律不齐的发生、递送电刺激治疗、存储接收到的数据、分析接收到的数据和/或执行任何其他合适的功能。通信模块102可以被配置为使用一种或多种方法与远程设备进行通信。例如,通信模块102可以经由射频(RF)信号、电感耦合、光信号、声信号、传导的通信信号和/或适合于通信的任何其他信号进行通信。
在图1所示的示例中,脉冲发生器模块104可以电连接到电极114。在一些示例中,LCP 100可以包括一个或多个附加电极114'。在这样的示例中,脉冲发生器104也可以电连接到附加电极114'。脉冲发生器模块104可以被配置为产生电刺激信号。例如,脉冲发生器模块104可以通过使用存储在LCP 100内的电池112中的能量来产生电刺激信号,并且经由电极114和/或114'递送所产生的电刺激信号。替代地或附加地,脉冲发生器104可包括一个或多个电容器,并且脉冲发生器104可通过从电池112汲取能量来对一个或多个电容器充电。脉冲发生器104然后可以使用一个或多个电容器的能量来经由电极114和/或114'传递所产生的电刺激信号。在至少一些示例中,LCP 100的脉冲发生器104可以包括开关电路,以将电极114和/或114'中的一个或多个选择性地连接至脉冲发生器104,以便选择脉冲发生器104使用电极114/114'(和/或其他电极)中的哪个来递送电刺激治疗。脉冲发生器模块104可以产生具有特定特征或特定序列的电刺激信号,以便提供多种不同刺激治疗中的一种或多种。例如,脉冲发生器模块104可以被配置为产生电刺激信号以提供电刺激治疗以对抗心动过缓、心动过速、心脏不同步、心动过缓心律不齐、心动过速心律不齐、颤动性心律不齐、心脏同步性心律不齐和/或产生任何其他合适的方式电刺激治疗。一些更常见的电刺激治疗包括心动过缓治疗、抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT)和心脏复律/除颤治疗。
在一些示例中,LCP 100可以不包括脉冲发生器104,或者可以关闭脉冲发生器104。当如此提供时,LCP 100可以仅是诊断设备。在这样的示例中,LCP 100可以不将电刺激治疗递送给患者。相反,LCP 100可以收集关于患者的心脏电活动和/或其他生理参数的数据,并且经由通信模块102将这样的数据和/或确定传达给一个或多个其他医疗设备。
在一些示例中,LCP 100可以包括电感测模块106,并且在某些情况下,可以包括机械感测模块108。电感测模块106可以被配置为感测心脏的心脏电活动。例如,电感测模块106可以连接到电极114/114',并且电感测模块106可以被配置为接收通过电极114/114'传导的心脏电信号。心脏电信号可以代表来自植入了LCP 100的腔室(例如近场)的局部信息。例如,如果LCP 100被植入心脏的心室中,则LCP 100通过电极114/114’感测到的心脏电信号可能代表心室心脏电信号,并且可能代表一些较弱的心房电信号。电感测模块106可以被配置为检测电压、电流和/或阻抗。可以将电描记图感测模块设置为电感测模块的一部分。
机械感测模块108可以包括一个或多个传感器,例如加速度计、陀螺仪、麦克风、水听器、血压传感器、心音传感器、血氧传感器、温度传感器、流量传感器、张力传感器和/或配置为测量患者的一个或多个机械和/或化学参数的任何其他合适的传感器。在一些情况下,机械感测模块108可以包括压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块中的两个或更多个。
电感测模块106和机械感测模块108都可以连接至处理模块110,该处理模块110可以提供表示所感测的机械参数的信号。尽管关于图1描述为分离的感测模块,但是在某些情况下,根据需要,电感测模块106和机械感测模块108可以组合成单个感测模块。
电极114/114'可以相对于壳体120固定,但要暴露在LCP 100周围的组织和/或血液中。在一些情况下,电极114通常可以设置在LCP 100的任一端上或附近,并且可以与模块102、104、106、108和110中的一个或多个电连通。电极114/114'可以由壳体120支撑,尽管在一些示例中,电极114/114'可以通过短连接线(例如,尾线)相对于壳体120固定,使得一个或多个电极114/114'可与壳体120隔开。在LCP 100包括一个或多个电极114'的示例中,电极114'在某些情况下可以设置在LCP 100的壳体120的侧面上,这可以增加LCP 100可以用来感测心脏电活动、递送电刺激和/或与外部医疗设备通信的电极的数量。电极114/114′可以由一种或多种生物相容性导电材料制成,例如已知可以安全植入人体的各种金属或合金。在某些情况下,连接到LCP 100的电极114/114'可以具有将电极114/114'与相邻电极、壳体120和/或LCP 100的其他部分电隔离的绝缘部分。
处理模块110可以被配置为控制LCP 100的操作。例如,处理模块110可以被配置为从电感测模块106和/或机械感测模块108接收电信号。基于接收到的信号,处理模块110可以确定例如对起搏治疗的需要,例如心动过缓治疗、心脏再同步治疗(CRT)、抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗、除颤治疗等。处理模块110可以控制脉冲发生器模块104以根据一种或多种起搏治疗来产生电刺激。处理模块110可以进一步从通信模块102接收信息。在一些示例中,处理模块110可以使用这样接收的信息来帮助确定对起搏治疗的需要和/或什么类型的起搏治疗。处理模块110可以另外控制通信模块102向/从其他设备发送/接收信息。
在一些示例中,处理模块110可以包括预编程的芯片,例如超大规模集成电路(VLSI)芯片和/或专用集成电路(ASIC)。在这样的实施方式中,可以用控制逻辑对芯片进行预编程,以便控制LCP 100的操作。通过使用预编程的芯片,处理模块110可以比其他可编程电路(例如,通用可编程微处理器)使用更少的功率,同时仍然能够维持基本功能,从而潜在地增加了LCP 100的电池寿命。在其他示例中,处理模块110可以包括可编程微处理器。这样的可编程微处理器甚至可以在植入之后允许用户修改LCP 100的控制逻辑,从而与使用预编程ASIC时相比,允许LCP 100具有更大的灵活性。在一些示例中,处理模块110可以进一步包括存储器,并且处理模块110可以在存储器上存储信息并且从存储器中读取信息。在其他示例中,LCP 100可以包括与处理模块110通信的单独的存储器(未示出),使得处理模块110可以向该单独的存储器读取信息和从该单独的存储器写入信息。
电池112可以向LCP 100供电以用于其操作。在一些示例中,电池112可以是不可再充电的锂基电池。在其他示例中,根据需要,不可充电电池可以由其他合适的材料制成。因为LCP 100是植入式设备,所以在植入之后可能会限制对LCP 100的访问。因此,期望具有足够的电池容量以在诸如几天、几周、几个月、几年甚至几十年的治疗期间内进行治疗。在一些情况下,电池112可以是可再充电电池,这可以帮助增加LCP 100的使用寿命。在其他示例中,根据需要,电池112可以是某种其他类型的电源。
要将LCP 100植入患者体内,操作员(例如医师、临床医生等)可将LCP 100固定在患者心脏的心脏组织上。为了便于固定,LCP 100可包括一个或多个锚固件116。锚固件116可包括多种固定或锚固机构中的任何一种。例如,锚固件116可包括一个或多个销、订书钉、螺纹、螺钉、螺旋、尖齿等。在一些示例中,尽管未示出,但是锚固件116可以在其外表面上包括可以沿着锚固件116的至少部分长度延伸的螺纹。螺纹可在心脏组织和锚固件之间提供摩擦,以帮助将锚固件116固定在心脏组织内。在其他示例中,锚固件116可以包括其他结构,例如倒钩、尖钉等,以促进与周围的心脏组织的接合。
图2描绘了另一医疗设备(MD)200的示例,其可以与LCP 100(图1)结合使用,以检测和/或治疗心律不齐和其他心脏疾病。在所示的示例中,MD 200可以包括通信模块202、脉冲发生器模块204、电感测模块206、机械感测模块208、处理模块210和电池218。这些模块中的每一个都可以类似于LCP 100的模块102、104、106、108和110。另外,电池218可以类似于LCP 100的电池112。在一些示例中,MD 200在壳体220内可具有比LCP 100更大的体积。在这样的示例中,MD 200可以包括比LCP 100的处理模块110更大的电池和/或更大的处理模块210,其能够处理更复杂的操作。
尽管可以预期,MD 200可以是另一种无引线设备,例如图1所示,但在某些情况下,MD 200可以包括引线,例如引线212。引线212可以包括电线,该电线在电极214和位于壳体220内的一个或多个模块之间传导电信号。在某些情况下,引线212可以连接到MD 200的壳体220并从其延伸。在一些示例中,引线212被植入在患者的心脏上、心脏内或心脏附近。引线212可包含一个或多个电极214,其位于引线212上的各个位置,并且在某些情况下与壳体220具有不同的距离。一些引线212可以仅包括单个电极214,而其他引线212可以包括多个电极214。通常,将电极214定位在引线212上,使得当将引线212植入患者体内时,对一个或多个电极214定位以执行期望的功能。在一些情况下,一个或多个电极214可以与患者的心脏组织接触。在某些情况下,一个或多个电极214可以位于胸骨下或皮下并与患者心脏隔开但邻近患者心脏。在某些情况下,电极214可将固有产生的电信号传导至引线212,例如,代表固有心脏电活动的信号。引线212可以继而将接收到的电信号传导至MD 200的模块202、204、206和208中的一个或多个。在一些情况下,MD 200可以产生电刺激信号,并且引线212可以将所产生的电刺激信号传导至电极214。电极214然后可以传导电信号并将信号(直接地或间接地)传递到患者的心脏。
与机械感测模块108一样,机械感测模块208可以包含或电连接至一个或多个传感器,例如麦克风、水听器、加速度计、陀螺仪、血压传感器、心音传感器、血氧传感器、声学传感器、超声传感器、张力传感器和/或被配置为测量心脏和/或患者的一个或多个机械/化学参数的其他传感器。在一些示例中,一个或多个传感器可以位于引线212上,但这不是必需的。在一些示例中,一个或多个传感器可以位于壳体220中。
尽管不是必需的,但是在一些示例中,MD 200可以是植入式医疗设备。在这样的示例中,MD 200的壳体220可以被植入例如患者的经胸区域中。壳体220通常可以包括可安全地植入人体的多种已知材料中的任何一种,并且在植入时可将MD 200的各个组件与患者身体的液体和组织气密密封。
在某些情况下,MD 200可以是植入式心脏起搏器(ICP)。在此示例中,MD 200可以具有一根或多根引线,例如植入患者心脏上或心脏内的引线212。一根或多根引线212可包括一个或多个与患者心脏的心脏组织和/或血液接触的电极214。MD 200可以被配置为感测固有生成的心脏电信号,并且基于对感测到的信号的分析来确定例如一个或多个心脏心律不齐。MD 200可以配置为通过植入心脏或与LCP配合,通过命令LCP进行起搏,通过植入引线212来递送CRT、ATP治疗、心动过缓治疗和/或其他类型治疗。在一些示例中,MD 200可以另外被配置为提供除纤颤治疗。
在一些情况下,MD 200可以是植入式心脏复律除颤器(ICD)。在这样的示例中,MD200可以包括植入患者心脏内的一根或多根引线。MD 200还可以被配置为感测心脏电信号,基于感测到的信号确定快速性心律失常的发生,并且可以被配置为响应于确定快速性心律失常的发生而递送除纤颤治疗。在某些情况下,MD 200可以是皮下植入式心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)。在MD 200是S-ICD的示例中,引线212之一可以是与心脏间隔开的皮下或胸骨下植入的引线。在MD 200是S-ICD的至少一些示例中,MD 200可以仅包括皮下或胸骨下植入的单根引线,但这不是必需的。在一些情况下,S-ICD引线可以从S-ICD罐皮下延伸到胸骨周围,并且可以终止于胸骨的内表面附近并且与心脏间隔开。
在一些示例中,MD 200可能不是植入式医疗设备。而是,MD 200可以是患者体外的设备,并且可以包括放置在患者身体上的皮肤电极。在这样的示例中,MD 200能够感应表面电信号(例如,由心脏产生的心脏电信号或由植入患者体内的设备产生并通过身体传导至皮肤的电信号)。在这样的示例中,MD 200可以被配置为递送各种类型的电刺激治疗,包括例如除纤颤治疗。MD 200还可被配置为通过命令LCP递送治疗来经由LCP递送电刺激。
可以预期,一个或多个LCP 100和/或一个或多个MD 200可以组合用作示例医疗设备系统。各种设备100、200可以通过各种通信路径进行通信,包括使用RF信号、电感耦合、导电耦合光信号、声信号或适合于通信的任何其他信号。该系统可以进一步包括显示器并且与显示器通信。显示器可以是个人计算机、平板计算机、智能电话、膝上型计算机或期望的其他显示器。在某些情况下,显示器可以包括用于从用户接收输入的输入装置。例如,显示器还可以包括键盘、鼠标、可致动(例如,可推动)按钮或触摸屏显示器。这些仅仅是示例。2017年8月18日提交的,共同转让的专利申请号为62/547,458,标题为“具有压力传感器的植入式医疗设备”的专利申请中描述了一些示例性医疗设备系统,在此通过引用将其合并。
图3示出了包括LCP 100和MD 200的示例系统250。在图3中,LCP 100被示为固定到心脏H的右心室内部,并且包括脉冲发生器的MD 200被示为耦合至具有一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c的引线212。在某些情况下,MD 200可以是皮下植入式心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)的一部分,并且一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c可以位于皮下或胸骨下靠近心脏的位置。在一些情况下,S-ICD引线可以从S-ICD罐皮下延伸到胸骨周围,并且一个或多个电极214a、214b、214c可以被定位成靠近胸骨的内表面但与心脏H间隔开。在某些情况下,LCP100可以与皮下植入式心脏复律除颤器(S-ICD)通信。
在某些情况下,LCP 100可以根据需要位于心脏的左心室、右心房或左心房。在某些情况下,可能会植入多个LCP 100。例如,一个LCP可以植入右心室,另一个LCP可以植入右心房。在另一示例中,一个LCP可以被植入右心室,而另一个可以被植入左心室。在又一示例中,一个LCP可以被植入心脏的每个腔室中。此外,可以在没有第二MD 200的情况下使用LCP100。
医疗设备系统250还可以包括外部支持设备,例如外部支持设备260。外部支持设备260可以用于使用本文描述的一种或多种通信技术来执行诸如设备识别、设备编程和/或设备之间的实时和/或存储数据的传输之类的功能。作为一个示例,经由无线模式(例如,RF、蓝牙、感应通信等)执行外部支持设备260与MD 200之间的通信,并且经由传导模式(例如,传导通信)执行MD 200与LCP 100之间的通信。在一些示例中,通过经由MD 200发送通信信息来完成LCP 100与外部支持设备260之间的通信。然而,在其他示例中,LCP 100和外部支持设备260之间的通信可以是直接通信。在一些实施方式中,外部支持设备260可以设置有显示器262或与显示器262通信。显示器262可以是个人计算机、平板计算机、智能电话、膝上型计算机或期望的其他显示器。在某些情况下,显示器262可以包括用于从用户接收输入的输入装置。例如,显示器262还可以包括键盘、鼠标、可致动按钮,或者可以是触摸屏显示器。这些仅仅是示例。
参考图4,将认识到,心脏是通过穿过心脏组织的电信号来控制的,并且该电信号可以由诸如但不限于图1或图2所示LCP 100和/或MD 200之类的植入式设备来检测。图4是示例性心电图(ECG)300的图形表示,其示出了心脏的电信号与心脏的收缩的机械指示302(例如,心音)之间的时间关系。如在说明性的ECG 300中可以看到的,心跳包括P波,该P波指示与心房收缩相关以加载心室的心房去极化。包括Q波、R波和S波在内的QRS复合波代表与心室收缩相关以将血液泵送到身体和肺部的心室去极化。T波显示为下一次心跳作准备的心室重新极化。对于心脏病,这些个别事件的定时可能异常或失常,并且各种波的形状、幅度和/或定时可能与所示的不同。将意识到,ECG 300可以由诸如但不限于图1或2的LCP 100和/或MD 200的植入设备检测。
电信号300通常指示心脏的一部分收缩,然后导致相应的机械收缩。电信号(例如ECG 300)的特性与相应的机械响应之间存在对应关系。机械响应通常会延迟,因为心脏需要一些时间来响应电信号。
应当理解,心音可以被认为是心脏跳动的机械指示的一个示例。其他说明性的机械指示可以包括,例如,LCP中的加速度计检测到的心内膜加速度或心壁运动;SICD中的加速度计检测到的心壁的加速度或运动;LCP的压力传感器检测到的心脏腔内的压力、压力变化或压力变化率;声音传感器(例如加速度计、麦克风等)检测到的心脏运动引起的声音信号;LCP中的陀螺仪检测到的心脏扭曲和/或心腔跳动的任何其他合适指示。
在某些情况下,可能存在:在心室收缩期间由二尖瓣和三尖瓣关闭引起的振动产生的第一心音,表示为S1;由主动脉瓣和肺动脉瓣关闭引起的第二心音,表示为S2;第三心音,表示为S3,是由于血液从右心房快速进入右心室以及从左心房快速进入左心室而引起的舒张早期声音;第四心音,表示为S4,是舒张末期声音,对应于主动的心房收缩期间的晚期心室充盈。这些是可以使用各种传感器(例如麦克风、水听器、加速度计等)检测到的机械响应。
因为心音是响应于电信号心肌收缩或松弛的结果,所以可以理解,在由ECG 300指示的电信号与心音迹线302所示示例中指示的相应机械指示之间存在延迟。例如,ECG 300的P波是触发心房收缩的电信号。S4心音是由心房收缩引起的机械信号。在某些情况下,可以使用P波和S4心音之间的这种关系。例如,如果可以检测到这些信号之一,则可以将它们的预期定时关系用作搜索另一个信号的机制。例如,如果可以检测到P波,则可以定义和搜索P波之后的窗口,以帮助找到和/或隔离相应的S4心音。在某些情况下,两个信号的检测可能表示检测到的心房收缩的置信度增加。在某些情况下,检测任一信号可能足以识别心房收缩。心房收缩的识别可用于识别心房收缩的定时基准点(例如,心房收缩的定时标记)。
在具有静脉导管的传统系统中,放置心脏内电极以检测心房去极化,同时还可以对一个或两个心室递送起搏治疗。结果,单个设备的电路将直接接收P波的信息,从而允许在起搏脉冲的定时间隔内进行传递,以正确地协调心室搏动与心房收缩并提高泵送效率。但是,对于仅在心室内植入LCP的系统,可能很难从心室内检测到相对较小的P波,因此,可以设想LCP可以配置成不依赖于P波来检测心房活动(例如,使用S4)。所检测的心房活动可以用于识别心房定时基准,该心房定时基准可以用作对心室中的起搏脉冲进行定时的基础(例如,在AV延迟之后)。
在一些示例中,定义了用于心房伪影检测的时间窗口,在该时间窗口期间,LCP100可以专门寻找心房伪影(例如但不限于心房收缩)以确定心房定时基准。可以通过使用例如检测到的心室事件(例如,先前心跳的R波/QRS复合波或T波作为定时延迟304、306的起点)分析从患者获得的心脏信号来定义此类窗口,如图4所示。定时延迟304、306可以是动态的,其基于使用从患者收集的数据或使用公式或所接受的关系的患者的整体心跳率。如本文中更详细描述的,可以基于检测到的心房伪影和/或确定的心房事件来确定其他窗口。
在某些情况下,某些电信号和/或机械指示的关系可以用于预测同一心跳内其他电信号和/或机械指示的时序。替代地或另外地,可以将与特定心跳相对应的某些电信号和/或机械指示的定时用于预测后续心跳内的其他电信号和/或机械指示的定时。
应当理解,随着心脏经历心动周期,心脏内的血压和血容量随时间变化。图5说明了这些参数如何与电信号和相应的机械指示相关。图5示出了在两个连续的心跳上的主动脉压、左心室压、左心房压、左心室容积、心电图(ECG或心电图)以及心脏的心音的说明性示例。心动周期可能始于舒张期,二尖瓣打开。心室压降到心房压以下,导致心室充满血液。如图所示,在心室充盈期间,主动脉压缓慢降低。在收缩期,心室收缩。当心室压力超过心房压力时,二尖瓣关闭,产生S1心音。在主动脉瓣打开之前,出现心室压力迅速增加但心室容积没有明显变化的等容收缩期。一旦心室压力等于主动脉压力,主动脉瓣就会打开,并且血液从左心室喷射到主动脉中的射血期开始。射血期一直持续到心室压降到主动脉压力以下,此时主动脉瓣关闭,产生S2心音。此时,等容松弛期开始,心室压力迅速下降,直到被心房压力超过为止,此时二尖瓣打开,循环重复进行。
心房收缩始于心室舒张末期附近。除了与被动充盈相关的容积外,主动的心房收缩还推动或迫使更多的血液进入心室(通常称为“心房驱血”)。在某些情况下,心房驱血向心室预负荷的贡献量约为血液量的20%。在正常心率下,对于充分的心室充盈,心房收缩被认为是非常可取的。但是,随着心律的增加,心房充盈对于心室充盈变得越来越重要,因为主动充盈的收缩之间的时间间隔逐渐缩短。肺动脉、右心房和右心室的心脏压力曲线以及右心室的心脏容积曲线可能与图5中所示的相似。通常,右心室中的心脏压力低于左心室中的心脏压力。
可以使用声学传感器(例如麦克风)记录图5所示的心音信号,该声音传感器可以捕获由这种心音产生的声波。在另一示例中,可以使用加速度计或压力传感器来记录心音,该加速度计或压力传感器捕获由心音引起的振动或压力波。心音信号可以记录在心脏内部或外部。这些仅仅是示例。
在一些情况下,感测心房事件或指示心房事件的伪影可以允许诸如植入心室的LCP 100之类的设备检测心房收缩,从而导致例如心房驱血。在一些情况下,提供心房收缩指示的信号可以包括S3心音信号、S4心音信号、A波信号(压力波)和P波信号中的一个或多个。在某些情况下,可以提供心室收缩指示的信号可能包括以下一种或多种:R波、心室压力信号、心室压力变化信号(dP/dt)、心室壁加速度信号、心室扭曲信号、血液流速信号和心室容积信号。这些只是一些示例。
检测到的一些其他事件或伪影可能包括但不限于S1心音、S2心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织和/或血液振动、心房到心室的血液运动、心室壁和/或房室(AV)瓣膜位置、运动压力、心室扭曲和任何其他适合识别房性事件的事件或伪影,和/或其组合。
可以设想,可以使用许多不同的传感器模态来帮助从心室中检测出心房事件或指示心房事件的伪影。图6示出了表格320,表格320包括用于各种说明性伪影中的每一种的列以及用于每种说明性传感器形态的行。“X”表示可用于检测相应伪影的传感器模式。
在图6中,可以看到电压可以用于检测P波,例如通过电描记图或心电图(ECG)。可以设想,在某些情况下,植入右心室的LCP可以具有指向三尖瓣的自由端(例如,没有固定在组织上的端部)。由于它们在解剖学上的接近性,LCP的电极可用于检测心房去极化(例如,p波)。从心室开始,p波可能相对较小,难以检测。在某些情况下,LCP可以识别预计在何时发生p波的时间窗口,并且LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均(例如,参见图11)以帮助在窗口期间识别p波。替代地或另外地,可以与一个或多个其他伪影一起检测p波,以帮助确认心房收缩并从中发展出心房定时基准。
如图6所示,可以使用压力来识别许多不同的心房伪影。例如,DC和/或接近DC类型的压力测量值(例如,0-10Hz范围)可以用于识别心室的被动充盈(例如,运动压力)。低频(例如1-5Hz范围)AC型压力测量可用于检测A波(心室中的心房压力波),而高频(例如15-30Hz范围)AC型压力测量可用于检测心音。这些仅仅是示例。在某些情况下,可以使用压力来识别被动和主动充盈模式之间的过渡。这种转变可用作心房收缩的指标。根据需要,也可以使用其他合适的方法来测量或检测一个或多个心腔内的压力。在2016年10月27日提交的共同转让的专利申请号为62/413,766,标题为“具有压力传感器的植入式医疗装置”,以及2017年8月18日提交的专利申请号为62/547,458,标题为“具有压力传感器的植入式医疗装置”的专利申请中描述了一些示例性但非限制性的压力传感器和使用LCP感测压力的配置,其通过引用并入本文。
如图6所示,阻抗测量可用于确定心室容积变化,然后可将其用于推断由于心室收缩而引起的压力波(例如,A波)。在一示例中,当心室中的血液量改变时,LCP的电极之间的阻抗改变。可以预期的是,容积变化率(例如,进入心室的血液速率增加,因此心室容积的变化更快)可用于识别主动充盈的开始以及心房收缩的开始。于2017年6月22日提交的共同转让的,专利申请号为15/630,677号,标题为“用于产生心脏压力-容积环的无引线心脏起搏器”的专利申请中描述了心脏中阻抗测量的一些说明性用途,该申请通过引用结合于此。
由于心房收缩导致血液进入心室,心室可能会伸展。心室的伸展可以通过张力传感器来测量。张力传感器可能需要两个或多个固定点。加速度可以用于测量心脏H以及声音的收缩性。在某些情况下,当加速度测量值与心室压力、心脏容量和/或其他感测到的参数结合时,可以确定心输出量。
应当理解,图6所示的表格320并非旨在包括每种可能的伪影或用于检测每个伪影的传感器模态。本领域技术人员将认识到,其他伪影、传感器模态和/或其组合可用于从心室识别心房事件。在另一示例中,呼吸相位传感器可以与本文所述的其他心房伪影一起使用,或者可以单独用于帮助识别心房伪影。
心房事件和/或指示心房事件的伪影可能在被动心室充盈或主动心室充盈中或两者中发生。图7示出了心相的表格330,以及在心动周期的那个阶段期间可能出现的伪影,其中“X”用于表示相应的伪影在所识别的心动期间发生。由于机电延迟,P波的初始部分可能会进入被动充盈阶段,而后面的部分可能会进入主动充盈阶段,这就是表格330的两行中都出现“X”的原因。尽管不是必需的,但是可以想到的是,可以作为与压力成线性比例的DC电压或电流和/或低频压力信号提供每单位面积类型的力的测量。可以作为AC压力提供声音类型的压力测量值(例如次声和声波)。
在某些情况下,超声可以使用组合的超声源和传感器,尽管这不是必需的。源和传感器可以根据需要分开设置。可以想到的是,可以在植入心室的设备中使用超声成像以观察心房壁(例如,通过三尖瓣)、三尖瓣闭合和/或由于心房收缩引起的流量增加,以帮助识别A-波。在某些情况下,超声传感器可能会检测到房性心律不齐(例如房扑或房颤)。在正常窦性心律(NSR)期间,流入心室的心房血流由两个连续分量组成,一个是E(早期)波,另一个是A(心房)波。在房性心律不齐期间,E波与NSR相比基本没有变化,但是A波缺失(房颤)或更小且快得多(房扑)。在检测到的房性心律失常期间,带有超声传感器的LCP可能会改变其行为(例如,从VVD模式恢复为VVI模式)。
应该注意的是,虽然心音被表示为能够通过加速度计识别,但是加速度计实际上测量或检测与心音相关的机械振动,而不是声波的压力。在某些情况下,测得的伪影可能不会在一个或另一个心相明显地出现。例如,心室扭曲可用于识别活动性心室充盈(例如射血)的结束。此外,S1心音可能发生在主动心室充盈的末期,而S2心音可能出现在被动心室充盈开始前不久。这些只是一些示例。
在一些情况下,LCP 100可被配置为至少部分地基于第一心跳中的心房收缩的感测指示和/或第一心跳和/或紧接在心跳之前的一个或多个心跳的感测指示来确定心房收缩定时基准。在某些情况下,LCP 100的处理模块110可以被配置为使用所确定的心房收缩定时基准(例如,在A-V延迟之后)产生并递送心室起搏脉冲。
如上所述,心室事件或指示心房事件的伪影可被心室(例如右心室)中的LCP用来对心室的起搏脉冲计时以支持治疗心动过缓事件。在某些情况下,可以调整心室起搏脉冲的定时,以改善通过主动充盈进入右心室的血液量。在某些情况下,这可以包括相对于心房基准(例如,心房驱血)调整AV延迟。在某些情况下,测得的随时间的压力变化(或其他心房基准)可用于支持CRT心脏治疗(例如,如果放置在左心室中)、患者健康状况监测和/或任何其他合适目标的管理。预期使用植入心室中的单个LCP检测心室和心房之一或两者中的事件可以仅使用单个设备来复制双腔系统。也就是说,位于心室中的单个设备可以侦听心室和心房并相应地起搏(例如,VDD设备)。
图8是说明性的植入式无引线心脏起搏器(LCP)400的侧视图,其可被定位在心室内并被配置为侦听心室和心房。LCP 400在形式和功能上可以与上述LCP 100相似。LCP 400可以包括本文描述的任何感测、电气、控制和/或起搏模块和/或结构特征。LCP 400可以包括具有近端404和远端406的外壳或壳体402。说明性LCP 400包括相对于壳体402固定并邻近壳体402的远端406定位的第一电极410和相对于壳体402固定并邻近壳体402的近端404定位的第二电极412。在一些情况下,壳体402可以包括导电材料并且可以沿着其长度的一部分绝缘。沿近端404的部分可以没有绝缘,以便限定第二电极412。电极410、412可以是感测和/或起搏电极,以提供电疗和/或感测能力。第一电极410可以能够抵靠心脏的心脏组织或以其他方式与心脏的心脏组织接触,而第二电极412可以与第一电极410间隔开。第一和/或第二电极410、412可以暴露于壳体402外部的环境(例如,暴露于血液和/或组织)。
可以想到的是,壳体402可以采用各种不同的形状。例如,在某些情况下,壳体402可以具有大体上圆柱形的形状。在其他情况下,壳体402可具有半圆顶形状。在其他实施方式中,壳体402可以是矩形棱柱。可以想到的是,壳体可以采取期望的任何横截面形状,包括但不限于环形、多边形、长方形、正方形等。
在一些情况下,LCP 400可在壳体402内包括脉冲发生器(例如,电路)和电源(例如,电池),以将电信号提供给电极410、412以控制起搏/感测电极410412。尽管未明确示出,但是LCP 400还可以包括通信模块、电感测模块、机械感测模块和/或处理模块,以及相关联的电路,其形式和功能类似于上述模块102、106、108、110。各种模块和电路可以布置在壳体402内。脉冲发生器与电极410、412之间的电连通可以向心脏组织提供电刺激和/或感测生理状况。
在所示的示例中,LCP 400包括靠近壳体402的远端406的固定机构414。固定机构414被配置为将LCP 400附接到心脏H的壁,或者以其他方式将LCP 400锚定到患者的身体。如图8所示,在某些情况下,固定机构414可包括一个或多个或多个钩或尖齿416,其被锚定在心脏H的心脏组织中以将LCP 400附接到组织壁上。在其他情况下,固定机构414可以包括一个或更多个,或多个被动齿(被配置为与骨小梁在心脏H的腔室内缠绕)和/或螺旋形固定锚(被配置为拧入组织壁以将LCP 400锚定到心脏H)。这些仅是示例。
LCP 400可进一步包括靠近壳体402的近端404的对接构件420。对接构件420可以被配置为促进LCP 400的递送和/或取回。例如,对接构件420可以沿着壳体402的纵向轴线从壳体402的近端404延伸。对接构件420可以包括头部422和在壳体402与头部422之间延伸的颈部424。头部422可以是相对于颈部424的扩大部分。例如,头部422可具有相对于LCP400的纵向轴线的径向尺寸,该径向尺寸大于颈部424相对于LCP 400的纵向轴线的径向尺寸。在一些情况下,对接构件420可以进一步包括从头部422延伸或凹陷在头部422内的系绳保持结构426。系绳保持结构可以限定开口428,该开口428被构造成接收穿过其中的系绳或其他锚固机构。保持结构可以采用提供围绕开口的封闭周边的任何形状,以使得系绳可以安全且可释放地穿过(例如,结环穿过)开口428。在一些情况下,保持结构可以沿着颈部424延伸穿过头部422,并且延伸到壳体402的近端404中或延伸到壳体402的近端404中。对接构件420可以被构造为便于将LCP 400递送到心内部位和/或从心内部位取回LCP 400。尽管这描述了一个示例对接构件420,但是可以想到,对接构件420在被提供时可以具有任何合适的构造。
可以预期,LCP 400可以包括一个或多个传感器430,其耦合到或形成在壳体402内,使得传感器暴露于壳体和/或以其他方式可操作地耦合(例如,响应于)壳体402外部的环境,以测量或检测心脏内的各种伪影。根据需要,一个或多个传感器430可以具有相同的模态或两个或多个不同的感测模态的组合。例如,一个或多个传感器430可以使用电压、压力、声音、超声、阻抗、张力、加速度、流量和/或旋转来检测P波、A波、S1-S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织和/或血液振动、心房到心室的血液运动、心室壁和/或房室瓣位置、运动压力和/或心室扭曲,例如关于图6和7所述。传感器可以是布置在壳体402内的感测模块的一部分,与之耦合和/或与之电连通。除了感测心脏内的伪影外,感测模块还可以配置为检测可能影响LCP检测伪影的能力的生理状况,包括但不限于姿势、活动和/或呼吸。结合使用两个或更多个传感器可以消除一些共模噪声(例如,可以消除身体的总体运动)。
在一些情况下,一个或多个传感器430可以耦合到壳体402的外表面。在其他情况下,一个或多个传感器430可以被定位在壳体402内,其中伪影作用在壳体和/或壳体402上的端口上以影响传感器430。在一个说明性示例中,如果LCP 400被放置在右心室中,则传感器430可以是被配置为测量右心室中的压力的压力传感器。如果LCP 400被放置在心脏的另一部分(例如心房或左心室之一)中,则压力传感器可以测量心脏的该部分内的压力。在一些情况下,传感器430可以足够灵敏以检测与LCP 400所位于的腔室不同的心脏腔室中的伪影。例如,在某些情况下,当将LCP 400放置在右心室中时,传感器430可以检测由心房收缩(例如,心房驱血)引起的压力变化。一些说明性传感器配置将在本文中更详细地描述。
图9A是在心室充盈期间植入心脏H的右心室RV内的示例性无引线心脏起搏设备400的平面图。还示出了右心房RA、左心室LV、左心房LA和主动脉A。图9B是在心室收缩期间植入心脏H的右心室内的无引线心脏起搏设备610的平面图。这些图说明了在心动周期中右心室的容积如何变化。如图9A和9B所示,在心室充盈期间右心室的容积大于心室收缩后心脏的右心室的容积。
虽然希望识别经常与A波相关的心房收缩,但是由于A波的幅度可能非常小并且检测可能会来来去去,因此可能难以检测到A波。可以设想,可以将传感器模态和/或测得的心房伪影的组合用于识别心房定时基准。例如,可以预期,关于图6和7识别的任何传感器模态可以与任何其他传感器模态组合以识别心房定时基准。在某些情况下,压力信号可用于确定多个参数。例如,压力信号可用于确定或检测A波(心房驱血)。在另一示例中,压力信号可以用于确定或检测与S4相关联的压力脉冲或压力振动,其可以例如在15-30Hz的范围内。在某些情况下,与使用来自加速度计的加速度计信号或使用来自声波传感器的声音信号相比,使用压力传感器的压力信号更容易检测到S4心音,特别是因为心室压力在该时间段内(心室充盈)基本上没有变化,并且由于患者的活动,在加速度计信号中可能存在大量无用信号(即噪声)。在另一示例中,压力信号可以用于确定心室压力相对于时间的变化(dP/dt)。
在一些情况下,LCP 400的电路和/或处理模块还可被配置为至少部分地基于从电感测模块、机械感测模块和/或通信模块接收的两个或更多个信号来确定心房收缩定时基准。在一些情况下,经由电极装置410、412接收的心脏电信号可以包括心电图(ECG)的至少一部分。在一些情况下,经由电极装置410、412接收的心脏电信号可以包括P波。在一些情况下,经由电极装置410、412接收的心脏电信号可以包括QRS复合波,从其可以确定QRS宽度。在一些情况下,经由电极装置410、412接收的心脏电信号可以包括两个连续的R波,从中可以确定R波到R波的间隔。在一些情况下,心脏电信号可以包括来自另一设备(例如,SICD设备)的传导的或其他传达的电信号,该信号包括心脏H的心房或其他收缩的指示。在一些情况下,处理模块和/或电路可以被配置为使用心房收缩定时基准来产生并递送心室起搏脉冲。
可以预期的是,使用传感器来确定心房收缩正时基准而不需要检测A波可以使LCP100、400预测或识别何时可能发生A波,即使A波本身没有检测到。然后,可以将A波的预测时间用作心律收缩的基准,以调整心室的起搏速度。例如,当心脏正在经历心房颤动、患者处于某些姿势、呼吸频率高、患者活动度高、心率高、心房低收缩或无收缩和/或在心率变异性高(HRV)期间,A波可能很难检测到。
在心动周期中,心室首先通过被动充盈然后通过主动充盈从心房接收血液。将参照心脏的右侧描述被动和主动充盈的讨论,但是,应当理解,在心脏的左侧发生类似的过程。当两个腔室之间存在压力梯度导致三尖瓣打开并且右心房中积聚的血液流入右心室时,开始右心室的被动充盈。随着血液回流到心脏,右心房和右心室都继续充盈。右心房在心室舒张末期附近收缩。心房去极化始于心电图的P波。P波的结果是,心房细胞产生张力和缩短,导致心房压力增加(例如A波)。这些主动的收缩力迫使更多的血液进入心室(通常称为“心房驱血”)。主动收缩力开始主动充盈阶段。在正常心率下,对于充分的心室充盈,心房收缩被认为是可取的。随着心律的增加,心房充盈对于心室充盈变得越来越重要,因为充盈收缩之间的时间间隔逐渐缩短。心房颤动和/或不同步的心室收缩可导致通过心室收缩对预紧力的贡献最小。
如上所述,第四心音(例如,S4)通常是疾驰的声音,其是由于心脏收缩期前的强心房收缩所致,该收缩使血液喷射到无法进一步扩张的心室中。在S1之前约90毫秒的舒张期的最后三分之一期间,会出现第四心音。S4的频率可以在大约15赫兹(Hz)至大约30Hz的范围内,尽管该频率有时可以在该范围之外。由于音调低,通常用普通听诊器听不到S4(有时是S3)。可以想到,S4心音可以用于识别心室的主动充盈的开始。在一些情况下,处理模块110和/或电路可以被编程为恰好在期望S1心音之前(从一个或多个先前的心跳投影)开始寻找S4心音。
心音的时间可能随心率变化,该方式随心率线性变化。例如,随着心率的增加,心音之间的时间(例如,S1至S1;S4至S1等)可以以线性且可预测的方式减少。这可以允许S4心音被用于识别可靠的心房事件和/或在一定心率范围内用作心房定时基准。
如上所述,可以使用各种不同的传感器来识别和/或检测S4心音,包括但不限于更高频率的压力传感器(例如15至30Hz)、水听器、麦克风和/或加速度计。这些仅仅是LCP 400如何在主动心室充盈期间检测伪影并基于检测到的伪影识别心房定时基准的一些示例。
尽管关于主动充盈描述了以上示例,但是可以预期,在被动充盈期间识别出的伪影也可以用于识别心房事件,然后可以将该心房事件用于识别心房定时基准。例如,第三心音(例如,S3)出现在被动充盈的中间附近。被动充盈可能会产生非常低频的声音(在0到10Hz的范围内),可以由具有DC功能的压力传感器检测到。这可以允许S3心音被用于识别心房事件和/或在一定心率范围内用作心房定时基准。
图10是流程图,其示出了使用布置在右心室中的LCP产生心室脉冲的说明性方法500。在某些情况下,如方框502所示,可以使用LCP的感测模块感测指示患者心脏发生心房事件的第一信号(例如,心房伪影)。如框504所示,也可以检测与患者心脏的心房事件有关的第二不同信号。第二不同信号可以由LCP感测,或者可以经由LCP的通信模块从另一设备(例如,SICD或另一LCP)接收。
在某些情况下,第一信号和/或第二信号可以经由LCP的壳体内或壳体上的一个或多个传感器生成。如上所述,LCP 400的感测模块可以根据尝试识别主动充盈还是被动充盈来感测不同的事件(参见图7)。用于感测主动充盈的一些示例性感测模态可以包括但不限于阻抗、张力、声音、旋转或流动,它们中的任何或所有可以用于检测P波、S2心音、S3心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置、二尖瓣位置和/或无动性心室压力。用于感测被动充盈的一些示例性感测模式可以包括但不限于压力、阻抗、张力、声音、旋转、加速度、电压和流量,其可以用于检测P波、A波、S1心音、S4心音、心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动、心室壁运动、三尖瓣位置和二尖瓣位置。
LCP 400内的电路可以被配置为至少部分地基于第一和/或第二感测信号来确定心房定时基准,如方框506所示。例如,电路可以被配置为基于感测到的S4心音和/或其他心房伪影来确定何时发生A波。这只是一个示例。本领域技术人员将认识到,可以使用任何数量的伪影(或其组合)来确定心房定时基准。电路可被配置为随后使用确定的心房定时基准来生成并递送心室起搏脉冲,如方框508所示。控制电路可以延迟将起搏脉冲递送到心室,直到在确定的心房定时基准之后适当的AV延迟期满为止。值得注意的是,可以将不同的AV延迟用于不同的心房定时基准(请参见图14)。
虽然起搏脉冲的控制定时可以由基于在单个心跳期间检测到的动脉伪影的心房定时基准来触发,但是可以想到,起搏脉冲可由基于两个或更多个先前心跳期间检测到的动脉伪影和/或其他伪影的心房定时基准触发来触发。在某些情况下,LCP可以确定特定心房伪影的平均时间和/或多个心跳的心房定时基准。
LCP的电路还可被配置为确定心动周期内的固有间隔。此功能可以在控制电路中提供,也可以作为LCP中的单独间隔确定模块提供。在一些情况下,电路可被配置为识别固有间隔,包括心房至心房事件或伪影间隔、心房至心室事件或伪影间隔、心室至心房事件或伪影间隔,和/或心室至心室事件或伪影间隔。该信息对于预测例如何时预期发生心房事件(例如,A波)可能是有用的。例如,这可能在确认LCP感应到的心房事件方面很有用。这在确定预期发生心房事件的时间窗口时可能也很有用,这样LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均(例如,参见图11),以帮助窗户期间识别心房事件。
在一些情况下,LCP的感测模块可以被配置为在识别心房事件之前操纵信号。例如,感测模块可以包括一个或多个用于滤波信号的滤波器。在一些情况下,滤波器可以包括用于使第一频带通过的第一滤波器,用于使第二频带通过的第二滤波器以及用于使第三频带通过的第三滤波器。根据需要,该滤波器可以包括三个以上的频带或三个以下的频带。在一些情况下,滤波器可以是带通滤波器、低通滤波器、高通滤波器和/或任何其他合适的滤波器。在某些情况下,带通滤波器的范围可能在1到5Hz之间。在其他情况下,带通滤波器的范围可能在15到30Hz之间。在又一个示例中,滤波器可以是0至10Hz范围内的低通滤波器。这些只是示例;可以根据需要使用其他频率范围。同样,可以采用不基于频率而是基于某些其他信号特征,例如幅度、相位等的滤波器。
在某些情况下,可能希望限制LCP 400寻找心房伪影的时间范围。例如,当电路仅在小于整个心动周期的有限的窗口或时间段内搜索伪影时,可以增加电池寿命。用于确定搜索心房伪影的时间窗口的方法可以包括首先识别用于心房事件(例如,心房收缩)的预期时间帧,然后相应地定义搜索窗口。参照图11,首先,控制模块可以为第一定时基准信号选择具有期望特性的一个或多个信号以用作时间基准。该信号可以是压力信号、声学信号、加速度信号、电信号等中的一个或多个。可以想到的是,基准信号可以是与用于识别心房伪影并由此识别心房事件或心房定时基准的信号不同的信号。在图12所示的示例中,所选信号可以是从右心室中的电信号生成的ECG 554。在ECG 554内,诸如但不限于R波的特定特征可以被选择作为基准参考特征556。可以平均多个心动周期(例如,至少两个或更多个)的ECG554信号,使每个ECG 554中的基准参考特征556对齐。这种信号平均技术可以通过消除随机噪声来帮助显示小信号。信号平均技术还可用于识别各种心脏事件、心房事件模板、针对各种不同心房定时基准(例如A波、P波、R波和/或其他心房定时基准)的适当AV延迟。
然后可以隔离预期发生心房事件的窗口560。例如,可以预期在下一个R波之前的时间窗口560内发生心房事件(例如,心房收缩)。使用该时间窗口560,LCP可以搜索心房事件。在某些情况下,LCP可以增加放大率和/或添加特殊的滤波和/或信号平均,以帮助识别时间窗口560期间的心房事件。在某些情况下,窗口560可用作确定另一个窗口的参考点,在该另一个窗口中应记录和搜索另一个信号以识别可从中推断出心房事件的心房伪影。
在一些情况下,用于识别心房收缩的定时窗口可以基于在心室的被动充盈期间出现的伪影。在某些情况下,心室压力的向下行程(例如,当A-V阀打开时)可用于打开定时窗口以检测心房伪影和/或心房收缩。心室压力的上升可能触发检测窗口打开以检测心房驱血。图12示出了相对于S3和S4心音的右心室的压力分布600的一部分。在收缩开始时,右心室的压力可能会增加。随着血液流出心室,压力可能会降低。压力的这种急剧下降可以指示控制模块打开搜索窗口。例如,可以在方框602指示的总体时间帧内打开搜索窗口。这可以命令控制模块开始搜索可用于开始定时窗口的心房伪影。定时窗口604可以在S3心音606处打开并且在R波608处关闭。如图所示,S4心音和心房跳动可能会在此定时窗口内发生。可以想到的是,控制模块可以利用自动增益控制来在定时窗口的时间段内增加灵敏度(例如,减小阈值和/或增加增益),以在预期事件(例如,心房驱血)预计发生时,帮助提高敏感性。
在另一个示例中,S2心音可以用于识别被动充盈的开始。可以预期的是,LCP中的压力传感器可以用于检测与心房搏动相关的压力变化,或者本文中识别出的任何心房伪影可以单独使用或者与心房搏动结合用作心房定时基准。然后,LCP 100、400可基于伪影、心房驱血或其组合而使心室起搏。在另一示例中,心室阻抗可用于识别心室中的容积变化,然后可将其用于推断由于心房收缩而引起的压力波。在另一示例中,一个或多个心房伪影可用于识别被动充盈的结束以进行血液动力学优化。例如,被动充盈通常可以在S2心音后大约500毫秒完成。在又一示例中,定时窗口可以在S3和S4心音之间打开。在某些情况下,LCP的控制模块可以设置减小的信号阈值,以允许较小的信号在S3心音之后到达输入放大器,以增大信号。在一些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为运行压力信号的连续积分作为压力的替代,然后可以使用该积分来创建定时窗口。可以想到,心室充盈和/或压力随时间的变化可用于拾取呼吸信号,该呼吸信号可用于支持LCP 100、400的其他功能。这些仅是心室中的LCP如何检测心房伪影的一些示例,然后可将其用于识别心房定时基准,以用于定时将起搏脉冲定时到心室。
可以设想,LCP 100、400的控制模块可以被配置为以一种以上的方式搜索心房伪影并识别搜索窗口。在某些情况下,起搏可能掩盖、隐藏或以其他方式使心房伪影变形,并可能使随后的辨认变得困难。可能希望允许LCP进入侦听模式,在该模式下控制电路不会发出起搏命令。侦听模式可以用于小于整个心动周期的心动周期中的预定时间窗口。这可以允许LCP 400在不隐藏或掩盖感兴趣的心房伪影(例如,A波)的情况下识别心房事件。在某些情况下,例如当患者不依赖于起搏时,如果未检测到心房活动,则可在一个或两个心动周期暂停起搏,以确定起搏是否覆盖感兴趣的心房伪影。如果患者依赖于起搏,则可以减慢起搏速度(延长周期),以允许更长的时间来搜索心房伪影,而不会出现起搏脉冲。一旦确定了心房伪影,LCP可以使用伪影来控制一个或多个心动周期的起搏脉冲定时。如果未发现心房伪影,则LCP可能会恢复其原始起搏速度。在一些情况下,LCP可以被配置为暂停或延迟起搏,并在预定的时间表上寻找心房伪影和/或事件。
进一步考虑到,在未发现心房伪影的情况下,控制模块可被配置为以改变的起搏速率递送起搏治疗。在一个示例中,所述改变的起搏率可以小于在检测到心房事件时递送的起搏率。在另一示例中,所述改变的起搏率可以大于在检测到心房事件时递送的起搏率。在另一示例中,在未能检测到心房事件的时间期间,所述改变的起搏率可以是静态的(例如,保持恒定)。在又一示例中,在未能检测到心房事件的时间期间,所述改变的起搏率可以是动态的(例如,改变)。
在另一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为切换到仅起搏模式(在某些情况下为VOO模式)。在该示例中,控制模块可以被配置为分析从各种传感器模块接收的输入,以确定一些传感器是否提供比其他传感器更清晰的信号。控制模块可以被配置为在重新进入VDD模式之前优先使用哪个传感器模块来搜索心房伪影和/或事件。当处于VOO模式时,可能希望脱离P波。然而,如果这不可能,则可能期望基于其他传感器来打开定时窗口,所述其他传感器包括但不限于压力传感器和/或加速度计以识别心房收缩。可以想到,控制模块可以被配置为根据需要在感测模式和起搏模式之间切换。
控制模块可以被配置为确定定时窗口的质量阈值,其可以反映在定时窗口期间识别出的心房伪影信号的质量。例如,控制模块可以被配置为分析或分级当前的A波定时窗口。如果当前的A波定时窗口不符合某些质量指标(例如,其中检测到A波的心动周期的百分比、检测到的A波信号的信噪比等),则控制模块可能会丢弃该窗口并使用先前的窗口或计算新的定时窗口。在某些情况下,控制模块可以根据检测到的信号的质量优先处理一种类型的心房伪影。
如上所述,LCP 100、400可以使用不同的心房和/或心室伪影来确定何时搜索伪影以及何时打开定时窗口。LCP 100、400可包括感测模块,该感测模块包括压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少两个。在一些情况下,感测模块可以包括至少压力测量模块以及声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少一个。在某些情况下,控制模块可以使用心室事件(例如,R波)来识别何时启动搜索窗口。在某些情况下,控制模块可以使用不同的搜索窗口来识别来自不同测量模块的心房伪影。控制模块可以识别在一个或多个心动周期的每个心动周期期间预期发生心房伪影和/或心房的时间窗口。时间窗口可以小于整个心动周期。控制模块可以分析由感测模块收集的信息(例如,使用压力测量模块、声学测量模块、加速度测量模块和电描记图测量模块中的至少一个)以识别心房事件(例如,心房驱血)。然后,控制模块可以递送或命令起搏模块经由LCP的起搏电极来递送心室起搏脉冲。心室起搏脉冲在至少部分地基于所识别的心房事件的定时的时间递送。例如,可以在识别出的心房事件之后预定时间长度(例如,A-V延迟)递送起搏脉冲。可以预期,所使用的A-V延迟可以取决于所识别的特定心房事件。也就是说,不同的心房事件可能导致应用不同的A-V延迟。
控制模块可以进一步被配置为以与关于图11描述的方式相似的方式对从感测模块收集的信号求平均。例如,控制模块可以被配置为在多个心动周期中的每个心动周期期间使用在感测模块处收集的信号的信号平均来确定信号平均值。然后,信号平均值可以用于识别心动周期内的时间窗口。然后,可以在随后的心动周期中使用所识别的时间窗口来搜索和识别心房伪影和/或心房事件。
在一些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为移动时间窗口以搜索心房伪影和/或心房事件。例如,如果传感器模块的测量模块之一正在提供更好的信号(例如,更好的SNR),则控制模块可以使用更清晰的信号围绕检测到的伪影来建立窗口。由于伪影可在心动周期内的不同时间点发生,因此窗口可相应地移动,有时逐周期移动。控制模块可以被配置为动态地或者根据情况选择使用哪个测量模块。
在某些情况下,控制模块可以使用不同的质量测量来确定使用哪个测量模块。例如,控制模块可以选择具有更好的信噪比(SNR)的测量模块。在另一示例中,通过所述电描记测量模块检测心房激活的p波的优先级可能高于通过所述压力测量模块检测心房驱血的压力信号的优先级。然而,由于仅心室配置不能可靠地感测P波,因此LCP可能不能仅依靠P波来识别心房伪影和/或事件。实际上,当P波不可用时,它可以切换到检测A波,和/或可以使用A波来确认对有噪声的P波的检测。这些仅仅是示例。
在某些情况下,控制模块可以组合从一个以上的测量模块收集的信息来识别心房伪影和/或心房事件。例如,控制模块可以使用压力数据和心电图数据两者来识别心房伪影和/或事件。在某些情况下,当使用来自两个或更多个测量模块的数据时,来自每个测量模块的数据的加权可能会有所不同(例如,一个可能比另一个更重要或加权更重)。进一步考虑到,控制模块可以被配置为在某些条件下加长窗口(例如,使其更长)。例如,窗口可能不够长,无法识别心房伪影和/或事件,或者起搏脉冲可能掩盖了心房事件。在其他情况下,可以缩短窗口(例如,当存在噪声时,可以通过缩短窗口来减少噪声)。
如本文所述,与仅基于心电图来确定间隔相反,用于搜索和起搏的定时间隔可以基于压力和/或心音基准(以及本文描述的其他心房伪影)。图13是示例性心脏信号的曲线图650,包括心音、右心室压力和心电图。图13还显示了这些信号的各种伪影之间的各种间隔。可以想到,在心动周期期间的许多不同的伪影或特性可以用来形成许多不同的定时间隔。例如,如箭头652所示,在两个心电图信号(E-E)之间可以存在间隔,例如在第一心动周期的R波幅度670和下一个心动周期的R波幅度672之间延伸。可以在两个压力信号(PP)之间定义另一个间隔,例如在A波压力674和同一心动周期的最大收缩压676之间,如箭头654所示,或者在第一心动周期的最大收缩压676和随后的心动周期中的A波压力678之间,如箭头656所示。可以在两个声学信号(AA)之间定义另一个说明性间隔,例如在S1心音680和S2心音682之间,如箭头658所示,在S2心音682和S3心音684之间,如箭头660所示,和/或在S3心音684和随后的心动周期的S1心音686之间,如箭头662所示。
如图13所示,在心电图信号和压力信号(E-P)之间,在压力信号和心电图信号(P-E)之间,在心电图信号和声学信号(E-A)之间,在声学信号和心电图信号(AE),在压力信号和声学信号(P-A)之间,和/或在声学信号和压力信号(A-P)之间也可以定义间隔。可以预期,任何可测量的参数都可以根据需要用作间隔的开始和/或结束,并且间隔不限于图13中明确描述或显示的间隔。
图14是示例性心脏信号的曲线图700,包括心音、右心室压力和心电图。图14还显示了这些信号的各种伪影之间的各种间隔。如本文所述,可以有许多使用各种感测参数的不同间隔。不仅从感测到的伪影到另一种感测到的伪影存在各种间隔,而且从感测到的伪影到起搏脉冲也存在各种间隔。
在702处示出的E-E(R波至随后的R波)、A-A(S1至随后的S1)和P-P(最大压力至随后的最大压力)间隔是三个心室间隔。在704处示出的E-E(从P波到随后的P波)、A-A(从S4到随后的S4)和P-P(从心房到随后的心房驱血)间隔是三个心房间隔。这些固有的相同腔室间隔706在相同的感测到的伪影或事件之间具有相同或大致相同的时间间隔,而不管使用哪个参数(例如,R波至R波、S1至S1、最大压力至最大压力)。相反,腔室708之间的间隔的差异很大。如在图14中的708处所见,房室(A-V)间隔显著变化,这取决于选择哪个心房事件用于心房定时基准。在708处示出的E-E(P波到R波)间隔、A-E(S4到R波)间隔和P-E(心房驱血到R波)间隔是三个示例性房室(AV)间隔,每个间隔具有不同的持续时间。这些AV间隔中每个间隔的持续时间都可以在一个或多个固有心跳(例如无起搏)期间感测到。在一些情况下,可以在多个固有心跳(无起搏)期间感测这些间隔中每个间隔的持续时间,然后取平均,从而得出每个不同心房定时基准的平均AV间隔,如710所示。
如上所述,在植入心室的设备中可能无法一致地检测到P波。这样,可能期望使用压力伪影(例如,a波或心房驱血)作为心房定时基准以及相应AV间隔来定时心室起搏脉冲(VP)。在另一示例中,可能期望使用声学伪影(例如,S4)作为心房定时基准以及相应AV间隔来定时心室起搏脉冲(VP)。如图14中的710所示,与声学伪影(例如,S4)一起使用的相应AV间隔可以与和压力伪影一起使用的AV间隔不同。在又一示例中,可能期望使用电伪影(例如,P波)作为心房定时基准以及相应AV间隔来定时心室起搏脉冲(VP),如图14中的712所示。这些仅仅是示例。LCP可以根据多种因素(例如当前感测到的信号质量)在这些和其他心房定时基准之间动态切换。在某些情况下,可以从两个或更多个心脏伪影确定心房定时基准,有时一个加权重于另一个。
LCP 100、400的感测模块可以包括压力测量模块和声学测量模块中的一个或多个。然而,可以根据需要使用其他测量模块,包括但不限于包括用于确定关于图6和图7描述的伪影的合适传感器的测量模块。例如,感测模块可以进一步包括电描记图测量模块。如本文所述,感测模块可以被配置为收集适合于确定一个或多个心房定时基准的信息。该信息可以包括但不限于心房伪影,例如参考图6和图7所讨论的那些。在某些情况下,从一个测量模块收集的信息可用于确定另一个测量模块的消隐间隔。
在某些情况下,压力测量模块可以检测或确定最大压力(心房或心室)、最小压力(心房或心室)、平均压力(心房或心室)、压力时间积分(心房或心房)和/或压力时间导数(心房或心室)中的至少一个。声学测量模块可以检测或确定S1心音、S2心音、S3心音和/或S4心音中的至少一个。加速度测量模块,如果存在的话,可以检测或确定以下至少一个:S1心音、S2心音、S3心音、S4心音、心肌(例如心壁)运动、患者活动和/或患者姿势。这些和其他伪影可以用作心房定时基准的基础。
在某些情况下,可能希望将LCP 100、400配置为以多种不同的起搏模式进行操作。一些说明性的起搏模式可以包括但不限于VDD、VDDR、VVI、VVIR、VOO和VOOR。如本文所用,起搏模式使用北美起搏和电生理学会(NASPE)和英国起搏和电生理小组(BPEG)的起搏器规范,如下表1所示:
Miller RD.Miller’s Anesthesia,第六版,Philadelphia:Elsevier股份有限公司,1417页
表1 NASPE/BPEG于2002年修订NBG起搏器规范
VDD设备是在心室中起搏的设备,可感应心房和心室,并使用触发和抑制起搏。
可以预期的是,如本文所述,使用对心房活动的远程跟踪的右心室LCP 100、400可以根据一个或多个感测到的状况从一种起搏模式自动返回另一种起搏模式。为了安全操作和/或增强起搏治疗的有效性,可能需要反转行为。控制模块可以被配置为搜索和识别可以指示期望反转的条件。一些情况可能包括但不限于:太靠近R波(或其他心室基准)出现的心房伪影(例如,心房定时基准);表示当前起搏治疗比另一种起搏治疗差或没有起搏治疗的血液动力学反应,无论是实际的还是预期的(由于姿势、心率、呼吸频率、呼吸周期、患者活动、生理噪声、环境噪音等中的一种或多种);连续或间歇性丢失心房跟踪伪影或基准;由于与重新获取心房伪影或基准有关的搜索算法,导致实际或预期的连续或间歇性心房跟踪伪影或基准丢失;相邻心房伪影或基准之间的时间间隔过短(例如,由于生理或环境噪声或房性心律失常引起的过度感应);和/或心室间隔过短(例如,由于生理或环境噪声或室性心律失常引起的过度感应)。这些只是一些示例。可能会检测到其他事件和条件,并导致反转行为。
LCP 100、400可以基于当前条件经历或配置为使用不同类型的复归行为。在第一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为改变起搏模式。在失去心房定时基准、心率超过指定阈值或心房噪声超过阈值的情况下,LCP可配置为在VDD和VVI模式之间自动切换。在心室噪声高于阈值的情况下,LCP可配置为在VDD或VVI和VOO模式之间自动切换。在血流动力学信号降低的情况下,LCP可配置为在VDD或VVI和OOO模式之间自动切换。
在示例LCP 100中,400恢复到VDI模式,其中设备继续搜索和/或测量心房伪影,但是不使用任何检测到的心房伪影来触发心室起搏。如果LCP确定可以可靠地确定心房基准,则LCP会返回到允许从心房基准触发心室起搏的模式(例如VDD模式)。
在某些情况下,控制模块可以被配置为操纵跟踪算法。例如,控制模块可以在具有跟踪估计和搜索的连续跟踪和间歇跟踪之间切换。在又一示例中,心房定时基准信号可以被恢复。在另一示例中,可以改变或切换用于确定心房定时基准的信号的类型和/或信号的一部分。在又一示例中,心房定时基准可以从两个或更多个信号的第一加权平均值改变为相同或不同的两个或更多个信号的第二不同加权平均值。这些仅仅是示例。
图15是用于确定LCP 100、400是否应当利用复归的说明性方法的流程图800。控制模块可以连续地验证当前起搏模式在当前条件下是最佳的。如果需要复归,则控制模块可以动态地改变起搏模式(例如,如果需要,逐心跳地改变)。LCP 100、400可以首先递送起搏,如802所示。在递送起搏之后,控制模块可以检查看看是否检测到了心房伪影和/或事件(例如,心房定时基准),如804所示。如果检测到心房定时基准,则LCP 100、400可以继续其正常操作模式,在某些情况下,可以是VDD跟踪,并且在相应的AV间隔之后进行起搏,如806所示。如808所示,当正常VDD跟踪抑制由于心室收缩引起的起搏脉冲时,可能会发生异常。如果未检测到或未解决心房定时基准,则LCP 100、400可进入复归模式,如810所示。在某些情况下,在复归模式下,LCP 100、400可以进入VDD伪跟踪模式,在该模式下,LCP 100、400使用估计的心房定时基准时间来起搏。可以适当使用其他复归模式。控制模块可以被配置为至少部分地基于一个或多个所跟踪的心房伪影/事件来选择心室起搏治疗和/或模式。在一些情况下,第一心室起搏治疗可具有第一起搏速率,而复归(或第二)心室起搏治疗可具有与第一起搏速率不同的第二起搏速率。例如,反向心室起搏治疗可以延长起搏速率,以帮助搜索心房定时基准。
图16示出了当LCP 100、400以正常VDD模式820操作时心电图上的起搏间隔和当LCP 100、400以VDD伪跟踪模式830操作时心电图上的起搏间隔的比较。如在正常VDD模式820中可以看到的,控制模块正在检测心房定时基准822,并且使用适当的AV延迟824在适当的时间传递起搏脉冲826。LCP 100、400将继续以这种方式操作,除非条件改变导致VDD起搏不安全或不太理想。
图16示出了其中LCP 100、400的控制模块已经确定心房伪影/事件832缺失或不可靠的示例。然后,控制模块可以感测心室事件834(例如但不限于R波),并且实质上将心室事件834用作下一个心动周期的心房起搏基准。控制模块可以确定适当的AV间隔836,其使用心室固有间隔(例如,R波至随后的R波)减去先前存储的起搏至R波间隔来计算。在所示的示例中,从感测的心室事件834开始,可以在等于R波到R波固有间隔减去历史AV间隔的百分比的时间处递送起搏脉冲838。预期历史AV间隔的百分比可以在大约30%至70%的范围内。可替代地,可以使用诸如但不限于约200毫秒的固定时间段来代替历史AV间隔的百分比或先前存储的起搏至R波间隔的百分比。然后,控制模块可以继续使用R波至R波固有间隔840作为定时间隔,使用起搏脉冲838作为定时基准,直到确定了合适的心房定时基准为止。如果控制模块未能重新获取合适的心房定时基准,则控制模块可以命令设备进入搜索模式,以尝试检测固有的心房和/或心室事件。这只是复归场景的一个示例。
控制模块可以被配置为通过分析起搏治疗的有效性来确定心房定时基准的准确性。在一个示例中,控制模块可以在连续的心动周期上使用上行程(例如,dP/dt或峰值压力)来估计A波检测的准确性。如果由于不正确的心房定时基准,LCP 100、400在不正确的时间起搏,则可以减少被动充盈,从而降低dP/dt。类似地,控制模块可以使用积分器来找到压力波形下的面积,该面积可以表示心室的充盈容积,或者LCP的电极之间的阻抗可以用作心室容积的指示。充盈不足可能表明心房定时基准不正确。在又一示例中,控制模块可以被配置为使用例如高通极点来搜索边缘以创建微分器,以帮助识别低(sub-par)心房定时基准。如果确定心房定时基准不正确,则LCP可以恢复到异步起搏(例如,VOO模式)。或者,如果患者的固有心率足够高(例如50BPM),则LCP可能会恢复为无起搏(例如OOO模式)。
除了一阶微分器之外,高阶微分器还可以提供更好的定时基准(例如,更清晰)和其他措施,例如验证信号质量。位置的三阶时间导数称为“急动”(jerk),它是加速度相对于时间的变化。图17示出了信号902的高阶微分的说明性关系的曲线图900。信号902可以是任何合适的信号,包括例如电描记图(egram)、压力信号、加速度信号或任何其他合适的信号。压力相对于时间的变化可以被认为是一阶导数904。一阶导数904相对于时间的变化可以被认为是二阶导数906。二阶导数相对于时间的的变化可以被认为等同于急动908(或三阶导数)。当信号是压力信号时,由A波产生的拐点可能会产生三阶斑点,这些斑点可用于定时或验证信号质量。
本领域技术人员将认识到,除了本文描述和考虑的特定示例之外,本公开可以以多种形式来体现。例如,如本文所述,各种示例包括被描述为执行各种功能的一个或多个模块。然而,其他示例可以包括将所描述的功能划分为比本文所描述的模块更多的模块的附加模块。另外,其他示例可以将所描述的功能合并为更少的模块。因此,在不脱离如所附权利要求中描述的本公开的范围和精神的情况下,可以做出形式和细节上的偏离。
Claims (10)
1.一种无引线心脏起搏器LCP,配置为感测心脏活动并将起搏治疗递送到患者心脏的心室,所述LCP包括:
壳体,具有近端和远端;
第一电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;
第二电极,相对于所述壳体固定并暴露于所述壳体的外部环境;
布置在所述壳体内的感测模块,所述感测模块被配置为在被动心室充盈期间通过感测来自患者心脏的心室中的阻抗、张力、旋转、流量中的至少一项来检测心房伪影并至少部分地基于所检测到的伪影来识别心房事件;和
电路,在所述壳体中可操作地耦合到所述第一电极和所述第二电极,并且还可操作地耦合到所述感测模块,所述电路被配置成经由所述第一电极和所述第二电极将心室起搏治疗递送到患者心脏,其中所述心室起搏治疗的时间至少部分取决于所识别的心房事件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块还被配置为感测来自患者心脏的心室中的加速度和电压中的至少一项。
3.根据权利要求2所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块包括滤波器,用于对阻抗、张力、旋转、加速度、电压和流量中的至少一项的信号进行滤波。
4.根据权利要求3所述的LCP,其中所述滤波器包括用于使第一频带通过的第一滤波器,用于使第二频带通过的第二滤波器以及用于使第三频带通过的第三滤波器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中所述心房伪影包括以下各项中的至少一项:心室容积、心室壁尺寸、心脏组织振动、心室血液运动和心室壁运动。
6.根据权利要求5所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块包括1Hz至5Hz的带通滤波器。
7.根据权利要求6所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块包括15Hz至30Hz的带通滤波器。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块还被配置为检测姿势、活动和呼吸中的至少一项。
9.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中所述电路还被配置为至少部分地基于所述心房事件确定固有间隔。
10.根据权利要求1所述的LCP,其中所述感测模块被配置为针对检测到的心房伪影计算多个心跳上的总体平均定时。
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| EP3717064B1 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
| US20190167972A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
| US11260216B2 (en) | 2022-03-01 |
| CN111417433A (zh) | 2020-07-14 |
| WO2019108545A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
| EP3717064A1 (en) | 2020-10-07 |
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