WO1992012733A1 - Method for the elimination of the 'boar odour' from meat - Google Patents
Method for the elimination of the 'boar odour' from meat Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1992012733A1 WO1992012733A1 PCT/NL1992/000021 NL9200021W WO9212733A1 WO 1992012733 A1 WO1992012733 A1 WO 1992012733A1 NL 9200021 W NL9200021 W NL 9200021W WO 9212733 A1 WO9212733 A1 WO 9212733A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- male pigs
- meat
- immunisation
- gnrh
- carried out
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 6
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 238000002649 immunization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 101000857870 Squalus acanthias Gonadoliberin Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- NMJREATYWWNIKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N GnRH Chemical compound C1CCC(C(=O)NCC(N)=O)N1C(=O)C(CC(C)C)NC(=O)C(CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)C(NC(=O)C(CO)NC(=O)C(CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)C(CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)C1NC(=O)CC1)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 NMJREATYWWNIKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229940088597 hormone Drugs 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000005556 hormone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003307 slaughter Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000000384 rearing effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000004408 hybridoma Anatomy 0.000 claims description 6
- 206010035226 Plasma cell myeloma Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000000050 myeloid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 5
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- QGXBDMJGAMFCBF-HLUDHZFRSA-N 5α-Androsterone Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)CC[C@]2(C)[C@H]3CC[C@](C)(C(CC4)=O)[C@@H]4[C@@H]3CC[C@H]21 QGXBDMJGAMFCBF-HLUDHZFRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGXBDMJGAMFCBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Etiocholanolone Natural products C1C(O)CCC2(C)C3CCC(C)(C(CC4)=O)C4C3CCC21 QGXBDMJGAMFCBF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 102000012673 Follicle Stimulating Hormone Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010079345 Follicle Stimulating Hormone Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940061641 androsterone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000007910 cell fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940028334 follicle stimulating hormone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 108091003079 Bovine Serum Albumin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000579 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010062767 Hypophysitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940098773 bovine serum albumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000010307 cell transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002149 gonad Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- XLXSAKCOAKORKW-AQJXLSMYSA-N gonadorelin Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(=O)NCC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1N=CNC=1)NC(=O)[C@H]1NC(=O)CC1)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 XLXSAKCOAKORKW-AQJXLSMYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940035638 gonadotropin-releasing hormone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003016 hypothalamus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009027 insemination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001592 luteinising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004180 plasmocyte Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003488 releasing hormone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002940 repellent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005871 repellent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000028327 secretion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001890 transfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/26—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against hormones ; against hormone releasing or inhibiting factors
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for the complete or virtually complete elimination of the "boar odour" from meat from reared male pigs by immunising said pigs against the GnRH hormone during the rearing period and to the meat which is obtained by slaughtering male pigs treated in this way.
- the gonadotropin-releasing hormone As is generally known, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- GnRH luteinisin ⁇ hormone-releasing hormone
- LHRH luteinisin ⁇ hormone-releasing hormone
- GnRH has a direct action on the hypophysis, which, by reason of this, initiates a secretion of the luteinising hormone (LH) and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) , which, in their turn, act on both male and female gonads with the development of, on the one hand, sperm and, on the other hand, egg cells.
- LH luteinising hormone
- FSH follicle stimulating hormone
- This hormone is known to accumulate in the fat layers of male pigs (boars) .
- This accumulation of the androsterone hormone is considered to be responsible for the occurrence of the so-called "boar odour", a repellent odour belonging to the meat of fully grown male pigs.
- boar odour a repellent odour belonging to the meat of fully grown male pigs.
- the method according to the invention it is possible by means of a single injection of the young male pigs with GnRH antibodies, completely or virtually completely to eliminate the boar odour from the meat from subsequently slaughtered male pigs.
- This injection with GnRH antibodies must be carried out about 2-4 weeks and in particular about 3 weeks before slaughter, which in the case of these pigs usually takes place at an age of about 24 weeks. It is regarded as a particular feature of the invention that the boar odour can still be eliminated despite the fact that the injection of the male f>igs with GnRH antibodies is carried out "late", that is to say shortly before slaughter.
- the method according to the invention has numerous advantages. Firstly, the more rapid rate of growth or better food conversion efficiency of male pigs compared with castrated pigs is turned to maximum benefit and, at the same time, a smaller amount of manure is produced. Secondly, the possibility of a single injection offers considerable advantages in practice since the number of pigs per farm runs into the hundreds or thousands. In addition, it is pointed out that the quality of the meat from the male pigs treated according to the invention is considered to be better than that from the castrated pigs. Moreover, the method according to the invention has the significant advantage that it is reproducible, which is regarded as essential in view of the large number of pigs to be injected.
- GnRH antibodies As already stated, the young male pigs are injected with GnRH antibodies about 2-4 weeks before slaughter, which takes place at an age of about 24 weeks. These GnRH antibodies can be produced in diverse ways. Hybridomas which produce these (monoclonal) antibodies may be mentioned as an important source of said antibodies. Examples of such hybridomas are derived from mouse cells and myeloma cells or from pig cells and myeloma cells. These hybridomas, which are produced with the aid of the cell fusion procedure, can be created using the methods known from the general prior art.
- the invention also relates to the meat from male pigs treated using the method according to the invention, which meat is suitable for human consumption as it lacks the boar odour.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a method for the complete or virtually complete elimination of the 'boar odour' from meat from slaughtered male pigs by immunising the male pigs against the GnRH hormone during the rearing period by means of a passive immunisation with GnRH antibodies. This passive immunisation is advantageously carried out as a single immunisation about 2-4 weeks before slaughter of the male pigs.
Description
METHOD FOR THE ELIMINATION OF THE "BOAR ODOUR" FROM MEAT
The invention relates to a method for the complete or virtually complete elimination of the "boar odour" from meat from reared male pigs by immunising said pigs against the GnRH hormone during the rearing period and to the meat which is obtained by slaughtering male pigs treated in this way. As is generally known, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) , which is also known as the luteinisinζ hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), is a hormone of the hypothalamus. This hormone plays a major role in controlling the interactions and levels of a multiplicity of hormones in respect of male and female fertility. GnRH has a direct action on the hypophysis, which, by reason of this, initiates a secretion of the luteinising hormone (LH) and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) , which, in their turn, act on both male and female gonads with the development of, on the one hand, sperm and, on the other hand, egg cells. t has been found that the GnRH described above has an indirect influence on the formation of the androsterone hormone. This hormone is known to accumulate in the fat layers of male pigs (boars) . This accumulation of the androsterone hormone is considered to be responsible for the occurrence of the so-called "boar odour", a repellent odour belonging to the meat of fully grown male pigs. To prevent the abovementioned "boar odour" it is possible to castrate the male pigs at a very young age and this is also the current practice in many countries. Irrespective of the call for a more humane attitude with respect to the animal and its living conditions, this type of castration also, however, lowers the rate of growth and the food conversion efficiency of the animal by 15/». which from the economic standpoint is felt to be particularly undesirable.
An attempt has therefore been made to develop a method with which the boar odour of the meat from reared male pigs can be prevented in a simple, animal-friendly and economical manner. Hagen G. , et al., 11th International Congress on Animal
Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Dublin, (I988) , pages 493-^95. describe immunoneutralisation of the GnRH, involving an active immunisation of the male pigs, as an alternative to surgical castration. More particularly, with this method the immunisation is carried out witr.
the aid of a GnRH-BSA conjugate (BSA = bovine serum albumin) , which is emulsified in "complete Freund's adjuvant" for the primary immunisation and in "incomplete Freund's adjuvant" for the secondary or booster immunisation. The primary immunisation of the pigs took place as early as at an average age of about 12 weeks. The immunised pigs werfe then slaughtered 11 weeks after the primary immunisation.
It can be deduced from the article by Hagen G. , et al., that the result of the active immunisation of male pigs with GnRH-BSA, expressed as the antibody titre, is in no way reproducible, which makes such a method completely unsuitable for large scale use. The non- reproducibility of this active immunisation may possibly be ascribed to the "inherent" reaction of each animal to immunisation with an antigen. In addition, reference is made to the injections carried out at two different times (primary and secondary immunisation) , which meets with appreciable objections in practice. It is also reported that the treatment of the piglets is carried out early, at the young age of about 12 weeks, which leads to a disturbance of the hormone balance or the masculinity of the young boars. This then has an adverse influence on the rate of growth or the food conversion efficiency of the treated animals. Moreover, with regard to the stated aim of the invention, that is to say the elimination of the boar odour from the meat of slaughtered male pigs, it was hardly possible to detect an appreciable reduction in this odour between the meat from treated and untreated animals (see page 45i right- hand column) . Similar active immunoneutralisations of the GnRH are also described in the literature in
Grizzle, T.B. , et al., Theriogenology, Vol. 27, pp. 571-580, 1 87; and
Falvo, R.E., et al., J.Anim.Sci., Vol. 63, pp. 986-99^, 1986. However, the methods described in these literature references are subject to the same drawbacks as the abovementioned method according to Hagen G. et al. , (loc.cit. ) .
Surprisingly, it has been found that the abovementioned disadvantages known from the prior art can be overcome if the male pigs are subjected to a passive immunisation with GnRH antibodies.
More particularly, using the method according to the invention it is possible by means of a single injection of the young male pigs with GnRH antibodies, completely or virtually completely to eliminate the boar odour from the meat from subsequently slaughtered male pigs. This
injection with GnRH antibodies must be carried out about 2-4 weeks and in particular about 3 weeks before slaughter, which in the case of these pigs usually takes place at an age of about 24 weeks. It is regarded as a particular feature of the invention that the boar odour can still be eliminated despite the fact that the injection of the male f>igs with GnRH antibodies is carried out "late", that is to say shortly before slaughter.
The method according to the invention has numerous advantages. Firstly, the more rapid rate of growth or better food conversion efficiency of male pigs compared with castrated pigs is turned to maximum benefit and, at the same time, a smaller amount of manure is produced. Secondly, the possibility of a single injection offers considerable advantages in practice since the number of pigs per farm runs into the hundreds or thousands. In addition, it is pointed out that the quality of the meat from the male pigs treated according to the invention is considered to be better than that from the castrated pigs. Moreover, the method according to the invention has the significant advantage that it is reproducible, which is regarded as essential in view of the large number of pigs to be injected. As already stated, the young male pigs are injected with GnRH antibodies about 2-4 weeks before slaughter, which takes place at an age of about 24 weeks. These GnRH antibodies can be produced in diverse ways. Hybridomas which produce these (monoclonal) antibodies may be mentioned as an important source of said antibodies. Examples of such hybridomas are derived from mouse cells and myeloma cells or from pig cells and myeloma cells. These hybridomas, which are produced with the aid of the cell fusion procedure, can be created using the methods known from the general prior art. In addition to the cell fusion procedure, it is also possible, if appropriate, to use other methods for the production of hybridomas, such as plasma cell transformation, in which case the transformation takes place with the aid of a virus or by transfection. The invention also relates to the meat from male pigs treated using the method according to the invention, which meat is suitable for human consumption as it lacks the boar odour.
Claims
1. Method for the complete or virtually complete elimination of the "boar odour" from meat from reared male pigs by immunising the male pigs against the GnRH hormone during the rearing period, characterised in that male pigs are subjected to a passive immunisation withrGnRH antibodies.
2. Method according to Claim 1, characterised in that the passive immunisation is carried out as a single immunisation.
3. Method according to Claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the passive immunisation is carried out about 2-4 weeks before slaughter of the male pigs.
4. Method according to one or more of Claims 1-3, characterised in that the passive immunisation is carried out using monoclonal antibodies obtained from hybridomas derived from mouse cells and myeloma cells.
5. Method according to one or more of Claims 1-3, characterised in that the passive immunisation is carried out using monoclonal antibodies obtained from hybridomas derived from pig cells and myeloma cells.
6. Method according to Claims 4 and 5t characterised in that a mixture of two or more monoclonal GnRH antibodies is used.
7. Meat obtained by slaughtering male pigs treated in accordance with the method according to one or more of Claims 1-6.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL9100151A NL9100151A (en) | 1991-01-29 | 1991-01-29 | METHOD FOR COMPLETELY C.Q. ALMOST COMPLETELY ELIMINATE THE "BEREGEUR" OF MEAT FROM REARED MALE PIGS BY IMMUNIZING THE MALE PIGS AGAINST THE GNRH HORMONE WHILE REARING. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1992012733A1 true WO1992012733A1 (en) | 1992-08-06 |
Family
ID=19858792
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NL1992/000021 WO1992012733A1 (en) | 1991-01-29 | 1992-01-28 | Method for the elimination of the 'boar odour' from meat |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU1325192A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL9100151A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1992012733A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5688506A (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1997-11-18 | Aphton Corp. | Immunogens against gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| US5911986A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1999-06-15 | Unilever Patent Holdings, B.V. | Foodstuffs and other compositions |
| CN102335422A (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2012-02-01 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Recombinant phage peculiar smell removal vaccine for boars |
| EP2900275A4 (en) * | 2012-09-29 | 2016-05-25 | Univ Pennsylvania | VETERINARY USE COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF NON-SURGICAL STERILIZATION AND CASTRATION |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4556555A (en) * | 1985-01-25 | 1985-12-03 | North Carolina State University | Process for the immunological neutering of animals |
| US4676981A (en) * | 1984-02-07 | 1987-06-30 | University Of Saskatchewan | Monoclonal antibodies against GnRH |
-
1991
- 1991-01-29 NL NL9100151A patent/NL9100151A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1992
- 1992-01-28 WO PCT/NL1992/000021 patent/WO1992012733A1/en active Application Filing
- 1992-01-28 AU AU13251/92A patent/AU1325192A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4676981A (en) * | 1984-02-07 | 1987-06-30 | University Of Saskatchewan | Monoclonal antibodies against GnRH |
| US4556555A (en) * | 1985-01-25 | 1985-12-03 | North Carolina State University | Process for the immunological neutering of animals |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5911986A (en) * | 1992-12-21 | 1999-06-15 | Unilever Patent Holdings, B.V. | Foodstuffs and other compositions |
| US5688506A (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 1997-11-18 | Aphton Corp. | Immunogens against gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| US6132720A (en) * | 1994-01-27 | 2000-10-17 | Aphton Corp. | Immunogens against gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| US6303123B1 (en) | 1994-01-27 | 2001-10-16 | Aphton Corporation | Methods for the treatment of hormone-dependent tumors with immunogens against gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| CN102335422A (en) * | 2011-10-11 | 2012-02-01 | 江苏省农业科学院 | Recombinant phage peculiar smell removal vaccine for boars |
| EP2900275A4 (en) * | 2012-09-29 | 2016-05-25 | Univ Pennsylvania | VETERINARY USE COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF NON-SURGICAL STERILIZATION AND CASTRATION |
| US9770011B2 (en) | 2012-09-29 | 2017-09-26 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Veterinary composition and methods for non-surgical neutering and castration |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL9100151A (en) | 1992-08-17 |
| AU1325192A (en) | 1992-08-27 |
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