CN113340997B - Online detection method for laser shock peening defect based on acoustic emission double-channel range - Google Patents
Online detection method for laser shock peening defect based on acoustic emission double-channel range Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an on-line detection method for laser shock strengthening defects based on acoustic emission double-channel extremely poor, which realizes the combination of a laser shock strengthening process and a defect detection process, wherein an acoustic emission technology is adopted in an on-line defect detection system, so that micro defects in a plate can be detected more clearly, in addition, acoustic emission signals are generated by deformation of materials during laser shock strengthening, an excitation source is not required, and the information utilization rate of the laser shock strengthening is improved. After the acoustic emission signals are transmitted and analyzed in the plate, the sensor signals at different positions are subjected to extremely poor fusion, so that the fused signal characteristics can represent defect information more completely and clearly, and the defect detection accuracy is improved. The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple algorithm, high characteristic distinction degree, easiness in explanation, high robustness and strong engineering applicability, and provides an effective implementation way for realizing the online defect detection in the laser shock peening process.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of laser shock peening, and particularly relates to an acoustic emission double-channel extremely poor laser shock peening defect on-line detection method.
Background
The laser shock strengthening is a novel surface treatment technology for strengthening metal materials by utilizing shock waves generated by high-energy pulse laser induction. The technical principle is that high-energy pulse laser passes through a transparent constraint layer and irradiates on metal coated with an absorption protection layer, meanwhile, under the limit of the constraint layer, high-temperature and high-pressure plasma groups generated after the absorption protection layer absorbs laser energy propagate high-pressure shock waves into the material, so that the surface of the material is modified, and all physical and chemical properties of the metal material are enhanced. Compared with other traditional surface treatment processes, the laser shock peening has the characteristics of good controllability, obvious peening effect and the like.
In actual engineering, for the defect-free plate, a good strengthening effect can be achieved after laser shock strengthening, and the service life of the part is greatly prolonged. However, according to experimental comparison, after the laser shock peening is performed on the defective plate, the service life of the part is slightly prolonged, and the desired effect can be achieved only after post-treatment or secondary strengthening treatment is performed. At present, in laser shock strengthening, defective plate pieces and defect-free plate pieces cannot be effectively distinguished, further the plate pieces after laser shock have good and uneven processing effects, and certain blocking effects can be generated on popularization and application of a laser shock strengthening technology. Therefore, in order to promote the development of the laser shock peening technology, the problem of online defect detection in the laser shock process needs to be solved.
Chinese patent CN102680580a proposes an acoustic emission detection method for a reverse turn coil, by arranging the reverse turn coil above a detection area, a high-energy eddy current is generated on the detection area by using an excitation voltage of energy focusing, and an acoustic emission signal is excited after interaction between the characteristics of ferromagnetic materials and defects, so as to realize nondestructive detection and evaluation of the defects. Chinese patent CN103760243A proposes a nondestructive testing device and method for microcracks, which combines ultrasonic technology and acoustic emission technology, utilizes an ultrasonic probe to generate excitation signals, and then uses an acoustic emission acquisition processing system to acquire, amplify and process signals so as to detect whether microcrack defects exist in a component.
The above disclosed or issued patents, the proposed detection methods all need to use a separate excitation device to detect the defects of the material, and cannot detect in real time in the LSP processing process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention realizes the defect detection purpose in the laser shock peening process by fusing the information of the double-channel acoustic emission sensor. The method has the advantages that the arrangement positions of the acoustic emission sensors are determined through propagation analysis of acoustic emission signals in the defect plate, after laser shock peening is carried out, the acoustic emission signals of the two sensors are fused extremely poorly, the characteristic parameters of a fused channel are obtained, defect information is represented, and the method for detecting the laser shock peening defects on line based on acoustic emission double channels is provided, so that the method is simple in algorithm, high in characteristic distinction degree, strong in interpretation, high in robustness and strong in engineering applicability.
The invention adopts the technical scheme that:
the method for online detecting the laser shock peening defect based on the acoustic emission double-channel range is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
fixing a plate to be processed on a laser impact strengthening test bed, adjusting the position of the plate to enable a focusing device to be opposite to the center of an impact area of the plate, then installing a double-channel acoustic emission sensor probe on the surface of the plate to be processed, and acquiring acoustic emission signals x (t) in the material in real time while carrying out impact strengthening on an empty flat plate and a defect flat plate;
step two, the sampling rate of the original acoustic emission signal x (t) is extremely high, and in order to improve the processing speed of data, acoustic emission signals of all channels are processed according to the shannon sampling theorem to obtain a down-sampling signal x1 (t);
step three, carrying out Fourier spectrum analysis on the downsampled signal x1 (t), carrying out filtering processing on the signal according to the frequency band where each spectral peak is located, and extracting kurtosis K, pulse factor I and margin factor C from each sensor filtering signal e Three-dimensional time domain characteristic parameters;
and fourthly, performing extremely poor operation on the three-dimensional time domain characteristic parameters of each sensor signal to obtain a fused time domain characteristic parameter based on the two-channel information, wherein the fused time domain characteristic parameter is used for representing defect information and realizing the online defect detection of the laser shock reinforced workpiece material.
In the first step, the laser shock strengthening test bed comprises a control system, a laser generator, a light guide device and a focusing device, the focusing device is used for realizing the accurate positioning of the laser shock position, the laser generator is a high-power neodymium glass pulse laser, the laser wavelength is 1064nm, the pulse width is 18ns, the single pulse energy is 2-8J, the repetition frequency is 1Hz, and the control system is used for controlling the laser generator to complete shock work and controlling the focusing device to realize shock positioning.
In the first step, the selected acoustic emission acquisition equipment comprises an acoustic emission sensor probe, a preamplifier and an acoustic emission signal acquisition and analysis system, an RS-2A narrowband resonance acoustic emission sensor is selected to acquire acoustic emission signals, the signals are enhanced by the preamplifier with the gain of 20dB, and the signal data are converted, integrated, displayed, stored and analyzed by the signal acquisition and analysis system;
for the flat plate material, two acoustic emission probes are adopted and symmetrically arranged.
In the second step, the original signal is subjected to downsampling processing on the premise of meeting the shannon sampling theorem so as to obtain a downsampled signal, wherein the initial sampling rate of the acoustic emission signal is too high, the data length is large, and the signal processing rate is improved.
In the third step, the down-sampled signals are subjected to Fourier spectrum analysis, the frequency bands of the same spectrum peaks in the two sensor signals are determined, the signals are subjected to filtering processing, and three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameters are further extracted: kurtosis ofPulse factor->And margin factor->
The invention is further improved in that in the third step, the kurtosis K, the pulse factor I and the margin factor C of the filtering signal are extracted for the flat plate material e Three-dimensional time domain feature parameters.
The invention is further improved in that acoustic emission elastic waves are mutually coupled with defects in the internal propagation process of the material, and modal transformation and propagation path change occur; when the plate is defect-free, the signals received by the sensor are direct surface waves and plate boundary reflected waves; when the plate has a prefabricated defect, the direct surface wave interacts with the defect to generate a mode conversion to generate a defect launch surface wave, and meanwhile, the propagation path is changed to generate a defect diffraction surface wave; the analysis shows that the signal modes carrying the defect information are the defect launch surface wave and the defect diffraction surface wave, so the defect information can be obtained by analyzing the signals of the two modes.
In the fourth step, the arrangement position of the sensor is obtained through the propagation analysis of the acoustic emission signal in the defect plate; because of the existence of the prefabricated defect, sensors are respectively arranged at two sides of the defect, one sensor and a laser impact area are positioned at one side of the defect, and the sensor receives the direct surface wave and the defect reflection surface wave; the other sensor and the laser impact area are positioned at two sides of the defect, and the sensor receives the diffraction surface wave of the defect and the boundary reflection surface wave; because the defect information exists in the defect reflection surface wave and the defect diffraction surface wave, the defect information can be clearly and completely reflected by fusing the two sensors.
In the fourth step, the time domain characteristic parameter after the double-channel information fusion has the following calculation formula:
wherein:for the time-domain characteristic of the sensor number 1 on the same side as the impact area, < >>In order to obtain the time domain characteristic parameter of the sensor No. 2 on the opposite side of the impact area, i is a three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameter, and kurtosis is respectively adopted> Pulse factor->And margin factor->
In the fourth step, the defect information characterization is carried out by utilizing the time domain characteristic parameters of the double-channel information fusion, so that the laser shock peening defect on-line detection is realized.
The invention realizes the combination of the laser shock peening process and the defect detection process, and has the following advantages compared with the prior art:
(1) The defect detection system adopts an acoustic emission technology, belongs to a passive detection technology, and can more clearly detect micro defects in the plate, in addition, acoustic emission signals are generated by elastic waves in the material during laser shock peening, an excitation source is not required, and the information utilization rate of the laser shock peening is improved.
(2) The sensors positioned on two sides of the defect are adopted to detect the defect, and the analysis of the propagation paths of the acoustic emission signals in the plate can obtain that compared with a single sensing probe, the time domain features of the multi-sensor information are fused to more clearly and completely represent the defect information, and the sensitivity of the defect features can be greatly enhanced and the accuracy of the defect detection is improved through simple extremely poor operation of the double probes.
The method provided by the invention has the advantages of simple algorithm, high characteristic distinction degree, strong interpretation, high robustness and strong engineering applicability, and provides an effective implementation way for realizing the online defect detection in the laser shock peening process.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of online detection of a laser shock peening defect in an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of an acoustic emission sensor arrangement in an embodiment of the present invention; wherein a is a blank plate, b is a defect plate;
FIG. 4 is a diagram of the shape and dimensions of a hollow blank and a defect panel according to an embodiment of the present invention; wherein a is a blank plate, b is a defect plate;
FIG. 5 is a graph of the spectrum before and after down-sampling the acoustic emission signals of each sensor of the hollow white panel and the defect panel according to the embodiment of the present invention; the method comprises the steps that a and b are respectively blank flat-plate 1# and 2# sensors and down-sampled acoustic emission signal spectrograms, and c and d are respectively defect flat-plate 1# and 2# sensors and down-sampled acoustic emission signal spectrograms;
FIG. 6 is a time domain diagram of filtered signals of a hollow white panel and a defective panel according to an embodiment of the present invention; a and b are respectively blank flat 1# and 2# sensor filtering signal time domain diagrams, and c and d are respectively defect flat 1# and 2# sensor filtering signal time domain diagrams;
fig. 7 is a comparison chart of time domain characteristic parameters of two-channel information fused by a hollow white plate and a defect plate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Wherein: the device comprises a 1-control system, a 2-laser generator, a 3-light guide device, a 4-focusing device, a 5-transparent water restraint layer, a 6-black tape absorption protection layer, a 7-metal plate, an 8-acoustic emission sensor, a 9-preamplifier, a 10-acoustic emission signal acquisition and analysis system, a 11-laser impact area and 12-prefabricated defects.
Detailed Description
In order to clearly explain the application of the present invention, the present invention will be further explained with reference to the figures and examples.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of online detection of a laser shock peening defect, and the online detection of the laser shock peening defect can be divided into two parts, a laser shock peening part and a defect online detection part. The laser impact strengthening part selects a high-repetition-frequency laser to generate pulse laser, and impact strengthening of the metal material is realized through a series of matched devices. The main structure of the laser shock enhancement part comprises a control system 1, a laser generator 2, a light guide device 3, a focusing device 4, a transparent restraint layer 5, an absorption protection layer 6 and a metal plate 7. The defect online detection part selects an acoustic emission technology to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the defects of the material, and mainly comprises the following three parts, an acoustic emission sensor 8, a preamplifier 9 and an acoustic emission signal acquisition and analysis system 10.
The invention provides an acoustic emission-based dual-channel extremely poor laser shock peening defect online detection method, wherein a technical scheme flow chart is shown in fig. 2, and mainly comprises the following steps:
fixing a plate to be processed on a laser shock strengthening test bed, and adjusting the position of the plate to enable a focusing device to be opposite to the center of an impact area of the plate. The high-energy pulse laser is generated by a laser generator and irradiates on the impact area of the plate through a light guide device and a focusing device. And then the acoustic emission sensor is correctly arranged on the plate to be processed according to the requirement, the blank plate and the defect plate are respectively subjected to impact reinforcement, and acoustic emission signals are acquired in real time. Wherein the position of the sensor on the experimental plate is shown in fig. 3.
Step two, carrying out downsampling treatment on acoustic emission signals acquired by each channel according to the shannon sampling theorem, so as to ensure that downsampled signals with compressed data length are obtained under the condition that the signals are not distorted, thereby improving the data processing speed;
and thirdly, performing spectrum analysis on the downsampled acoustic emission signals received by the sensors, determining the frequency band of each spectral peak on the spectrum, performing filtering processing on the signals according to the frequency band, and then extracting time domain characteristic parameters of the filtered signals of the sensors. Three-dimensional dimensionless parameters commonly used in time domain feature selection defect detection, mainly kurtosisPulse factor->And margin factor->
And fourthly, performing extremely poor operation on the three-dimensional time domain characteristic parameters of each sensor signal to obtain a fused time domain characteristic parameter based on the two-channel information, wherein the fused time domain characteristic parameter is used for representing defect information and realizing the online defect detection of the laser shock reinforced workpiece material.
The calculation formula of the fused time domain characteristic parameters based on the double-channel information is as follows:
wherein:for the time-domain characteristic of the sensor number 1 on the same side as the impact area, < >>The time domain characteristic parameters of the sensor No. 2 on the opposite side of the impact area are I three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameters which are kurtosis K, pulse factor I and margin factor C respectively e 。
Examples:
the laser shock peening defect online detection method adopted in the embodiment can be divided into a laser shock peening part and a defect online detection part. The processing technological parameters adopted by the laser shock peening are as follows: the transparent constraint layer is water constrained, the absorption protection layer is black tape, the pulse laser is 4J, the diameter of a light spot is 3mm, and the repetition frequency is 0.5Hz. In the defect online detection part, the acoustic emission sensor is a resonant narrowband sensor, the gain multiple of the preamplifier is 20dB, and the sensor and the plate are tightly attached by adopting an industrial couplant
In this example, the validity of the proposed method was experimentally verified by prefabricating defects on a flat plate for simulating defective plates in the process. Fig. 3 is a sensor layout diagram, wherein the defect detection is performed by adopting two sensors, a sensor No. 1 and a laser impact area are positioned on the same side of the defect, a sensor No. 2 and a laser impact area are positioned on two sides of the defect, and complete defect information is obtained by performing information fusion on the sensor No. 1 and the sensor No. 2. Fig. 4 shows the shape, size, length, width and height of a blank plate and a defect plate, which are 300mm by 50mm by 4mm, respectively, wherein the defect size is 20mm by 2mm, and the defect position is 110mm from the plate boundary.
In this example, according to the first step of the present invention, after a plate to be processed is fixed on a laser impact experiment table, a focusing device is adjusted to focus the plate to the center of an impact area of the plate, a controller 1 controls a laser generator 2 to generate high-energy pulse laser, the high-energy pulse laser is irradiated on the plate to be processed, to which a black adhesive tape 6 is attached, through a light guide device 3 and a focusing device 4, after the black adhesive tape 6 absorbs laser energy, high-pressure plasma is generated, and high-temperature high-pressure plasma clusters are further generated by aggregation; then under the action of the water constraint 5, high-pressure shock waves are generated to propagate into the material, so that the material is subjected to micro deformation, a strengthening effect is generated, and simultaneously, an acoustic emission signal is generated. According to the requirement of the arrangement of the acoustic emission sensor in the FIG. 3, the acoustic emission signals generated during laser shock peening are received, stored and analyzed in real time, wherein the sampling rate of a blank flat plate is 5MHz, and the sampling rate of a defect flat plate is 3MHz. According to the second step of the invention, the original acoustic emission signal is subjected to downsampling treatment according to the sampling theorem, wherein the blank flat plate is reduced by 5 times, and the defect flat plate is reduced by 3 times, so that the sampling rate of the downsampled signal is 1MHz. The downsampled signal spectra of each sensor for the blank and defect plates are shown in fig. 5. According to the third step of the invention, the down-sampling signals of all channels are subjected to spectrum analysis, the frequency band of the spectrum peak is selected to carry out filtering processing on the signals, and the three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameters of the filtered signals are extracted. FIG. 6 is a time domain graph of the filtered signals of each sensor of the blank panel and the defect panel, and FIG. 1 is a time domain characteristic parameter of the filtered signals of each sensor of the blank panel and the defect panel. According to the fourth step of the invention, the time domain characteristic parameters of the different sensors obtained in the third step are fused to obtain the fused time domain characteristic parameters based on the two-channel information, the fused time domain characteristic parameters are used for representing defect information, the on-line detection of the laser shock peening defect is realized, the three-dimensional time domain characteristic parameters fused with the two-channel information are shown in a table 2, and the fused time domain characteristic comparison diagram of the blank flat plate and the defect flat plate based on the two-channel information is shown in fig. 7.
TABLE 1 time domain characteristic parameters of the sensor filtered signals for blank and defect plates
TABLE 2 fusion time domain feature parameters based on two-channel information
From the results of the experiment and the embodiment, the real-time detection method for the internal defects of the laser shock enhanced target based on the acoustic emission double-channel extremely poor fusion combines the laser shock enhancement process and the defect detection process, adopts the acoustic emission technology developed and mature in the nondestructive detection as a means, and collects acoustic emission signals generated in the laser shock enhancement process in real time so as to realize the detection target of the defects of the materials. By simulating the propagation path of the acoustic emission signal in the plate, the sensors positioned at two sides of the defect can receive certain defect information, and the sensors can more completely represent the defect information after the acoustic emission signal and the sensor are combined to the greatest extent. The embodiment results show that the fusion time domain features based on the two-channel information have strong differentiation on blank plates and defect plates, and can well detect the defect information. The method has the advantages of simple flow, high characteristic characterization degree, strong robustness and strong engineering applicability.
Claims (9)
1. The method for online detecting the laser shock peening defect based on the acoustic emission double-channel range is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
fixing a plate to be processed on a laser impact strengthening test bed, adjusting the position of the plate to enable a focusing device to be opposite to the center of an impact area of the plate, then installing a double-channel acoustic emission sensor probe on the surface of the plate to be processed, and acquiring acoustic emission signals x (t) in the material in real time while carrying out impact strengthening on an empty flat plate and a defect flat plate;
step two, the sampling rate of the original acoustic emission signal x (t) is adopted: the sampling rate of the blank flat plate is 5MHz, and the sampling rate of the defect flat plate is 3MHz; in order to improve the processing speed of data, acoustic emission signals of all channels are processed according to the shannon sampling theorem to obtain a down-sampling signal x1 (t);
step three, carrying out Fourier spectrum analysis on the downsampled signal x1 (t), carrying out filtering processing on the signal according to the frequency band where each spectral peak is located, and extracting kurtosis K, pulse factor I and margin factor C from each sensor filtering signal e Three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameters;
performing extremely poor operation on three-dimensional time domain characteristic parameters of each sensor signal to obtain a fused time domain characteristic parameter based on double-channel information, wherein the fused time domain characteristic parameter is used for representing defect information and realizing online defect detection of the laser shock reinforced workpiece material; the calculation formula of the time domain characteristic parameters after the double-channel information fusion is as follows:
wherein:for the time-domain characteristic of the sensor number 1 on the same side as the impact area, < >>In order to obtain the time domain characteristic parameter of the sensor No. 2 on the opposite side of the impact area, i is a three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameter, and kurtosis is respectively adopted> Pulse factor->And margin factor->
2. The method for detecting the laser shock peening defect on line based on the acoustic emission double-channel range according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the laser shock peening test bed comprises a control system, a laser generator, a light guide device and a focusing device, the focusing device is used for realizing accurate positioning of a laser shock position, the laser generator is a high-power neodymium glass pulse laser, the laser wavelength is 1064nm, the pulse width is 18ns, the single pulse energy is 2-8J, the repetition frequency is 1Hz, and the control system is used for controlling the laser generator to complete shock work and controlling the focusing device to realize shock positioning.
3. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission dual-channel range as defined in claim 1, wherein in the first step, the acoustic emission acquisition equipment comprises an acoustic emission sensor probe, a preamplifier and an acoustic emission signal acquisition and analysis system, an RS-2A type narrow-band resonance acoustic emission sensor is selected to acquire acoustic emission signals, the signals are enhanced by the preamplifier with 20dB gain, and conversion integration, display, storage and analysis of signal data are realized by the signal acquisition and analysis system;
for the flat plate material, two acoustic emission probes are adopted and symmetrically arranged.
4. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission dual-channel range according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the initial sampling rate of the acoustic emission signal is too high, the data length is large, and in order to increase the signal processing rate, the original signal is subjected to downsampling processing on the premise of meeting shannon's sampling theorem to obtain a downsampled signal.
5. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission dual-channel range according to claim 1, wherein in step three, fourier spectrum analysis is performed on the down-sampled signals, frequency bands of the same spectrum peaks in the two sensor signals are determined, filtering processing is performed on the signals, and three-dimensional dimensionless time domain characteristic parameters are further extracted.
6. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission dual-channel range as defined in claim 1, wherein in step three, for a flat plate material, a filter signal kurtosis K, a pulse factor I and a margin factor C are extracted e Three-dimensional time domain feature parameters.
7. The online detection method for the laser shock peening defect based on the acoustic emission dual-channel range according to claim 1, wherein acoustic emission elastic waves are mutually coupled with the defect in the internal propagation process of the material, and modal transformation and propagation path change occur; when the plate is defect-free, the signals received by the sensor are direct surface waves and plate boundary reflected waves; when the plate has a prefabricated defect, the direct surface wave interacts with the defect to generate a mode conversion to generate a defect launch surface wave, and meanwhile, the propagation path is changed to generate a defect diffraction surface wave; the analysis shows that the signal modes carrying the defect information are the defect launch surface wave and the defect diffraction surface wave, so the defect information can be obtained by analyzing the signals of the two modes.
8. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission dual-channel range according to claim 1, wherein in step four, the arrangement position of the sensor is obtained by analyzing propagation of acoustic emission signals in a defect plate; because of the existence of the prefabricated defect, sensors are respectively arranged at two sides of the defect, one sensor and a laser impact area are positioned at one side of the defect, and the sensor receives the direct surface wave and the defect reflection surface wave; the other sensor and the laser impact area are positioned at two sides of the defect, and the sensor receives the diffraction surface wave of the defect and the boundary reflection surface wave; because the defect information exists in the defect reflection surface wave and the defect diffraction surface wave, the defect information can be clearly and completely reflected by fusing the two sensors.
9. The method for online detection of laser shock peening defects based on acoustic emission double-channel range according to claim 1, wherein in the fourth step, defect information characterization is performed by using time domain characteristic parameters of double-channel information fusion, so that online detection of laser shock peening defects is realized.
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