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WO1996041112A2 - Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement - Google Patents

Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1996041112A2
WO1996041112A2 PCT/US1996/008932 US9608932W WO9641112A2 WO 1996041112 A2 WO1996041112 A2 WO 1996041112A2 US 9608932 W US9608932 W US 9608932W WO 9641112 A2 WO9641112 A2 WO 9641112A2
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
constituent
binder
base
tungsten
powder
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1996/008932
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
WO1996041112A3 (fr
Inventor
Richard A. Lowden
Thomas M. Mccoig
Joseph B. Dooley
Cyrus M. Smith
Original Assignee
Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. filed Critical Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.
Priority to AU60449/96A priority Critical patent/AU6044996A/en
Priority to EP96918104A priority patent/EP0779966A4/fr
Priority to CA002199396A priority patent/CA2199396C/fr
Publication of WO1996041112A2 publication Critical patent/WO1996041112A2/fr
Publication of WO1996041112A3 publication Critical patent/WO1996041112A3/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B1/00—Explosive charges characterised by form or shape but not dependent on shape of container
    • F42B1/02—Shaped or hollow charges
    • F42B1/036—Manufacturing processes therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/09—Mixtures of metallic powders
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
    • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
    • B22F9/20—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds
    • B22F9/22—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from solid metal compounds using gaseous reductors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/76—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the casing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B3/00—Blasting cartridges, i.e. case and explosive
    • F42B3/28—Cartridge cases characterised by the material used, e.g. coatings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
    • F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
    • F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
    • F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
    • F42B7/04—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile of pellet type
    • F42B7/046—Pellets or shot therefor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to powder metallurgy, and more specifically, to projectiles or other objects made from consolidated powdered materials.
  • the materials are chosen to emulate or improve upon the mechanical properties and mass of lead.
  • Bullets are a type of projectile which have relied on the density of lead to generate a desirable force, commonly measured in foot pounds of energy, when propelled at a desired velocity.
  • One type of bullet includes a lead core jacketed with copper. This type of construction and combination of materials has been used successfully because the density of lead produces desirable ballistic performance. Moreover, the ductility and malleability of lead makes it easily worked into projectile shapes, and produces desirable impact deformation. Lead-containing bullets present both environmental and safety problems, when fired at practice ranges. Health issues arise from breathing airborne lead contaminants generated from firing the projectiles and their impact on the backstop. Environmentally, lead from the projectiles fired at an outdoor range accumulates in the ground and can leach into surface water and ground water. In terms of safety, projectiles fired indoors or outdoors can ricochet and thereby cause unintended collateral damage.
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEH replace lead, were fabricated from tungsten, iron, and bakelite. These were used for some time in training exercises and for special applications. However, attempts to reproduce these materials in the early 1970's were unsuccessful. In addition, bakelite, which is fabricated from phenolic-formaldehyde mixtures, has experienced declining usage as newer, less expensive polymer materials have been developed.
  • Frangible projectiles are also employed as training ammunition in place of kinetic energy penetrators. The simulated projectiles must exhibit similar flight characteristics to the actual penetrators, but ideally self-destruct in flight or on impact for safety reasons (for example, to reduce ricochet) .
  • a partially densified iron powder component encased in a low-strength, thermally-degradable plastic container has been used. These replacement projectiles fail on light impact or after heating in flight, thus meeting range safety requirements.
  • the density of the bullet material is only approximately half that of the lead- containing components (5.8 versus 11.4 g/cm 3 ) .
  • the low weight of the projectile causes problems in weapon functionality and accuracy, especially at extended ranges.
  • Bismuth metal possesses properties similar to those of lead. Shotgun ammunition that utilizes bismuth shot is also commercially available, but the density of this metal is only 86% of that of lead (9.8 versus 11.4 g/cm 3 ), and again this creates concerns with regards to ballistic performance.
  • Steel shot has also caused intense controversy for it is believed that due to its reduced ballistic properties (primarily to the lower density) , many birds are being wounded and maimed, dying gruesome deaths.
  • the manufacturers recommend using a steel shot at least two sizes larger in diameter than lead for the same target and similar distances. This further diminishes effectiveness by decreasing pattern density (the number of pellets in the shot change) .
  • U.S. Patent No. 5,264,022 to Haygarth et al. describes a lead-free shotshell pellet made of an alloy of iron and tungsten.
  • the pellets may be coated with a polymeric coating, resin or lubricant.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,881,465 to Hooper et al. discloses a non-lead shotgun pellet in which particles made of a first alloy are suspended in a matrix of a second alloy.
  • the first alloy is primarily ferrotungsten, and the second alloy is primarily lead.
  • the second alloy is poured over crushed particles of the first alloy to form the pellets.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,498,395 to Kock et al. discloses a powder made of tungsten particles coated with either nickel, copper, silver, iron, cobalt, molybdenum or rhenium, wherein the particle diameters are in the range of 10 to 50 ⁇ m. The particles are sintered to form projectiles.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,428,295 to Venkataramaraj discloses a high density shot made of a cold- compacted mixture of at least two metal powders.
  • a representative mixture includes 50% lead and 50% tungsten, which is cold pressed in shot molds at 20,000 psi.
  • Explosive charges are typically packaged in metallic or polymer-metal containers. These containers protect the explosive charge from the environment and from damage by handling, and
  • SUBSTITUTE SHEET (RUIE26 also contain the expanding gases for a short period of time (microseconds) during detonation. Moreover, for shaped charges, the container assists in the shaping of the discharge gas jet or penetrator. In particular military applications, the container provides collateral damage through fragmentation.
  • the ductility of the container material and the reactive mass of the container both assist in the initial containment of the expanding gases during detonation. This initial containment influences the efficiency of the explosive charge.
  • the fragmentation effects of the container may be desirable in certain military applications; however, there are situations where explosive charges are utilized where no fragmentation effects are desired or where the fragmentation effects need to be controlled such that they occur only within a limited area.
  • the designer To assist in controlling the initial containment of the expanding gases, the designer must be able to balance the reactive mass of the container with the ductility of the material.
  • the designer To assist in controlling the shape of the discharge jet or penetrator of a shaped charge, the designer must balance the forming of the shaped penetrator (if applicable) with the controlled opening of the container.
  • the designer must balance the expected fragment size, shape, and velocity to assure sufficient kinetic energy of some fraction of the fragments within the specified area while assuring that air resistance has decreased velocity sufficiently for each fragment to have insufficient kinetic energy for damage or penetration outside the specified area.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method of forming projectiles from at least two constituent materials, wherein the materials may or may not be treated with a wetting agent, depending on the exact properties
  • SUBSTTTUTE SHEET RULE 26 desired, to enhance wetting of one material by the other material, thereby enhancing bonding between phases and ensuring consolidation of the two materials when subjected to a densification step.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a container for explosives, wherein frangibility of the container is controlled to achieve a desired pyrotechnic effect.
  • the lighter, softer metal may be coated on the heavier metal, and then the coated particles are consolidated through a working process into projectile shapes.
  • Another aspect of the invention is to provide a container for explosives wherein the frangibility of the container is controlled by selection of materials and processing conditions.
  • Fig. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a munitions cartridge which includes a bullet or projectile made according to the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a coated particle used to make projectiles according to the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a bullet according to the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a sectional view of a coated shot according to the present invention
  • Figure 5 is a side elevational view, partially cut-away, of a shotshell according to the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a shot used in the shotshell of Figure 5;
  • Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a jacketed bullet according to the present invention
  • Figure 8 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a particle of relatively dense material having a wet-enhancing coating formed thereon;
  • Figure 9 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the particle of Figure 8, having a coating of relatively less dense, softer material formed over the wet-enhancing coating;
  • Figure 10 is vertical cross-sectional view of an explosive device having a container manufactured according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides non-lead frangible projectiles which can be used instead of lead-containing products, thus obviating environmental problems associated with conventional projectiles.
  • coated metal or metal compound powders and particulates are used as base materials.
  • the projectiles can be constructed to maintain the density and ballistic properties of present lead-containing components, but without using toxic materials.
  • the materials can be selected, mixed and processed to achieve controlled impact behavior.
  • coated particulates allows for uniform distribution of each component, controlled composition and density, and tailorable impact behavior through selection of materials, processing conditions, final porosity, and adherence or bonding of the coatings and between particulates.
  • a munitions cartridge 10 in one application of a projectile illustrated in Figure 1, includes a casing 12 having a primer 14 at one end and a bullet-receiving opposite end 16.
  • a bullet 18, serving as the "projectile" is fitted into the receiving end 16 of the casing 12.
  • a charge of powder 20 contained in the casing 12 is ignited by the primer 14, when acted upon by a firing pin, to propel the bullet 18 down the gun barrel.
  • This general principle of operation also applies to cannon and howitzers using "fixed” ammunition rounds.
  • These larger guns may replace projectile 18, with an explosive shell, similar to Figure 10, and may use different types of primers. Except for size, the components are identical.
  • the bullet 18 is made by mixing a base constituent,which is heavier than lead, with a binder constituent, which is lighter than lead.
  • the binder constituent is selected to have a degree of malleability and ductility which facilitates formation of a desirable projectile shape when the mixed constituents are subjected to a consolidation process.
  • Toxic materials, such as lead, are not used for either constituent.
  • the simplest process of fabrication is to blend the base constituent and the binder constituent and then consolidate the blend into projectile shapes using a low energy working technique, such as cold (room temperature or slightly heated) pressing.
  • the base constituent is preferably a high density, high hardness powdered material.
  • This constituent may be a metal, metal compound, metal alloy, or mixtures of the aforementioned, and should have a density greater than lead.
  • the binder constituent may also be a metal,
  • the higher density base constituent provides mass while the softer, lighter binder constituent acts as a buffer against the steel barrel of a weapon.
  • Prior art projectiles which use lead as a binder do not solve the environmental problem, while those using hard exposed substitutes damage barrels and/or do not have controllable frangibility.
  • a particular embodiment of the present invention involves coating powders made of the primary
  • the thickness of the coating 24 and the size of the particle 22 can be selected to control the fraction of each metal in the final component, and thus the density of the projectile.
  • the use of coated powders allows for precise control of composition and results in uniform distribution of each metal throughout the part.
  • the coating 24 on individual particles 22 ensures that the heavier, harder base constituent, such as tungsten, does not contact and thereby abrade the inside surfaces of the gun barrel.
  • the coating 24 can be formed in a variety of ways, including fluidized bed and tumbling- bed chemical vapor deposition, electroplating, or other metal deposition processes.
  • a uniform coating of controlled thickness can readily be deposited on powders or particulates of a broad range of sizes and densities.
  • the coated powders are mixed (if more than one base constituent is used) and pressed, and if necessary, sintered to produce a projectile or other component.
  • the physical properties such as density, hardness, porosity, impact properties, etc. can be controlled through selection of material and powder, particle size, coating material, coating thickness and processing conditions.
  • FIG. 3 shows a solid body 26 having a desirable projectile shape.
  • the body 26 is illustrated in cross-section, and shows the binder constituent 28 which was not coated on the harder constituent 30. Because the softer binder material 28 flows around the harder constituent 30 under sufficient pressure, the harder constituent 30 is not exposed on the outer surface of the body 26. Thus, the softer material will be in contact with the gun barrel and thereby avoid abrasion from the harder constituent 30.
  • Figure 4 shows a spherical shot 32 according to the present invention.
  • the shot 32 may consist of a single sphere 34 made of a harder constituent metal, with a coating 36 made of softer, less dense material. While appearing similar in structure to the coated powder of Figure 2, the shot pellet 32 of Figure 4 is a single sphere, not a pressed agglomeration of powder.
  • a shotshell 38 includes a tube 40 containing a quantity of shot 42, and a head 44 which includes a primer (not shown) .
  • the construction of the shotshell 38 is conventional except that the shot 42 is made according to the present invention.
  • each shot 42 can be made of a hard constituent material 44 and a relatively soft constituent material 46.
  • the constituent materials can be two powders, or a mixture of powders, selected as per the disclosure herein.
  • the shot 42 could be made by consolidating a coated powder into spherical shapes.
  • the base constituent is a powder made of virtually any non-lead material, or mixture of materials, that has a density greater than lead.
  • the base constituent may be a metal, metal compound, metal alloy, or a mixture of metals, metal compounds and/or metal alloys.
  • An example of a suitable compound is tungsten carbide, while suitable elements include tungsten and tantalum.
  • the base constituent materials are typically of relatively high strength and hardness, compared to the binder constituent. This is to ensure that the binder constituent acts as the binder, and not visa versa, and thereby flows to the outer surface of the projectile. This ensures that the softer constituent will form a buffer between the harder base constituent and the gun barrel. Lead and other toxic materials are specifically excluded as possible base constituents.
  • the binder constituent is preferably lighter than lead and is softer than the base constituent.
  • elements capable of use as the binder constituent include, but are not limited to, aluminum, bismuth, copper, tin and zinc, which are more environmentally acceptable than lead.
  • the binder constituent may be elemental, compounded or alloyed as noted with respect to the base constituent, and may also comprise a mixture of elements, compounds and/or alloys, depending on the physical properties of each and the desired physical properties of the finished product.
  • the choice and ratio of materials can be selected to achieve a desired density and thus ballistic characteristic.
  • Frangibility is controlled through choice and ratio of materials and consolidation technique.
  • Particle size also has a bearing on consolidation and thus contributes to frangibility control.
  • materials are selected and provided in ranges that produce the desired overall density.
  • a consolidation technique is selected to achieve a desired fracture toughness, or other physical property. For example, an annealing step provided after cold pressing will change the hardness and/or fracture toughness of the projectile.
  • frangibility is also a function of the degree of densification (expressed as a percentage of theoretical maximum density) and the type of consolidation technique, such as cold pressing. Powder size will to a certain extent effect the ability to consolidate the powders and the porosity of the end product.
  • Example 1 Tungsten particulates 500-1,000 ⁇ m (20-40 mils) in diameter were coated with 50-70 ⁇ m (2-3 mils) of aluminum employing a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. A 9.6 g (148 grain) sample of the coated particulates was weighed and placed into the cavity of a cylindrical steel die with a diameter of 0.356 inches. The powder sample was subjected to pressure ranging from 140 to 350 Mpa at room temperature.
  • CVD chemical vapor deposition
  • the density of each sample was measured for those pressed at 350 Mpa, the average density of the slugs was 10.9 g/cm 3 or « 95% the theoretical density of lead.
  • the room temperature compressive strength of the pressed samples was 145 Mpa, which is adequate for use as projectiles in small arms, specifically 38 caliber and 9 mm pistols.
  • Example 2 Same as Example 1, except for tungsten carbide spheres, ball point pen balls, with a diameter of 0.051 inches (1.3 mm) were used. A 125 ⁇ m (5 mil) thick aluminum coating was applied again using a CVD technique. Similar results were achieved as in Example 1.
  • Example ? Pellets or shot used in shotguns are made of non-lead materials and have densities to match or approximate lead or lead alloys currently available.
  • the shot has a soft outer coating which overcomes the problem of steel shot abrading inner surfaces of gun barrels.
  • the properties of the shot are tailored for specific applications. For example, duck and geese hunters require shot with extended range and good penetration. A dense hard pellet would thus give optimum performance in this application. Target shooters, on the other hand, prefer light charges of smaller diameter lighter weight shot. This product could permit customized loads and result in improved performance as compared to currently available ammunition. It is also possible to include variations in coating or plating of the particulates. More
  • Example 4 A mixture of 30 wt. % 320 mesh tin and 70 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten powders was prepared by dry blending the as-received materials. A 9.6 g (148 grain) sample of blended powder was weighed and placed into the cavity of a cylindrical steel die with a diameter of 0.356 inches and placed under the ram of a hydraulic press. The powder sample was subjected to pressures ranging from 140 to 350 Mpa at room temperature. Once the chosen pressure was achieved, the pressure was held for about 5 seconds. The part was removed from the die and characterized.
  • Example 5 Same as Example 3 except for the metal mixture containing 30 wt. % 100 mesh tin and 70 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten.
  • the average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 11.4 g/cm 3 , 100% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 130 Mpa, as shown in Table IV.
  • Example 6 Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 5 wt. % 320 mesh aluminum and 95 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten.
  • Example 7 Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 20 wt. % 320 mesh copper and 80 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten.
  • the average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 11 g/cm 3 , 97% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 220 Mpa.
  • Example 9 Same as Example 3 except for the metal mixture containing 40 wt. % 100 mesh zinc and 60 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten.
  • the average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 10.9 g/cm 3 , 96% that of lead, with an average compressive strength of 145 Mpa.
  • Example 9 Same as Example 3 except for metal mixture containing 70 wt. % 100 mesh bismuth and 30 wt. % 100 mesh tungsten. The average density of the parts pressed at 350 Mpa was 10.9 g/cm 3 , 96% that of lead.
  • Materials for use as the high density constituent include tungsten, tungsten carbide, tantalum, and any non-lead metals, metal alloys or other materials with similar densities. Coating metals include aluminum, bismuth, copper, tin, zinc, and other non-lead metals with similar properties. Density and frangibility can be customized for individual needs, by considering the density and mechanical properties of the individual constituents.
  • Tables II and III serve as guidelines for material selection:
  • Ta e IV s ows a var ety of processed project les having a range of dens ties from 90 to 120% of lead and acceptable mechanical properties, as described in
  • properties of the shot or bullets can be varied by changing the parameters of the powder compositions. For example, mesh size, densification pressure and ratio of hard to soft metals can be varied to derive a desired degree of frangibility.
  • Compressive strengths of lead and lead tin alloys are in a range from 15 to 70 MPa. Densities of lead and lead-tin alloys are in a range from « 10.70 to 11.36 g/cm 3 (pure lead).
  • Non-lead projectiles according to the present invention are formed using powder metallurgy techniques. Controlling density permits matching of any lead, lead alloys, or copper/lead construction being employed in current bullets. With matched density, the present projectiles have equivalent or comparable weapon function, ballistic properties, and accuracy. The impact behavior of the projectiles is also controllable through changes in composition and processing. Components with a broad range of frangibility or impact properties can be fabricated thus meeting the needs of many users for a wide variety of applications. Processing is simple, involving only the cold pressing of powders.
  • coated powders improves reproducibility and uniformity, and prevents wear of barrels by preventing contact by the harder high density metal. Sintering may permit a greater level of flexibility in compositions and properties.
  • projectiles described herein could replace any bullet in current use that employ lead or other hazardous materials. This would benefit any organization and individual that uses ammunition for training, self defense, police applications, military, hunting, sport shooting, etc.
  • projectile refers to any munitions round, or the core to a munitions round.
  • the projectiles of the present invention could be the core of a jacketed round.
  • a jacketed round can be found in Figure 7, wherein a bullet 48 has an outer jacket 50, made of suitable jacketing material (typically, copper or a copper alloy known as gilding metal is used as a jacket material, although other non-traditional materials may be desirable for environmental reasons) , and an inner core 52 made of the non-lead materials described herein.
  • suitable jacketing material typically, copper or a copper alloy known as gilding metal is used as a jacket material, although other non-traditional materials may be desirable for environmental reasons
  • the amount, mixture and type of materials are selected according to the desired ballistic properties of the projectile as per the present invention.
  • the forming techniques can be such that the core is preformed or formed in the jacket as by swaging. In either event, the amount of consolidation is controlled to achieve desired frangibility characteristics.
  • the projectiles encompassed in the present invention could include, in addition to bullets, virtually any type of artillery round, such as those capable of exploding on impact (and thus
  • SUBSTITUTE SEET (RULE 26) incorporating an explosive charge) , a hand grenade, a rocket warhead, etc.
  • Objects other than munitions projectiles also could be fashioned from the aforementioned materials and techniques.
  • non-lead fishing weights, tire balance weights, or ship's ballast could be made using the present invention.
  • Other uses are easily envisioned, where it is desirable to emulate mechanical and physical properties of a material which is to be replaced, either due to the scarcity or toxicity of the replaced material.
  • the present invention includes a method of applying a coating on the high density powders, wherein the coating enhances the wetting properties of the powder.
  • the coatings can be applied to powders and particles employing known fluidized-bed and tumbling-bed chemical vapor deposition (CVD) , electroplating, or other metal deposition processes.
  • a particularly preferred process of coating the more dense, harder powder involves a relatively simple process employing the reduction of a metal salt, nitrates or halides. For example, copper and iron nitrates are dissolved in water and mixed with tungsten powders. The water is then driven off by heating at, for example, 150° C, and as a result, the nitrate is converted to the metal by reduction in hydrogen at 900° C.
  • a uniform coating of controlled thickness can readily be deposited on powders or particulates of a broad range of sizes and densities.
  • the coated high-density metal powders can then be mixed with the lighter, softer metals and then mixed and cast.
  • the porous compacts of the coated high density metal powders can be fabricated and melt infiltrated with the softer metal.
  • Melt infiltration is a process by which the liquid metal is wicked into the porous body through capillary action or forced in by pressure. The process can only be applied if the liquid wets the surfaces of the porous preform.
  • a spherical particle 54 made of a relatively dense and hard material, such as tungsten, is provided with a coating 56 of a material which improves the wetting of the
  • SUBSmUFE SHEET (R ⁇ l£2 ⁇ ) tungsten vis-a-vis a second, relatively softer and less dense material.
  • the second material can be coated over the coating 56 to form an outer coating 58, as shown in Figure 8.
  • the relatively softer material, in powder or particulate form can be mixed with the harder material having the coating 56 formed on each powder and then the mixed powders can be pressed or otherwise consolidated as per the methods described herein.
  • the methods and materials described above can be used to fabricate explosives containers having controlled frangibility.
  • Existing containers are typically made of pure metals, metal alloys, and polymer-metal mixtures.
  • the powders described above can be used to produce containers that exhibit variable disintegration behavior, i.e., controlled frangibility, and have the added value of maintaining or increasing the reactive mass over current containers.
  • explosives containers can be fabricated by blending metal powders and particulates, and pressing (or otherwise consolidating) at either ambient or elevated temperatures in order to control the frangibility properties.
  • the high density metal is mixed with lighter and softer metals, as in the case of lead-free projectiles, and pressed to form containers.
  • the high density metal provides mass while the softer metal acts as a binder.
  • the pressure, temperature and/or powder/particle size can be selected to control the ductility and frangibility of the formed material.
  • the high density metals and metal compounds of particular interest include, but are not limited to, tungsten, molybdenum, and tungsten carbide.
  • the lighter, softer metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, bismuth, copper, tin, and zinc.
  • compositions, particle sizes, and processing conditions affect density and mechanical behavior, i.e., disintegration properties and frangibility.
  • Mixtures of metal powders can be pressed (and if necessary sintered) to produce a container.
  • Containers can be pressed to specific shapes, and processing condition and composition can be altered to control density, ductility, and disintegration properties, i.e., frangibility.
  • Controlling density and ductility permits matching the initial containment of the expanding gases to the application. This also allows expanded design parameters for shaped charges.
  • the disintegration behavior of the container is also controllable through changes in composition and processing. Components with a broad range of frangibility or disintegration properties can be fabricated thus meeting the needs of many users for a wide variety of applications.
  • the size, shape, and properties of the high density powder/particulate can also be altered to control effectiveness and damage zone of the device. Larger, harder, heavier particles will exhibit quite different properties than fine, low density particulates. Consolidation of blended powder can be by hot or cold pressing, isostatic pressing or any other suitable means. It is understood that the selection of consolidation technique may be determined by the physical properties sought in the preform.
  • the containers could have virtually any shape, and could be used with any explosive. They could be used in any explosive charge from bulk to shaped charges. Components could be direct replacement for all explosive containers in current use, including those used in the fields of demolition, mining, and oil exploration.
  • FIG. 38 An example of a container for a shaped charge 60 is found in Figure 10, in which a container or case 62 contains a lined, explosive charge 64 made of high explosive material. A detonator 66 can be provided at one end of the charge 60. The liner 68 is shown in a particular, but non-limiting, shape. The physical properties of the container 60 are dictated by the selection of materials and process conditions which are used to form same. The case 62 can thus be made more or less frangible to achieve a desire result.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Lighters Containing Fuel (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)

Abstract

Un objet solide présentant une frangibilité maîtrisée, telle qu'une balle (18) ou une enveloppe pour explosifs, est constitué par combinaison de deux métaux différents dans des proportions calculées pour obtenir une densité voulue, sans utilisation de plomb. Une matière humidifiante est déposée sur le constituant de base, lequel est constitué d'une matière dure relativement dense. La matière humidifiante améliore l'aptitude à l'humidification du constituant de base avec le constituant liant, lequel est plus léger et plus tendre que ledit constituant de base.
PCT/US1996/008932 1995-06-07 1996-06-05 Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement WO1996041112A2 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU60449/96A AU6044996A (en) 1995-06-07 1996-06-05 Non-lead, environmentally safe projectiles and explosives co ntainers
EP96918104A EP0779966A4 (fr) 1995-06-07 1996-06-05 Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement
CA002199396A CA2199396C (fr) 1995-06-07 1996-06-05 Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US47697895A 1995-06-07 1995-06-07
US08/476,978 1995-06-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1996041112A2 true WO1996041112A2 (fr) 1996-12-19
WO1996041112A3 WO1996041112A3 (fr) 1997-02-13

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PCT/US1996/008932 WO1996041112A2 (fr) 1995-06-07 1996-06-05 Enveloppe pour projectiles et explosifs sans plomb protegeant l'environnement

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0779966A4 (fr)
AU (1) AU6044996A (fr)
CA (1) CA2199396C (fr)
WO (1) WO1996041112A2 (fr)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0997700A1 (fr) * 1998-10-30 2000-05-03 SM Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung AG Balle chemisée ne nuisant pas à l'environment et son procédé de fabrication
EP0860679A3 (fr) * 1997-02-19 2000-11-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Charge creuse
DE19924747A1 (de) * 1999-05-31 2000-12-07 Dynamit Nobel Ag Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
EP1082578A4 (fr) * 1998-06-05 2004-08-25 Olin Corp Projectiles sans plomb fabriques par infiltration de metal liquide
WO2016060726A1 (fr) * 2014-07-29 2016-04-21 Polywad, Inc. Projectile sphérique à auto-segmentation

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0860679A3 (fr) * 1997-02-19 2000-11-22 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Charge creuse
EP1082578A4 (fr) * 1998-06-05 2004-08-25 Olin Corp Projectiles sans plomb fabriques par infiltration de metal liquide
EP0997700A1 (fr) * 1998-10-30 2000-05-03 SM Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung AG Balle chemisée ne nuisant pas à l'environment et son procédé de fabrication
WO2000026605A1 (fr) * 1998-10-30 2000-05-11 Sm Schweizerische Munitionsunternehmung Ag Production d'une balle chemisee pauvre en substances nocives
DE19924747A1 (de) * 1999-05-31 2000-12-07 Dynamit Nobel Ag Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
DE19924747B4 (de) * 1999-05-31 2014-07-17 Dynamit Nobel Gmbh Explosivstoff- Und Systemtechnik Bleifreies Geschoß mit nach Anforderung einstellbarer Dichte
WO2016060726A1 (fr) * 2014-07-29 2016-04-21 Polywad, Inc. Projectile sphérique à auto-segmentation
US10323918B2 (en) 2014-07-29 2019-06-18 Polywad, Inc. Auto-segmenting spherical projectile

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1996041112A3 (fr) 1997-02-13
CA2199396A1 (fr) 1996-12-19
EP0779966A2 (fr) 1997-06-25
EP0779966A4 (fr) 1998-07-22
CA2199396C (fr) 2001-04-24
AU6044996A (en) 1996-12-30

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