WO2019003037A1 - 半導体装置および電子部品 - Google Patents
半導体装置および電子部品 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019003037A1 WO2019003037A1 PCT/IB2018/054405 IB2018054405W WO2019003037A1 WO 2019003037 A1 WO2019003037 A1 WO 2019003037A1 IB 2018054405 W IB2018054405 W IB 2018054405W WO 2019003037 A1 WO2019003037 A1 WO 2019003037A1
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Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device having a sensor function.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- the technical field of one embodiment of the invention disclosed in the present specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a method of manufacturing.
- one aspect of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter). Therefore, the technical field of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in the present specification more specifically includes a semiconductor device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light emitting device, a lighting device, a power storage device, a storage device, an imaging device, and the like.
- a driving method or a method of manufacturing them can be mentioned as an example.
- a semiconductor device refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a transistor and a semiconductor circuit are one embodiment of a semiconductor device.
- the memory device, the display device, the imaging device, the electronic device, and the electronic component may include a semiconductor device.
- a sensor having a function of converting light into an electric signal is widely used, and is used for illumination adjustment of a display device, a security device, and the like.
- an imaging device such as a CMOS image sensor has a configuration in which fine optical sensors are two-dimensionally arranged.
- Non-Patent Document 1 introduces a technology in which a material whose electrical property changes according to a change in state and a transistor are combined.
- an amorphous silicon thin film transistor having a double gate structure is used.
- a sensor element is connected to one of the gate terminals, and a control electrode is connected to the other gate terminal.
- the sensor element can change the voltage of one of the gate terminals according to its own state. Therefore, an element that changes the state of the sensor element can be quantitatively read out from the output of the transistor.
- amorphous silicon thin film transistors have low mobility, their application to circuits requiring high speed operation is unsuitable.
- the signal detected by the sensor element and output from the transistor may be used as a signal for controlling the operation of part or the whole of the system. Thus, the operating speed of the system may be affected.
- Non-Patent Document 1 is configured to output a signal detected in real time, it is preferable that the signal detected by the sensor element can be held for a long time. Since the signal can be held for a long time, reliable data can be acquired even when the plurality of sensor elements are operated at the same time and then the reading operation is sequentially performed. That is, the simultaneity of data can be secured.
- an object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of holding a signal detected by a sensor element. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device capable of outputting a signal detected by a sensor element at high speed.
- Another object is to provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Alternatively, it is an object to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device. Another object is to provide a novel semiconductor device or the like. Another object is to provide a method for driving the semiconductor device.
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device having a sensor element.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes a sensor element, a first transistor, a second transistor, and a third transistor, the sensor element includes a pair of electrodes, and the first transistor includes And a second gate facing the first gate via the semiconductor layer, one electrode of the sensor element is electrically connected to the first gate, and the first gate is connected to the first gate.
- a semiconductor that is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the third transistor, one of the source and the drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the gate of the second transistor, and the semiconductor layer has a metal oxide It is an apparatus.
- Another embodiment of the present invention includes a photodiode, a first transistor, and a second transistor, and the first transistor includes a first gate, a first gate, and a semiconductor layer. And a second gate opposite to each other, one electrode of the photodiode is electrically connected to the first gate, and one of the source and the drain of the first transistor is a gate of the second transistor And the other of the source and the drain of the first transistor is electrically connected to the other electrode of the photodiode, and the semiconductor layer is a semiconductor device including a metal oxide.
- a capacitor may be further provided, and one electrode of the capacitor may be electrically connected to the gate of the second transistor.
- the transistor has the configuration, an inverter circuit, and a counter circuit, the output terminal of the inverter circuit is electrically connected to the other of the source and the drain of the second transistor, and the inverter circuit is one of the source and the drain of the second transistor
- the input terminal of the counter circuit may be electrically connected, and the input terminal of the counter circuit may be electrically connected to the input terminal of the inverter circuit.
- the above-described two further have a fourth transistor, and one of the source or drain of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to one of the source or drain of the second transistor. It may be connected to
- the transistor has the configuration, a shift register circuit, and an A / D converter circuit, the gate of the fourth transistor is electrically connected to the shift register circuit, and the other of the source and the drain of the fourth transistor is an A / D converter It may be electrically connected to the circuit.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device in which an odd number of circuit blocks are connected in series and an input terminal of the first stage and an output terminal of the last stage are electrically connected, and the circuit block is an inverter circuit.
- a delay circuit having a sensor element, a first transistor, a second transistor, and a third transistor, the sensor element having a pair of electrodes,
- the transistor 1 has a first gate, and a second gate facing the first gate and the semiconductor layer, and one electrode of the sensor element is electrically connected to the first gate.
- the first gate is electrically connected to one of the source or the drain of the third transistor
- the second gate is electrically connected to one of the source or the drain of the second transistor.
- Source or One of the drains is electrically connected to the output terminal of the inverter circuit, the semiconductor layer has a metal oxide, the input terminal of the inverter circuit serves as the input terminal of the circuit block, and the other of the source or drain of the first transistor Semiconductor device as an output terminal of the circuit block.
- the sensor element may be shared in all circuit blocks. Also, the third transistor may be shared by all circuit blocks.
- a photoelectric conversion element a piezoelectric element, or a heat sensitive element as the sensor element.
- the metal oxide may be In, Zn, M (M is Al, Ti, Ga, Sn, Y, Zr, La, Ce, Nd or Hf). It is preferable to have and.
- a semiconductor device capable of holding a signal detected by a sensor element can be provided.
- a semiconductor device capable of outputting a signal detected by a sensor element at high speed can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a novel semiconductor device or the like can be provided.
- the method for driving the semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating a semiconductor device.
- 5A and 5B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart illustrating a semiconductor device.
- 5A and 5B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart illustrating a semiconductor device.
- 5A and 5B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart illustrating a semiconductor device.
- 5A and 5B are a circuit diagram and a timing chart illustrating a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an oscillator and a counter circuit.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are a block diagram and a circuit diagram illustrating a semiconductor device. The figure explaining the structural example of a neural network.
- FIG. 5A and 5B illustrate a configuration example of a semiconductor device.
- 5A to 5C illustrate an example of a configuration of a memory cell.
- the figure explaining the structural example of an offset circuit. 7 is a timing chart illustrating operation of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the structure of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a combination of a semiconductor device and a neural network.
- Embodiment 1 In this embodiment, a semiconductor device which is an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a sensor element and a plurality of transistors.
- the sensor element outputs a first signal to the gate of the first transistor according to its own state.
- the first transistor outputs a second signal to the gate of the second transistor in response to the first signal.
- the gate of the second transistor functions as a holding node.
- the second transistor outputs a third signal in response to the second signal. That is, the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can output a signal including quantitative information of an element that changes the state of the sensor element.
- the second signal can be held, simultaneousness of the second signal can be ensured even when the second signal is read out from a plurality of semiconductor devices. Further, the holding node of the second signal is in a floating state, and can hold the maximum value of the second signal output in a predetermined period.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the semiconductor device includes a sensor element 101, a transistor 102, a transistor 103, and a transistor 104.
- the sensor element has a pair of electrodes.
- the transistor 102 also has a first gate and a second gate.
- One electrode of the sensor element 101 is electrically connected to the first gate of the transistor 102.
- the first gate of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to one of the source or the drain of the transistor 104.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to the gate of the transistor 103.
- a point at which one electrode of the sensor element 101, the gate of the transistor 102, and one of the source and the drain of the transistor 104 are connected is referred to as a node NS.
- a point at which one of the source and the drain of the transistor 102 and the gate of the transistor 103 are connected is a node NM.
- the other electrode of the sensor element 101 is electrically connected to the wiring 111.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to the wiring 112.
- the second gate of the transistor 102 is electrically connected to the wiring 117.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 103 is electrically connected to the wiring 113.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 103 is electrically connected to the wiring 114.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 104 is electrically connected to the wiring 115.
- the wiring 111 can function as a power supply line that supplies an appropriate voltage for driving the sensor element.
- the voltage varies depending on the type of sensor, and in some cases, the power supply voltage VDD of the circuit can be used, or it may be a voltage (including a negative potential) dedicated to the sensor element.
- the wirings 112, 113, and 115 can function as power supply lines.
- the wiring 116 and the wiring 117 can function as signal lines for controlling conduction of each transistor.
- the wiring 114 can function as an output line. Note that the function of the wiring 113 and the function of the wiring 114 can be interchanged.
- FIG. 1 shows an example in which the sensor element 101 is electrically connected to the first gate (front gate) of the transistor 102 and the wiring 117 is connected to the second gate (back gate).
- FIG. 2 (A) the form of their connection may be reversed.
- the circuit shown in FIG. 1 and the circuit shown in FIG. 2 (A) can be regarded basically as equivalent.
- the actual transistor structure is asymmetrical with respect to the semiconductor layer, appropriate conditions for operating the circuit may be different.
- an element capable of changing the potential of the output destination such as a photoelectric conversion element, a piezoelectric element, or a heat sensitive element is preferably used.
- an element that changes the potential by magnetism, chemical change, or biological activity may be used.
- a photoelectric conversion element a photodiode of a non-linear element or a photoconductor of a linear element can be used.
- the photodiode for example, a pn junction type photodiode or a pin junction type photodiode can be used.
- a material of the photoelectric conversion layer in the photodiode typically, Si (single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, microcrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, or the like) can be used.
- an avalanche photodiode using Se or a compound of Se may be used.
- the photoconductor an element having a material having a change in electric resistance between the two terminals depending on the light intensity can be used.
- the said material Si, InGaAs, ZnO, InSb, a chalcogenide, OPC (organic compound photoconductor) etc. can be used, for example.
- piezoelectric element an element having a piezoelectric body between two terminals can be used.
- a piezoelectric element is an element that generates an electric charge when a rapid pressure is applied.
- piezoelectric materials include inorganic materials such as BaTiO 3 , PbTiO 3 , Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 (PZT), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), and PVDF-TrFE (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluorinated ethylene).
- An organic material such as a copolymer can be used.
- the above-mentioned piezoelectric element also has a pyroelectric characteristic which generates an electric charge when the temperature changes. Therefore, a material that can be used as the piezoelectric element can also be used as the heat sensitive element.
- organic materials such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and PVDF-TrFE (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluorinated ethylene copolymer) are also materials having a large temperature dependence of the dielectric constant. Changes can also be detected.
- the transistor 102 has a function of writing the signal potential output from the sensor element 101 into the node NM, a function of holding the potential of the node NM, and a function of resetting the potential of the node NM.
- the transistor 102 can be regarded as a source follower circuit, and the potential of the node NS can be written to the node NM when the transistor 102 is turned on by the potential of the first gate of the transistor 102.
- the node NM Since the node NM is in the floating state, the written potential is maintained unless reset. However, when the potential of the node NS changes in the larger direction, the potential of the node NS can be overwritten on the node NM. Therefore, the maximum value of the node NS in a desired fixed period can be stored in the node NM.
- the potential of the wiring 112 is set to a high potential.
- the potential of the wiring 112 may be low and the wiring 117 may be high and the transistor 102 may be conductive at the potential of the second gate.
- the transistor 103 has a function of outputting the potential of the node NM to the wiring 114.
- the transistor 103 can be regarded as a source follower circuit, and the potential of the node NM can be output to the wiring 114 when the wiring 113 is supplied with a high potential. Note that in the above description, the threshold voltages of the transistors 102 and 103 are sufficiently small and can be ignored.
- the transistor 104 has a function of resetting the potential of the node NS.
- the node NS can be set to a reset potential.
- the transistor 102 since the transistor 102 is turned off, the potential of the node NM is held. Note that even when the node NS is not set to the reset potential, the transistor 102 can be made non-conductive by sufficiently reducing the potential of the wiring 117 (eg, negative potential).
- the capacitor 105 may be provided in the semiconductor device. By connecting one of the electrodes of the capacitor 105 to the node NM, the potential holding capability of the node NM can be increased. Further, at the time of reset or the like, the potential change of the node NM in the potential change of the node NS can be reduced.
- the transistor 106 which is electrically connected to the wiring 114 may be provided.
- One of the source or the drain of the transistor 106 is electrically connected to the wiring 114, and the other of the source or the drain is electrically connected to the wiring 119.
- the gate of the transistor 106 is electrically connected to the wiring 118.
- the transistor 106 can function as a selection transistor. When a selection signal is input to the wiring 118, an output signal of the transistor 103 can be output to the wiring 119. Note that the transistor 106 may be provided between the wiring 113 and the transistor 103.
- a transistor using a metal oxide in a channel formation region (hereinafter referred to as an OS transistor) is preferably used.
- the OS transistor has a small off current, and can suppress the flow of unnecessary charges at the nodes NS and NM.
- the OS transistor has a field effect mobility of 10 cm 2 / Vs to 100 cm 2 / Vs, which is approximately the same as that of a polycrystalline silicon transistor. Therefore, the semiconductor device can be driven at higher speed than an amorphous silicon transistor, and even when the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is an element of a system, it is unlikely to be a rate-limiting point of the operating speed of the system.
- FIG. 3A is a circuit diagram of the semiconductor device 100 a in which the potential of the node NS does not reversibly change with respect to the operation of the sensor element 101.
- a photoelectric conversion element can be used for the sensor element 101.
- a piezoelectric element or a heat sensitive element can be used.
- the anode of the photodiode and the node NS are electrically connected.
- the configuration of the semiconductor device 100a is substantially the same as the configuration of the circuit shown in FIG. Note that in FIG. 3A, one of the source or the drain of the transistor 103 and the other of the source or the drain of the transistor 102 are electrically connected. That is, the power supply wiring is shared.
- a negative potential may be used in the wiring 117, and a potential corresponding to a high potential is represented by "+ V”, a potential corresponding to a low potential is represented by “0”, and a negative potential is represented by "-V”.
- the potential "0” is not limited to 0 V, but may be a GND potential or a potential for adjusting the threshold voltage of the transistor 102.
- the potential of the wiring 112 is “L”
- the potential of the wiring 117 is “+ V”
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “H”.
- the transistor 102 is turned on, and the node NM is reset to the potential "L” of the wiring 112.
- the transistor 104 is turned on, and the potential of the node NS is reset to "L”.
- the potential of the node NS first rises by the operation of the sensor element 101, and the transistor 102 Conducted and the potential of the node NM also rises.
- the period T1 corresponds to a detection period.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “H” in the period T2
- the potential of the node NS is reset and the transistor 102 is turned off. Therefore, the potential of node NM is maintained.
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be set to “ ⁇ V” as indicated by a broken line.
- the transistor 102 can be turned off regardless of the potential of the node NS, and the potential of the node NM can be held. In this case, the potential of the node NS continues to rise according to the operation of the sensor element 101, and then saturates.
- the potential of the wiring 116 may be “H”
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be “ ⁇ V”.
- the transistor 106 When the potential of the wiring 118 is set to “H” in the period T3, the transistor 106 is turned on and the potential of the node NM which is held can be read out to the wiring 119. By repeating the above operation, it is possible to periodically read out the signal detected by the sensor element 101 in the period T1.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is set to “H” to reset the potential of the node NS.
- the node NM holds the signal acquired in the period T1.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “L” in the period T3
- the potential of the node NS is increased.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is higher than the potential of the node NS in the period T1
- the potential of the node NM is further increased from the held potential. . Therefore, the signal potential corresponding to the maximum value of the signal potential acquired by the sensor element 101 in the periods T1 and T3 is written to the node NM.
- the period T3 also corresponds to the detection period.
- the maximum value of the signal potential acquired by the sensor element 101 can be obtained. Note that the number of detection periods is not limited as long as the potential of the node NS is not saturated.
- FIG. 4A is a circuit diagram of a semiconductor device 100b which is a modification of the semiconductor device 100a shown in FIG. 3A.
- the semiconductor device 100 b has a configuration in which the transistor 107 is provided in the semiconductor device 100 a.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 107 is electrically connected to the node NM.
- the reset operation of the node NM can be performed by the transistor 107; thus, the potential of the wiring 112 can be fixed to a high potential. That is, a mechanism for changing the power supply potential supplied to the wiring 112 can be eliminated.
- the potential of the wiring 117 Prior to the period T1, the potential of the wiring 117 is “0”, the potential of the wiring 116 is “H”, and the potential of the wiring 120 is “H”.
- the transistor 104 By setting the potential of the wiring 116 to “H”, the transistor 104 is turned on, and the potential of the node NS is reset to “L”.
- the transistor 107 By setting the potential of the wiring 120 to “H”, the transistor 107 is turned on, and the potential of the node NM is reset to “L”.
- the potential of the node NS first increases by the operation of the sensor element 101, the transistor 102 conducts and the potential of the node NM also rises. Do.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “H” in the period T2
- the potential of the node NS is reset and the transistor 102 is turned off. Therefore, the potential of node NM is maintained.
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be set to “ ⁇ V” as indicated by a broken line.
- the transistor 102 can be turned off regardless of the potential of the node NS, and the potential of the node NM can be held. In this case, the potential of the node NS continues to rise according to the operation of the sensor element 101, and then saturates.
- the potential of the wiring 116 may be “H”
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be “ ⁇ V”.
- the transistor 106 When the potential of the wiring 118 is set to “H” in the period T3, the transistor 106 is turned on and the potential of the node NM which is held can be read out to the wiring 119. By repeating the above operation, it is possible to periodically read out the signal detected by the sensor element 101 in the period T1.
- FIG. 4C is a timing chart illustrating an operation of reading out data for each of a plurality of detection periods.
- the basic operation is the same as that of FIG. 4B, and the potential of the node NS is reset between the detection period and the detection period as in the description of FIG. 3D, regardless of the number of detection periods.
- the maximum value of the signal potential acquired by the sensor element 101 can be output.
- FIG. 5A is a circuit diagram of the semiconductor device 100c in which a transistor for resetting the node NS is omitted.
- the sensor element 101 since the reset operation of the node NS is performed via the sensor element 101, the sensor element 101 is limited to an element having non-linear characteristics.
- a photodiode can be used as the sensor element 101, and the anode of the photodiode is electrically connected to the node NS. Since the cathode of the photodiode can be electrically connected to the wiring 112, one power supply line can be eliminated.
- the semiconductor device 100c is configured by omitting the transistor 104 from the semiconductor device 100a and providing a transistor 108.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 108 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 102, and the other of the source and the drain is electrically connected to the node NM.
- the potential of the node NM can be held by turning off the transistor 108 regardless of the operation of the transistor 102.
- the potential of the wiring 112 Prior to the period T1, the potential of the wiring 112 is “L”, the potential of the wiring 117 is “+ V”, and the potential of the wiring 121 is “H”.
- the transistor 102 By setting the potential of the wiring 117 to "+ V”, the transistor 102 is turned on, and the node NM is reset to the potential "L” of the wiring 112. Further, since the sensor element 101 (photodiode) is forward biased, the potential of the node NS is reset to “L”.
- the sensor element 101 When the potential of the wiring 112 is “H” and the potential of the wiring 117 is “0” in the period T1, the sensor element 101 operates to raise the potential of the node NS, and the transistor 102 conducts to increase the potential of the node NM. Do.
- the transistor 106 When the potential of the wiring 118 is set to “H” in the period T3, the transistor 106 is turned on and the potential of the node NM which is held can be read out to the wiring 119. By repeating the above operation, it is possible to periodically read out the signal detected by the sensor element 101 in the period T1.
- FIG. 5C is a timing chart illustrating an operation of reading out each of a plurality of detection periods.
- the basic operation is the same as that of FIG. 5B, and the potential of the node NS is reset between the detection period and the detection period similarly to the description of FIG. 3D, regardless of the number of detection periods.
- the maximum value of the signal potential acquired by the sensor element 101 can be output.
- FIG. 6A is a circuit diagram of a semiconductor device 100d which is a modification of the semiconductor device 100c shown in FIG. 5A.
- the semiconductor device 100d has a configuration in which the transistor 108 is omitted from the semiconductor device 100c.
- the potential of the node NM can be held by turning off the transistor 102.
- the potential of the wiring 112 Prior to the period T1, the potential of the wiring 112 is “L”, and the potential of the wiring 117 is “+ V”.
- the transistor 102 By setting the potential of the wiring 117 to "+ V”, the transistor 102 is turned on, and the node NM is reset to the potential "L” of the wiring 112. Further, since the sensor element 101 (photodiode) is forward biased, the potential of the node NS is reset to “L”.
- the sensor element 101 When the potential of the wiring 112 is “H” and the potential of the wiring 117 is “0” in the period T1, the sensor element 101 operates to raise the potential of the node NS, and accordingly, the potential of the node NM also rises.
- the transistor 106 When the potential of the wiring 118 is set to “H” in the period T3, the transistor 106 is turned on and the potential of the node NM which is held can be read out to the wiring 119. By repeating the above operation, it is possible to periodically read out the signal detected by the sensor element 101 in the period T1.
- FIG. 6C is a timing chart illustrating an operation of reading out each of a plurality of detection periods.
- the basic operation is the same as in FIG. 6B, and as in the description of FIG. 3D, the potential of the node NS is reset between the detection period and the detection period, regardless of the number of detection periods.
- the maximum value of the signal potential acquired by the sensor element 101 can be output.
- FIG. 7A is a circuit diagram of the semiconductor device 100 e in which the potential of the node NS reversibly changes with respect to the operation of the sensor element 101.
- the sensor element 101 an element whose capacitance value changes according to its own state can be used.
- an organic material such as PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) or PVDF-TrFE (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoride ethylene copolymer) having a large temperature dependency of the dielectric constant described above is provided between a pair of electrodes
- a variable capacitance element etc. are mentioned.
- the dielectric constant increases with the temperature rise in a specific temperature range.
- the potential of the node NS is determined by the potential ratio of the wiring 111 and the capacitance ratio between the capacitance of the sensor element 101 and the gate capacitance of the transistor 102.
- the potential of the node NS approaches the voltage supplied to the wiring 111 because the capacitive coupling via the sensor element 101 increases. Therefore, when the voltage supplied to the wiring 111 is lower (for example, a negative potential) than the potential of the node NS, the temperature rises and the capacitance value of the sensor element 101 increases, whereby the potential of the node NS decreases.
- the voltage supplied to the wiring 111 is higher than the potential of the node NS, the temperature rises and the capacitance value of the sensor element 101 is increased, whereby the potential of the node NS rises.
- the configuration of the semiconductor device 100 e can be the same as that of the semiconductor device 100 a except for the sensor element 101.
- One electrode of the sensor element 101 is electrically connected to the node NS, and the other electrode is electrically connected to the wiring 111.
- the sensor element 101 has no polarity.
- the read operation of the semiconductor device 100e is described with reference to the timing chart of FIG. 7B. Note that, unlike the semiconductor device 100 a and the like, the potential of the node NS is reversible, and therefore, the periodic reset operation is unnecessary.
- the potential of the wiring 112 is “L”
- the potential of the wiring 111 is “L”
- the potential of the wiring 117 is “+ V”
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “H”.
- the potential of the wiring 112 is “H”
- the potential of the wiring 111 is “Vs”
- the potential of the wiring 117 is “0”
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “L”.
- the potential “Vs” of the wiring 111 is an appropriate voltage applied to the sensor element 101.
- the sensor element 101 detects a temperature change
- the potential Vs' of the node NS changes following the temperature change.
- the potential of the node NM rises along with the rise of the potential Vs 'of the node NS, and thereafter holds the maximum value when the potential Vs' of the node NS falls.
- the potential of the wiring 116 is “H” in the period T2
- the potential of the node NS is reset and the transistor 102 is turned off. Therefore, the potential of node NM is maintained.
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be set to “ ⁇ V” as indicated by a broken line.
- the transistor 102 can be turned off regardless of the potential of the node NS, and the potential of the node NM can be held.
- the potential of the wiring 116 may be “H”
- the potential of the wiring 117 may be “ ⁇ V”.
- the transistor 106 When the potential of the wiring 118 is set to “H” in the period T3, the transistor 106 is turned on and the potential of the node NM which is held can be read out to the wiring 119. By repeating the above operation, it is possible to periodically read out the signal detected by the sensor element 101 in the period T1. Also, the period T1 can be extended to read out the maximum value during that period.
- FIG. 8A illustrates an oscillator 200 including the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention as one element.
- the oscillator 200 is an oscillator of ring oscillator type having an odd number of circuit blocks 150 and an input terminal of the first stage is electrically connected to an output terminal of the last stage.
- the circuit block 150 may be one stage, and the input terminal and the output terminal of the circuit block 150 may be electrically connected.
- the circuit block 150 includes an inverter circuit 151 and a delay circuit 152.
- the delay circuit 152 for example, the circuit configuration of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 1 can be used.
- the oscillator 200 can change the oscillation frequency according to the potential held at the node NM.
- the input terminal of the delay circuit 152 is one of the source and the drain of the transistor 103, and is electrically connected to the output terminal of the inverter circuit 151.
- the output terminal of the delay circuit 152 is the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 103, and also functions as the output terminal of the circuit block 150.
- the input terminal of the inverter circuit 151 functions as an input terminal of the circuit block 150.
- the delay circuit 152 a configuration in which the transistor 106 is omitted from the semiconductor devices 100a to 100e described above can be used. Note that one of the source or the drain of the transistor 103 and the other of the source or the drain of the transistor 102 are not electrically connected to each other.
- the delay circuit 152 may include the transistor 106.
- the potential of the input terminal of the inverter circuit 151 can be held by turning off the transistor 106. Therefore, when the operation of the oscillator 200 is resumed, the clock signal can be output quickly.
- the inverter circuit can be configured as a unipolar circuit using an OS transistor.
- a transistor having silicon in a channel formation region hereinafter, a Si transistor may be used to combine transistors having different polarities.
- the clock signal output from the oscillator 200 can be used as a clock signal for controlling the operation of an external circuit.
- the operation of the system can be controlled according to the intensity of light, vibration (sound), temperature, or the like.
- the clock signal output from the oscillator 200 may be input to the counter circuit 202.
- the counter circuit 202 can output digital signals of plural bits in accordance with the clock signal. Therefore, the combination of the oscillator 200 and the counter circuit 202 can function as a digital sensor that quantifies light intensity, vibration (sound), temperature, or the like.
- n-bit (n is a natural number) counter circuit composed of D-FFs (D flip-flops) shown in FIG. 8C can be used.
- the clock signal output from the oscillator 200 is input to the first stage D-FF and is counted for a fixed period.
- the counter circuit is reset by the RB signal and can start counting again.
- the count value is transferred to the LAT circuit by inputting the SET signal.
- the SEL signal and the SELB signal are input, the value stored in the LAT circuit is output to the wiring OUT [0: n].
- the counter circuit is not limited to the asynchronous type and may be synchronous.
- FIG. 9A is a diagram showing another configuration example of the circuit block 150 shown in FIG. 8A.
- the delay circuit 152 includes a sensor element 131, transistors 132, 133, and 134, and a capacitive element 135.
- the sensor element 131 the same element as the sensor element 101 can be used.
- the transistor 132 like the transistor 102, has a first gate and a second gate.
- the transistor 132 is desired to operate at high speed, and the transistors 133 and 134 are desired to have low off current. Therefore, OS transistors are preferably used for the transistors 132, 133, and 134.
- the first gate of the transistor 132 is electrically connected to one electrode of the sensor element 131.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 134 is electrically connected to the first gate of the transistor 132.
- a point to which one electrode of the sensor element 131, the first gate of the transistor 132, and the source or drain of the transistor 134 are connected is referred to as a node NT.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 133 is electrically connected to the second gate of the transistor 132.
- One electrode of the capacitor 135 is electrically connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor 133.
- a point to which the second gate of the transistor 132, one of the source and the drain of the transistor 133, and one electrode of the capacitor 135 are connected is referred to as a node NX.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor 132 is electrically connected to the output terminal of the inverter circuit 151.
- the other of the source and the drain of the transistor 132 functions as an output terminal of the circuit block 150.
- the transistor 134 has a function of resetting the potential of the node NT.
- the transistor 133 When the transistor 133 is turned on, a predetermined potential signal is written from the wiring 143 to the node NX. Since the off-state current of the OS transistor is small, the potential of the node NX is held for a long time by turning off the transistor 133.
- the transistor 132 is turned on in accordance with the potential of the node NX, and the oscillator 200 generates a clock signal of a predetermined frequency.
- the clock signal can be used, for example, as a control signal of a main circuit.
- the threshold voltage of the transistor 132 changes.
- the transistor 132 is turned on by the potential written to the node NX, but the value of the output current changes due to the change of the threshold voltage. Therefore, the frequency of the clock signal generated by the oscillator 200 changes. Note that if the potential of the node NT can be largely changed by the sensor element 131, the transistor 132 can be turned off and generation of a clock signal can be stopped.
- the oscillator 200 generates the set clock signal at the initial stage of operation, but generates a clock signal whose frequency is lower than the initial level when the temperature rises.
- the clock frequency can be automatically reduced when the load of the circuit operation is large and the temperature rises.
- LSI a CPU, a GPU, an FPGA, an ASIC, or the like
- the sensor element 131 may be shared by a plurality of circuit blocks 150.
- the transistor 134 may be shared by a plurality of circuit blocks 150.
- the sensor element 101 may be shared by a plurality of circuit blocks 150.
- the transistor for resetting the potential of the node NS may be shared by the plurality of circuit blocks 150.
- FIG. 10A is a block diagram illustrating a sensor device including a plurality of semiconductor devices of one embodiment of the present invention.
- the sensor device comprises a sensor array 180, a circuit 170, a circuit 171, a circuit 172 and a circuit 173.
- the sensor array 180 has circuits 160 arranged in a matrix.
- the circuit 160 can have, for example, the circuit configuration of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. Further, the circuit configuration of the semiconductor devices 100a to 100e described above may be employed.
- the circuit 160 is electrically connected to the circuit 170 through the wiring 118.
- the circuit 160 is electrically connected to the circuit 171 through the wiring 119.
- the circuit 170 can have a function as a row driver.
- the circuit 170 can use, for example, a decoder or a shift register.
- the readout row can be selected by the circuit 170, and the signal generated by the circuit 160 can be output to the wiring 119.
- the circuit 171 can have a function of reducing noise components from the signal output from the circuit 160.
- an interphase double sampling circuit (CDS circuit) or the like can be used for the circuit 171 . Note that the circuit 171 may be omitted.
- the circuit 172 can have a function as a reading circuit.
- the circuit 172 can be configured to include, for example, a comparator circuit and a counter circuit.
- the signal potential input from the circuit 171 to the comparator circuit is compared with the reference potential to be swept.
- the counter circuit operates according to the output of the comparator circuit to generate a digital signal. That is, the circuit 172 can function as an A / D converter.
- the circuit 173 can have a function as a column driver.
- a decoder or a shift register can be used.
- the readout column can be selected by the circuit 173, and digital data generated by the circuit 172 can be output to the wiring 121.
- the sensor element 101 when a photoelectric conversion element is used as the sensor element 101, it can function as an image sensor.
- a piezoelectric element when used, it can function as a sheet-like pressure sensor, and information such as in-plane distribution of pressure can be obtained.
- a heat-sensitive element when used, it can function as a sheet-like temperature sensor, and information such as in-plane distribution of temperature can be obtained. It can also function as an infrared image sensor.
- connection destination of the wiring 121 is not limited.
- a neural network, a storage device, a display device, a communication device or the like can be used as the connection destination.
- digital data output from the circuit 172 into a neural network, for example, high resolution of acquired data, reduction of noise, recognition of elements that change the state of a sensor, data correction, character recognition, fingerprint authentication, defect Processing such as analysis and statistical processing can be performed.
- Embodiment Mode 1 a structural example of a semiconductor device which can be used for a neural network which can be used for the application described in Embodiment Mode 1 will be described.
- the neural network NN can be configured by an input layer IL, an output layer OL, and an intermediate layer (hidden layer) HL.
- Each of the input layer IL, the output layer OL, and the intermediate layer HL has one or more neurons (units).
- the intermediate layer HL may be a single layer or two or more layers.
- a neural network having two or more intermediate layers HL can be called DNN (deep neural network), and learning using a deep neural network can also be called deep learning.
- Input data is input to each neuron in the input layer IL, an output signal of a neuron in the front or rear layer is input to each neuron in the intermediate layer HL, and an output from a neuron in the front layer is input to each neuron in the output layer OL A signal is input.
- Each neuron may be connected to all neurons in the previous and subsequent layers (total connection) or may be connected to some neurons.
- FIG. 11 (B) shows an example of operation by a neuron.
- a neuron N and two neurons in the front layer outputting signals to the neuron N are shown.
- the output x 1 of the anterior layer neuron and the output x 2 of the anterior layer neuron are input to the neuron N.
- the operation by the neuron includes the operation of adding the product of the output of the anterior layer neuron and the weight, that is, the product-sum operation (x 1 w 1 + x 2 w 2 above ).
- This product-sum operation may be performed on software using a program or may be performed by hardware.
- a product-sum operation circuit can be used.
- a digital circuit or an analog circuit may be used as this product-sum operation circuit.
- an analog circuit is used for the product-sum operation circuit. Therefore, the processing speed can be improved and the power consumption can be reduced by reducing the circuit scale of the product-sum operation circuit or reducing the number of accesses to the memory.
- the product-sum operation circuit may be configured by a Si transistor or may be configured by an OS transistor.
- the OS transistor since the OS transistor has extremely small off-state current, the OS transistor is suitable as a transistor forming an analog memory of a product-sum operation circuit.
- the product-sum operation circuit may be configured using both a Si transistor and an OS transistor.
- FIG. 12 shows a configuration example of a semiconductor device MAC having a function of performing computation of a neural network.
- the semiconductor device MAC has a function of performing a product-sum operation of first data corresponding to coupling strength (weight) between neurons and second data corresponding to input data.
- each of the first data and the second data can be analog data or multivalued data (discrete data).
- the semiconductor device MAC has a function of converting data obtained by the product-sum operation using an activation function.
- the semiconductor device MAC includes a cell array CA, a current source circuit CS, a current mirror circuit CM, a circuit WDD, a circuit WLD, a circuit CLD, an offset circuit OFST, and an activation function circuit ACTV.
- Cell array CA has a plurality of memory cells MC and a plurality of memory cells MCref.
- a memory cell MC (MC [1,1] to MC [m, n]) having m rows and n columns (m, n is an integer of 1 or more) and m memory cells MCref (m An example of a configuration having MCref [1] to MCref [m]) is shown.
- Memory cell MC has a function of storing first data.
- the memory cell MCref has a function of storing reference data used for product-sum operation.
- the reference data can be analog data or multivalued data.
- the memory cell MC [i, j] (i is an integer of 1 to m and j is an integer of 1 to n) includes the wiring WL [i], the wiring RW [i], the wiring WD [j], and the wiring BL Connected with [j].
- the memory cell MCref [i] is connected to the wiring WL [i], the wiring RW [i], the wiring WDref, and the wiring BLref.
- the memory cell MC [i, j] to the wiring BL [j] the current flowing between denoted as I MC [i, j], the current flowing between the memory cell MCref [i] and the wiring BLref I MCref [ i] .
- FIG. 13 shows memory cells MC [1, 1], [2, 1] and memory cells MCref [1], [2] as representative examples, but the same applies to other memory cells MC and memory cells MCref.
- the configuration of can be used.
- Each of the memory cell MC and the memory cell MCref includes transistors Tr11 and Tr12 and a capacitive element C11.
- the transistors Tr11 and Tr12 are n-channel transistors is described.
- the gate of the transistor Tr11 is connected to the wiring WL, one of the source or drain is connected to the gate of the transistor Tr12 and the first electrode of the capacitive element C11, and the other is connected to the wiring WD It is done.
- One of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr12 is connected to the wiring BL, and the other of the source and the drain is connected to the wiring VR.
- the second electrode of the capacitive element C11 is connected to the wiring RW.
- the wiring VR is a wiring having a function of supplying a predetermined potential.
- a low power supply potential such as a ground potential
- a node connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr11, the gate of the transistor Tr12, and the first electrode of the capacitor C11 is a node NM.
- the nodes NM of the memory cells MC [1,1] and [2,1] are denoted as nodes NM [1,1] and [2,1], respectively.
- Memory cell MCref also has a configuration similar to that of memory cell MC. However, the memory cell MCref is connected to the wiring WDref instead of the wiring WD, and is connected to the wiring BLref instead of the wiring BL. In memory cells MCref [1] and [2], one of the source and the drain of transistor Tr11, the gate of transistor Tr12, and the node connected to the first electrode of capacitive element C11 are node NMref [1], respectively. And [2].
- the node NM and the node NMref function as holding nodes of the memory cell MC and the memory cell MCref, respectively.
- the node NM holds the first data
- the node NMref holds reference data.
- currents I MC [1 , 1] and I MC [2, 1] flow from the wiring BL [1] to the transistors Tr 12 of the memory cells MC [1, 1] and [2, 1], respectively.
- currents I MCref [1] and I MCref [2] flow from the wiring BLref to the transistors Tr12 of the memory cells MCref [1] and [2], respectively.
- the off-state current of the transistor Tr11 is preferably small. Therefore, it is preferable to use an OS transistor with extremely small off-state current as the transistor Tr11. Accordingly, fluctuation of the potential of the node NM or the node NMref can be suppressed, and the calculation accuracy can be improved. Further, the frequency of the operation of refreshing the potential of the node NM or the node NMref can be suppressed low, and power consumption can be reduced.
- the transistor Tr12 is not particularly limited, and, for example, a Si transistor or an OS transistor can be used.
- an OS transistor is used as the transistor Tr12, the transistor Tr12 can be manufactured using the same manufacturing apparatus as the transistor Tr11, and the manufacturing cost can be suppressed.
- the transistor Tr12 may be an n-channel type or a p-channel type.
- the current source circuit CS is connected to the wirings BL [1] to BL [n] and the wiring BLref.
- the current source circuit CS has a function of supplying current to the wirings BL [1] to BL [n] and the wiring BLref.
- the current values supplied to the wirings BL [1] to BL [n] may be different from the current values supplied to the wirings BLref.
- a current supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wirings BL [1] to the wiring BL [n] is denoted as I C
- a current supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BLref is denoted as I Cref .
- the current mirror circuit CM includes wirings IL [1] to IL [n] and a wiring ILref.
- the wirings IL [1] to IL [n] are connected to the wirings BL [1] to BL [n], respectively, and the wiring ILref is connected to the wiring BLref.
- the connection between the wiring IL [1] and the wiring BL [1] or the connection between the wiring IL [n] and the wiring BL [n] is denoted as a node NP [1] to a node NP [n].
- a connection point between the wiring ILref and the wiring BLref is denoted as a node NPref.
- the current mirror circuit CM has a function of causing a current I CM according to the potential of the node NPref to flow through the wiring ILref, and a function of flowing the current I CM also into the wirings IL [1] to IL [n].
- FIG 12 is discharged current I CM wiring ILref from the wiring BLref, current I CM is discharged to the wiring BL [1] to the wiring from the wiring BL [n] IL [1] to the wiring IL [n] Example Is shown.
- currents flowing from the current mirror circuit CM to the cell array CA through the wirings BL [1] to BL [n] are denoted as I B [1] to I B [n].
- the current flowing from the current mirror circuit CM to the cell array CA via the wiring BLref is denoted as I Bref .
- the circuit WDD is connected to the wirings WD [1] to WD [n] and the wiring WDref.
- the circuit WDD has a function of supplying a potential corresponding to the first data stored in the memory cell MC to the wirings WD [1] to WD [n].
- the circuit WDD has a function of supplying a potential corresponding to reference data stored in the memory cell MCref to the wiring WDref.
- the circuit WLD is connected to the wirings WL [1] to WL [m].
- the circuit WLD has a function of supplying a signal for selecting a memory cell MC or a memory cell MCref to which data is written to the wirings WL [1] to WL [m].
- the circuit CLD is connected to the wirings RW [1] to RW [m].
- the circuit CLD has a function of supplying a potential corresponding to second data to the wirings RW [1] to RW [m].
- the offset circuit OFST is connected to the wirings BL [1] to BL [n] and the wirings OL [1] to OL [n].
- the offset circuit OFST changes the amount of current flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the wiring BL [n] to the offset circuit OFST and / or changes of the current flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the wiring BL [n] to the offset circuit OFST Have a function to detect
- the offset circuit OFST has a function of outputting a detection result to the wiring OL [1] to the wiring OL [n].
- the offset circuit OFST may output a current corresponding to the detection result to the line OL, or may convert a current corresponding to the detection result to a voltage and output the voltage to the line OL.
- the currents flowing between the cell array CA and the offset circuit OFST are denoted as I ⁇ [1] to I ⁇ [n].
- the offset circuit OFST shown in FIG. 14 includes circuits OC [1] to OC [n].
- Each of the circuits OC [1] to OC [n] includes a transistor Tr21, a transistor Tr22, a transistor Tr23, a capacitor C21, and a resistor R1.
- the connection relationship of each element is as shown in FIG.
- a node connected to the first electrode of the capacitive element C21 and the first terminal of the resistive element R1 is referred to as a node Na.
- a node connected to the second electrode of the capacitive element C21, one of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr21, and the gate of the transistor Tr22 is referred to as a node Nb.
- the wiring VrefL has a function of supplying a potential Vref
- the wiring VaL has a function of supplying a potential Va
- the wiring VbL has a function of supplying a potential Vb.
- the wiring VDDL has a function of supplying a potential VDD
- the wiring VSSL has a function of supplying a potential VSS.
- the wiring RST has a function of supplying a potential for controlling the conductive state of the transistor Tr21.
- a source follower circuit is configured by the transistor Tr22, the transistor Tr23, the wiring VDDL, the wiring VSSL, and the wiring VbL.
- circuits OC [1] to OC [n] will be described. Although an operation example of the circuit OC [1] will be described here as a representative example, the circuits OC [2] to OC [n] can be operated similarly.
- the circuits OC [2] to OC [n] can be operated similarly.
- the transistor Tr21 is in the on state, and the potential Va is supplied to the node Nb. Thereafter, the transistor Tr21 is turned off.
- the potential of the node Na changes to a potential corresponding to the second current and the resistance value of the resistor element R1.
- the transistor Tr21 since the transistor Tr21 is in the off state and the node Nb is in the floating state, the potential of the node Nb changes due to capacitive coupling with the change of the potential of the node Na.
- the change in the potential of the node Na is ⁇ V Na and the capacitive coupling coefficient is 1
- the potential of the node Nb is Va + ⁇ V Na .
- the threshold voltage of the transistor Tr22 is V th
- the potential Va + ⁇ V Na ⁇ V th is output from the wiring OL [1].
- Potential ⁇ V Na is determined according to the amount of change from the first current to the second current, resistance element R1, and potential Vref.
- the resistance element R1 and the potential Vref are known, the amount of change in current flowing from the potential ⁇ V Na to the wiring BL can be obtained.
- a signal corresponding to the current amount detected by the offset circuit OFST and / or the change amount of the current is input to the activation function circuit ACTV through the wiring OL [1] to the wiring OL [n]. .
- the activation function circuit ACTV is connected to the wirings OL [1] to OL [n] and the wirings NIL [1] to NIL [n].
- the activation function circuit ACTV has a function of performing an operation for converting a signal input from the offset circuit OFST in accordance with a previously defined activation function.
- a sigmoid function, a tanh function, a softmax function, a ReLU function, a threshold function or the like can be used.
- the signal converted by the activation function circuit ACTV is output as output data to the wirings NIL [1] to NIL [n].
- the product-sum operation of the first data and the second data can be performed using the above-described semiconductor device MAC.
- an operation example of the semiconductor device MAC when performing a product-sum operation will be described.
- FIG. 15 shows a timing chart of an operation example of the semiconductor device MAC.
- the wiring WL [1], the wiring WL [2], the wiring WD [1], the wiring WDref, the node NM [1,1], the node NM [2,1], and the node NMref [1] in FIG. The transition of the potential of the node NMref [2], the wiring RW [1], and the wiring RW [2], and the transition of the values of the current I B [1] -I ⁇ [1] and the current I Bref .
- the current I B [1] -I ⁇ [1] corresponds to the sum of the currents flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the memory cells MC [1, 1] and [2, 1].
- the potential of the wiring WL [1] becomes high level (High), and the potential of the wiring WD [1] is higher than the ground potential (GND) by V PR ⁇ V W [1,1] next, the potential of the wiring WDref becomes the V PR greater potential than the ground potential. Further, the potentials of the wiring RW [1] and the wiring RW [2] become a reference potential (REFP).
- the potential V W [1, 1] is a potential corresponding to the first data stored in the memory cell MC [1, 1]. Further, the potential VPR is a potential corresponding to reference data.
- the memory cell MC [1,1] and the transistor Tr11 having a memory cell MCref [1] is turned on and node NM potential of [1,1] is V PR -V W [1,1], the node NMref The potential of [1] becomes VPR .
- the current I MC [1, 1], 0 flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the transistor Tr12 of the memory cell MC [1, 1] can be expressed by the following equation.
- k is a constant determined by the channel length, channel width, mobility, and the capacity of the gate insulating film of the transistor Tr12.
- V th is a threshold voltage of the transistor Tr12.
- the potential of the wiring WL [1] becomes low level (low). Accordingly, the transistor Tr11 included in the memory cell MC [1,1] and the memory cell MCref [1] is turned off, and the potentials of the node NM [1,1] and the node NMref [1] are held.
- the transistor Tr11 As described above, it is preferable to use an OS transistor as the transistor Tr11. Thus, the leak current of the transistor Tr11 can be suppressed, and the potentials of the node NM [1,1] and the node NMref [1] can be accurately held.
- the potential of the wiring WD [1] becomes V PR -V W [2,1] greater potential than the ground potential
- the potential of the wiring WDref becomes the V PR greater potential than the ground potential.
- the potential V W [2, 1] is a potential corresponding to the first data stored in the memory cell MC [2, 1].
- the transistor Tr11 included in the memory cell MC [2,1] and the memory cell MCref [2] is turned on, and the potential of the node NM [2,1] is V PR ⁇ V W [2,1] , the node NMref
- the potential of [2] becomes VPR .
- the potential of the wiring WL [2] becomes low level (low). Accordingly, the transistor Tr11 included in the memory cell MC [2,1] and the memory cell MCref [2] is turned off, and the potentials of the node NM [2,1] and the node NMref [2] are held.
- the first data is stored in the memory cells MC [1,1], [2,1], and the reference data is stored in the memory cells MCref [1], [2].
- the current from the current source circuit CS is supplied to the wiring BL [1]. Further, the current flowing through the wiring BL [1] is discharged to the current mirror circuit CM and the memory cells MC [1,1] and [2,1]. In addition, a current flows from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST. Assuming that the current supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BL [1] is I C, 0 and the current flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST is I ⁇ , 0 , the following equation is established.
- the potential of the wiring RW [1] is higher than the reference potential by V X [1] .
- the potential V X [1] is supplied to the capacitive element C11 of each of the memory cell MC [1,1] and the memory cell MCref [1], and the potential of the gate of the transistor Tr12 rises due to capacitive coupling.
- the potential V X [1] is a potential corresponding to the second data supplied to the memory cell MC [1, 1] and the memory cell MC ref [1].
- the amount of change in the potential of the gate of the transistor Tr12 is a value obtained by multiplying the amount of change in the potential of the wiring RW by the capacitive coupling coefficient determined by the configuration of the memory cell.
- the capacitive coupling coefficient is calculated by the capacitance of the capacitive element C11, the gate capacitance of the transistor Tr12, the parasitic capacitance, and the like.
- the capacitive coupling coefficient is one.
- the potential V X may be determined in consideration of the capacitive coupling coefficient.
- the current I MC [1, 1], 1 that flows from the wiring BL [1] to the transistor Tr12 of the memory cell MC [1, 1] at time T05 to T06 can be expressed by the following equation.
- the current flowing to the wiring BL [1] and the wiring BLref will be considered.
- the current I Cref is supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BLref. Further, the current flowing through the wiring BLref is discharged to the current mirror circuit CM and the memory cells MCref [1] and [2]. Assuming that the current discharged from the wiring BLref to the current mirror circuit CM is I CM, 1 , the following equation is established.
- the current I C is supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BL [1]. Further, the current flowing through the wiring BL [1] is discharged to the current mirror circuit CM and the memory cells MC [1,1] and [2,1]. Further, current flows from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST. Assuming that the current flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST is I ⁇ , 1 , the following equation is established.
- I C ⁇ I CM, 1 I MC [1,1], 1 + I MC [2,1], 1 + I ⁇ , 1 (E10)
- the difference between the current I ⁇ , 0 and the current I ⁇ , 1 (difference current ⁇ I ⁇ ) can be expressed by the following equation from the equations (E1) to (E10).
- the differential current ⁇ I ⁇ takes a value corresponding to the product of the potentials V W [1, 1] and V X [1] .
- the potential of the wiring RW [1] becomes the ground potential, and the potentials of the node NM [1,1] and the node NMref [1] become similar to those at time T04 to T05.
- the potential of the wiring RW [1] becomes V X [1] larger than the reference potential
- the potential of the wiring RW [2] is V X [2] larger than the reference potential Supplied.
- potential V X [1] is supplied to capacitive element C11 of each of memory cell MC [1, 1] and memory cell MCref [1], and node NM [1, 1] and node NMref [ The potential of 1] rises by V X [1] .
- V X [2] is supplied to capacitive element C11 of each of memory cell MC [2, 1] and memory cell MCref [2], and node NM [2, 1] and node NMref [2 Each of the potentials of V ] [2] rises.
- the current I MC [2, 1], 1 flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the transistor Tr12 of the memory cell MC [2, 1] at time T07 to T08 can be expressed by the following equation.
- the current flowing to the wiring BL [1] and the wiring BLref will be considered.
- the current I Cref is supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BLref. Further, the current flowing through the wiring BLref is discharged to the current mirror circuit CM and the memory cells MCref [1] and [2]. Assuming that the current discharged from the wiring BLref to the current mirror circuit CM is I CM, 2 , the following equation holds.
- the current I C is supplied from the current source circuit CS to the wiring BL [1]. Further, the current flowing through the wiring BL [1] is discharged to the current mirror circuit CM and the memory cells MC [1,1] and [2,1]. Further, current flows from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST. Assuming that the current flowing from the wiring BL [1] to the offset circuit OFST is I ⁇ , 2 , the following equation is established.
- I C ⁇ I CM, 2 I MC [1,1], 1 + I MC [2,1], 1 + I ⁇ , 2 (E15)
- the difference between the current I ⁇ , 0 and the current I ⁇ , 2 (difference current ⁇ I ⁇ ) is expressed by the following equation from the equations (E1) to (E8) and the equations (E12) to (E15) be able to.
- the difference current ⁇ I ⁇ is obtained by adding the product of the potential V W [1, 1] and the potential V X [1] and the product of the potential V W [2, 1] and the potential V X [2]. It becomes a value according to the combined result.
- the differential current ⁇ I ⁇ input to the offset circuit OFST is the potential V X corresponding to the first data (weight) and the second data (input data And the value corresponding to the result of adding the product of the potential V W corresponding to. That is, by measuring the difference current ⁇ I ⁇ with the offset circuit OFST, it is possible to obtain the result of the product-sum operation of the first data and the second data.
- the number of memory cells MC and memory cells MCref may be set arbitrarily.
- the differential current ⁇ I ⁇ in the case where the number m of rows of the memory cell MC and the memory cell MCref is an arbitrary number can be expressed by the following equation.
- the number of product-sum operations to be executed in parallel can be increased.
- product-sum operation of the first data and the second data can be performed.
- a product-sum operation circuit can be configured with a small number of transistors. Therefore, the circuit scale of the semiconductor device MAC can be reduced.
- the number m of rows of memory cells MC corresponds to the number of input data supplied to one neuron
- the number n of columns of memory cells MC corresponds to the number of neurons Can.
- the number m of rows of memory cells MC is set to the number of input data supplied from the input layer IL (the number of neurons in the input layer IL)
- the number n of columns of memory cells MC is the neurons in the intermediate layer HL It can be set to the number of
- the structure of the neural network to which the semiconductor device MAC is applied is not particularly limited.
- the semiconductor device MAC can also be used for a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recursive neural network (RNN), an auto encoder, a Boltzmann machine (including a restricted Boltzmann machine), and the like.
- CNN convolutional neural network
- RNN recursive neural network
- auto encoder a Boltzmann machine (including a restricted Boltzmann machine), and the like.
- FIG. 16A The structure of the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG.
- the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG. 16A is an example having a stacked-layer structure of the layer 561 and the layer 562.
- the layer 561 has a sensor element 500.
- the sensor element 500 corresponds to the sensor elements 101 and 131 described in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 16C and 16D illustrate a photoelectric conversion element that can be used as the sensor element 500.
- FIG. The photoelectric conversion element can be a stack of a layer 565a, a layer 565b, and a layer 565c as illustrated in FIG. 16C.
- the sensor element 500 illustrated in FIG. 16C is a pn junction photodiode, and for example, a p + -type semiconductor can be used for the layer 565a, an n-type semiconductor for the layer 565b, and an n + -type semiconductor for the layer 565c.
- a p + -type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565a
- a p-type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565b
- a p + -type semiconductor may be used for the layer 565c.
- a pin junction photodiode in which the layer 565b is an i-type semiconductor may be used.
- the pn junction photodiode or pin junction photodiode can be formed using single crystal silicon.
- the pin junction photodiode can be formed using a thin film of amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, or the like.
- the sensor element 500 may be a stack of the layer 566a, the layer 566b, the layer 566c, and the layer 566d.
- the sensor element 500 illustrated in FIG. 16D is an example of an avalanche photodiode, the layers 566a and 566d correspond to electrodes, and the layers 566b and 566c correspond to photoelectric conversion portions.
- the layer 566a is preferably a low-resistance metal layer or the like.
- a low-resistance metal layer or the like aluminum, titanium, tungsten, tantalum, silver or laminates thereof can be used.
- the layer 566 d is preferably a conductive layer having high transparency to visible light.
- indium oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium-tin oxide, gallium-zinc oxide, indium-gallium-zinc oxide, or graphene can be used. Note that the layer 566 d may be omitted.
- the layers 566 b and 566 c of the photoelectric conversion portion can be configured as, for example, a pn junction photodiode in which a selenium-based material is used as a photoelectric conversion layer. It is preferable to use a selenium-based material which is a p-type semiconductor as the layer 566 b and a gallium oxide or the like which is an n-type semiconductor as the layer 566 c.
- a photoelectric conversion element using a selenium-based material has high external quantum efficiency with respect to visible light.
- amplification of the carrier with respect to the incident light quantity can be enlarged by utilizing avalanche multiplication.
- a selenium-based material has a high light absorption coefficient, it has a production advantage such as being able to form a photoelectric conversion layer as a thin film.
- the thin film of a selenium-based material can be formed by a vacuum evaporation method, a sputtering method, or the like.
- crystalline selenium such as single crystal selenium or polycrystalline selenium, amorphous selenium, a compound of copper, indium, selenium (CIS), or a compound of copper, indium, gallium, selenium (CIGS), etc. Can be used.
- the n-type semiconductor is preferably formed of a material having a wide band gap and a light transmitting property with respect to visible light.
- a material having a wide band gap and a light transmitting property with respect to visible light For example, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, tin oxide, an oxide in which they are mixed, or the like can be used.
- these materials also function as a hole injection blocking layer and can also reduce dark current.
- FIG. 16E is a view for explaining a piezoelectric element (heat sensitive element) that can be used as the sensor element 500.
- the piezoelectric element can be a stack of a layer 566a, a layer 566b, and a layer 566c as shown in FIG.
- the layers 567a and 567c are a pair of electrodes, and a metal layer similar to the layer 566a can be used.
- the layer 567b is a piezoelectric body, and is made of an inorganic material such as BaTiO 3 , PbTiO 3 , Pb (Zr, Ti) O 3 (PZT), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride), PVDF-TrFE (polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoride) Organic materials such as ethylene copolymer) can be used.
- the piezoelectric body also acts as a pyroelectric material.
- the layer 562 illustrated in FIG. 16A can include an OS transistor.
- Layer 562 can also have a supporting substrate.
- the support substrate may be a rigid substrate such as a glass substrate or a silicon substrate, or a flexible substrate such as a metal foil or a resin film.
- the OS transistors can be formed directly on these supporting substrates. Alternatively, an OS transistor formed on a hard substrate may be transposed to a flexible substrate.
- a metal oxide having an energy gap of 2 eV or more, preferably 25 eV or more, more preferably 3 eV or more can be used.
- an oxide semiconductor containing indium, or the like, for example, a CAC-OS described later can be used.
- the semiconductor layer is represented by, for example, an In-M-Zn-based oxide containing indium, zinc and M (a metal such as aluminum, titanium, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, tin, neodymium or hafnium). It can be a membrane.
- M a metal such as aluminum, titanium, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium, tin, neodymium or hafnium.
- the oxide semiconductor forming the semiconductor layer is an In-M-Zn-based oxide
- the atomic ratio of metal elements in a sputtering target used for forming the In-M-Zn oxide is In ⁇ M, Zn It is preferable to satisfy ⁇ M.
- the atomic ratio of the semiconductor layer to be formed includes a variation of plus or minus 40% of the atomic ratio of the metal element contained in the sputtering target.
- an oxide semiconductor with low carrier density is used.
- the semiconductor layer has a carrier density of 1 ⁇ 10 17 / cm 3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 / cm 3 3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 / cm 3, it is possible to use an oxide semiconductor of 1 ⁇ 10 -9 / cm 3 or more carrier density.
- Such an oxide semiconductor is referred to as a high purity intrinsic or substantially high purity intrinsic oxide semiconductor. Accordingly, the impurity concentration is low and the density of defect states is low, so that the oxide semiconductor can be said to be an oxide semiconductor having stable characteristics.
- composition is not limited to those described above, and a composition having an appropriate composition may be used in accordance with the semiconductor characteristics and electrical characteristics (field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and the like) of the required transistor.
- semiconductor characteristics and electrical characteristics field effect mobility, threshold voltage, and the like
- the concentration of silicon or carbon (the concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the semiconductor layer is 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal (concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the semiconductor layer is 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms / cm 3 or less make it
- the nitrogen concentration (the concentration obtained by secondary ion mass spectrometry) in the semiconductor layer is preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms / cm 3 or less.
- the semiconductor layer may have, for example, a non-single crystal structure.
- the non-single crystal structure is, for example, a CAAC-OS (C-Axis Aligned Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor, or a C-Axis Aligned and AB-plane Anchored Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor) having a crystal oriented in the c-axis, a polycrystalline structure, A microcrystalline structure or an amorphous structure is included.
- the amorphous structure has the highest density of defect states
- CAAC-OS has the lowest density of defect states.
- the oxide semiconductor film having an amorphous structure has, for example, disordered atomic arrangement and no crystalline component.
- the oxide semiconductor film having an amorphous structure has, for example, a complete amorphous structure and no crystal part.
- the semiconductor layer may be a mixed film having two or more of a region having an amorphous structure, a region having a microcrystalline structure, a region having a polycrystalline structure, a region having a CAAC-OS, and a region having a single crystal structure.
- the mixed film may have, for example, a single layer structure or a laminated structure including any two or more of the above-described regions.
- CAC Cloud-Aligned Composite
- the CAC-OS is, for example, a configuration of a material in which an element included in an oxide semiconductor is unevenly distributed in a size of 0.5 nm to 10 nm, preferably 1 nm to 2 nm, or in the vicinity thereof.
- an element included in an oxide semiconductor is unevenly distributed in a size of 0.5 nm to 10 nm, preferably 1 nm to 2 nm, or in the vicinity thereof.
- the oxide semiconductor one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed, and a region including the metal element has a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 2 nm or less
- the state of mixing in is also called mosaic or patch.
- the oxide semiconductor preferably contains at least indium.
- One or more selected from the above may be included.
- CAC-OS in the In-Ga-Zn oxide is an indium oxide (hereinafter referred to as InO).
- InO indium oxide
- X1 X1 is a real number greater than 0
- indium zinc oxide hereinafter, In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 (X2, Y2, and Z2 are real numbers greater than 0)
- GaO X3 X3 is a real number greater than 0)
- Ga X4 Zn Y4 O Z4 X4, Y4, and Z4 are real numbers greater than 0) to.
- the material becomes mosaic by separate into, mosaic InO X1 or in X2 Zn Y2 O Z2, is a configuration in which uniformly distributed in the film (hereinafter Also referred to as a cloud-like.)
- CAC-OS is a complex oxide semiconductor having a structure in which a region in which GaO X3 or the like is a main component and a region in which In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a main component are mixed. .
- the ratio of the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the first region is larger than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the second region, It is assumed that the concentration of In is higher than that in the region 2.
- IGZO is a common name and may refer to one compound of In, Ga, Zn, and O. Representative examples are represented by InGaO 3 (ZnO) m1 (m1 is a natural number), or In (1 + x0) Ga ( 1-x0) O 3 (ZnO) m0 (-1 ⁇ x0 ⁇ 1, m0 is an arbitrary number) Crystalline compounds are mentioned.
- the crystalline compound has a single crystal structure, a polycrystalline structure, or a CAAC structure.
- the CAAC structure is a crystal structure in which a plurality of IGZO nanocrystals have c-axis orientation and are connected without orientation in the a-b plane.
- CAC-OS relates to the material configuration of an oxide semiconductor.
- the CAC-OS refers to a region observed in the form of nanoparticles mainly composed of Ga in a material configuration including In, Ga, Zn, and O, and nanoparticles composed mainly of In in some components.
- region observed in shape says the structure currently disperse
- CAC-OS does not include a stacked structure of two or more types of films different in composition. For example, a structure including two layers of a film containing In as a main component and a film containing Ga as a main component is not included.
- the CAC-OS may be a region observed in the form of nanoparticles mainly composed of the metal element, and a nano mainly composed of In as a main component.
- region observed in particle form says the structure currently each disperse
- the CAC-OS can be formed by, for example, a sputtering method under conditions in which the substrate is not intentionally heated.
- one or more selected from an inert gas (typically, argon), an oxygen gas, and a nitrogen gas may be used as a deposition gas.
- an inert gas typically, argon
- oxygen gas typically, oxygen gas
- a nitrogen gas may be used as a deposition gas.
- the flow rate ratio of the oxygen gas to the total flow rate of the film forming gas at the time of film formation is preferably as low as possible.
- the flow rate ratio of the oxygen gas is preferably 0% to less than 30%, .
- CAC-OS has a feature that a clear peak is not observed when it is measured using a ⁇ / 2 ⁇ scan by the Out-of-plane method, which is one of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement methods. Have. That is, it can be understood from X-ray diffraction that the orientation in the a-b plane direction and the c-axis direction of the measurement region is not seen.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- CAC-OS in an electron beam diffraction pattern obtained by irradiating an electron beam (also referred to as a nanobeam electron beam) having a probe diameter of 1 nm, CAC-OS has a ring-like high luminance region and a ring-like luminance. Several bright spots are observed in the high region. Therefore, it can be seen from the electron diffraction pattern that the crystal structure of the CAC-OS has an nc (nano-crystal) structure having no orientation in the planar direction and in the cross-sectional direction.
- nc nano-crystal
- GaO X3 and the like are main components by EDX mapping acquired using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX: Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy). It can be confirmed that a certain region and a region containing In X 2 Zn Y 2 O Z 2 or In O X 1 as the main component are unevenly distributed and mixed.
- the CAC-OS has a structure different from the IGZO compound in which the metal element is uniformly distributed, and has different properties from the IGZO compound. That is, CAC-OS is phase-separated into a region in which GaO X3 or the like is a main component and a region in which In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a main component, and a region in which each element is a main component Has a mosaic-like structure.
- the region whose main component is In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a region whose conductivity is higher than the region whose main component is GaO X3 or the like. That is, when carriers flow in a region mainly containing In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 , conductivity as an oxide semiconductor is exhibited. Therefore, high field-effect mobility ( ⁇ ) can be realized by cloud-like distribution in a region of the oxide semiconductor of a region containing In X 2 Zn Y 2 O Z 2 or InO X 1 as a main component.
- the region in which GaO X3 or the like is a main component is a region in which the insulating property is higher than the region in which In X2 Zn Y2 O Z2 or InO X1 is a main component. That is, by distributing a region containing GaO X 3 or the like as a main component in the oxide semiconductor, leakage current can be suppressed and favorable switching operation can be realized.
- CAC-OS when CAC-OS is used for a semiconductor element, the insulating property caused by GaO X3 and the like and the conductivity caused by In X 2 Zn Y 2 O Z 2 or InO X 1 act complementarily to achieve high results. On current (I on ) and high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ) can be realized.
- CAC-OS is suitable as a constituent material of various semiconductor devices.
- the semiconductor device may have a stacked-layer structure of a layer 561, a layer 562, and a layer 563 as shown in FIG. At this time, an OS transistor included in the layer 562 can be formed over the layer 563.
- a silicon substrate can be used as the layer 563.
- a Si transistor or the like can be provided on the silicon substrate.
- an inverter circuit which is an element of a semiconductor device, a circuit for driving the semiconductor device, a circuit for reading a signal, or the like can be provided.
- the layer 563 may be a supporting substrate and a semiconductor device may be provided in the layer 561 and the layer 562.
- FIG. 17A illustrates an example of a cross section of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 561 includes, as the sensor element 500, a pn junction photodiode in which silicon is used as a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the layer 562 includes an OS transistor or the like formed over the substrate 544.
- the layer 565a can be ap + -type region
- the layer 565b can be an n-type region
- the layer 565c can be an n + -type region.
- a region 536 for connecting the power supply line and the layer 565c is provided in the layer 565b.
- region 536 can be a p + -type region.
- the OS transistor is a self-aligned structure, but as shown in FIG. 19A, the OS transistor may be a non-self-aligned top gate transistor.
- the transistor 102 includes a conductive layer 535 which functions as a second gate.
- the transistor 103 also has a structure in which the conductive layer 535 is provided, but the conductive layer 535 may not be provided.
- the conductive layer 535 may be electrically connected to a front gate of a transistor provided opposite to the conductive layer 535 as illustrated in FIG. 19B.
- the conductive layer 535 may be supplied with a fixed potential different from that of the front gate. By supplying a fixed potential to the conductive layer 535, the threshold voltage of the transistor can be adjusted.
- FIG. 17A illustrates a configuration example in which electrical connection between an element included in the layer 561 and an element included in the layer 562 is obtained by a bonding technique.
- the layer 561 is provided with an insulating layer 542, a conductive layer 533, and a conductive layer 534.
- the conductive layer 533 and the conductive layer 534 each have a region embedded in the insulating layer 542.
- the conductive layer 533 is electrically connected to the layer 565a.
- the conductive layer 534 is electrically connected to the region 536.
- the surfaces of the insulating layer 542, the conductive layer 533, and the conductive layer 534 are planarized so that the heights thereof coincide with each other.
- the layer 562 is provided with an insulating layer 541, a conductive layer 531, and a conductive layer 532.
- the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 532 each have a region embedded in the insulating layer 541.
- the conductive layer 532 is electrically connected to the power supply line.
- the conductive layer 531 is electrically connected to the first gate of the transistor 102.
- the surfaces of the insulating layer 541, the conductive layer 531, and the conductive layer 532 are planarized so that the heights thereof coincide with each other.
- the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 533 be metal elements whose main components are the same.
- the conductive layer 532 and the conductive layer 534 preferably each include the same metal element as the main component.
- the insulating layer 541 and the insulating layer 542 preferably include the same components.
- Cu, Al, Sn, Zn, W, Ag, Pt, Au, or the like can be used for the conductive layers 531 532 533 534.
- Cu, Al, W or Au is used because of ease of bonding.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used for the insulating layers 541 and 542.
- the same metal material described above is preferably used for each of the combination of the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 533 and the combination of the conductive layer 532 and the conductive layer 534.
- the same insulating material described above is preferably used in each of the insulating layer 541 and the insulating layer 542. With this structure, bonding can be performed with the boundary between the layer 561 and the layer 562 as a bonding position.
- connection of the combination of the conductive layer 531 and the conductive layer 533 and the combination of the conductive layer 532 and the conductive layer 534 can be obtained.
- a connection having mechanical strength between the insulating layer 541 and the insulating layer 542 can be obtained.
- a surface activation bonding method in which the oxide film on the surface, the adsorption layer of impurities and the like are removed by sputtering or the like and the cleaned and activated surfaces are brought into contact with each other.
- a diffusion bonding method of bonding surfaces to each other by using temperature and pressure in combination can be used. In both cases, bonding at the atomic level occurs, so that not only electrical but also mechanically excellent bonding can be obtained.
- the surfaces treated with hydrophilic treatment with oxygen plasma etc. are brought into contact with each other for temporary bonding, and the hydrophilicity is to perform main bonding by dehydration by heat treatment.
- a bonding method or the like can be used.
- Hydrophilic bonding also results in bonding at the atomic level, so that mechanically superior bonding can be obtained.
- an insulating layer and a metal layer are mixed in each bonding surface, and thus, for example, a surface activation bonding method and a hydrophilic bonding method may be performed in combination.
- the surface may be cleaned, the surface of the metal layer may be treated to prevent oxidation, and then the surface may be subjected to hydrophilic treatment for bonding.
- the surface of the metal layer may be made of a non-oxidizable metal such as Au and subjected to hydrophilic treatment.
- FIG. 17B is a cross-sectional view in the case of using a pn junction type photodiode in which the photoelectric conversion layer is a selenium-based material shown in FIG. 16D for the layer 561 of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. . It has a layer 566a as one electrode, layers 566b and 566c as a photoelectric conversion layer, and a layer 566d as the other electrode.
- the layer 561 can be formed directly on the layer 562.
- the layer 566a is electrically connected to the first gate of the transistor 102.
- the layer 566 d is electrically connected to the power supply line through the conductive layer 537.
- FIG. 18A illustrates an example of a cross section of the semiconductor device illustrated in FIG.
- the layer 561 includes, as the sensor element 500, a pn junction photodiode in which silicon is used as a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the layer 562 includes an OS transistor or the like.
- the layer 563 has a Si transistor or the like.
- the layer 561 and the layer 562 illustrate a configuration example in which electrical connection is obtained by bonding.
- the Si transistor shows a planar type structure having a channel formation region in a silicon substrate 540, but as shown in FIGS. 19C and 19D, a fin type silicon substrate is formed on the silicon substrate 540.
- the semiconductor layer may be included.
- FIG. 19 (C) corresponds to a cross section in the channel length direction
- FIG. 19 (D) corresponds to a cross section in the channel width direction.
- the transistor may be a transistor including a semiconductor layer 545 of a silicon thin film.
- the semiconductor layer 545 can be, for example, single crystal silicon (SOI (Silicon on Insulator)) formed over the insulating layer 546 over the silicon substrate 540.
- SOI Silicon on Insulator
- An insulating layer 543 having a function of preventing diffusion of hydrogen is provided between the region where the OS transistor is formed and the region where the Si transistor is formed. Hydrogen in the insulating layer provided in the vicinity of the channel formation region of the Si transistor terminates dangling bonds of silicon. On the other hand, hydrogen in the insulating layer provided in the vicinity of the channel formation region of the OS transistor is one of the factors generating carriers in the oxide semiconductor layer.
- the insulating layer 543 can improve the reliability of the Si transistor by confining hydrogen in one of the layers. Further, by suppressing the diffusion of hydrogen from one layer to the other layer, the reliability of the OS transistor can also be improved.
- the insulating layer 543 for example, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, gallium oxide, gallium oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), or the like can be used.
- aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, gallium oxide, gallium oxide, yttrium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, hafnium oxide, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), or the like can be used.
- FIG. 18B is a cross-sectional view in the case of using a pn junction type photodiode in which the photoelectric conversion layer is a selenium-based material shown in FIG. 16D for the layer 561 of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. .
- the layer 561 can be formed directly on the layer 563.
- the details of the layers 561, 562, 563 can be referred to the above description.
- Embodiment 4 In this embodiment, electronic components that can be used for the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- FIG. 20A is an example of a surface mounting component.
- the semiconductor device 611 is fixed on the package substrate 612 and electrically connected to the lead 614 through the wire 615.
- a package cover 613 is provided on the top, and the semiconductor device 611 is sealed.
- a sensor element of the semiconductor device 611 a photoelectric conversion element or a heat sensitive element is preferably used.
- a resin or the like that transmits light to be detected may be used for the package cover 613.
- FIG. 20B is an example of a lead part.
- the semiconductor device 621 is enclosed in a metal can 622 and a detection window is provided on the upper side thereof.
- a lens may be combined so that light and heat gather in the window.
- Leads 623 are provided under the metal cans 622 to facilitate through-hole mounting.
- a sensor element of the semiconductor device 621 a photoelectric conversion element or a heat sensitive element is preferably used.
- FIG. 20C is an example of the image sensor, and is a perspective view of the package illustrated with the cover glass 634 and a part of the adhesive 633 omitted.
- An electrode pad 635 is formed on the package substrate 632, and the electrode pad 635 is electrically connected to the bump on the back surface through the through hole.
- the electrode pads 635 are electrically connected to the semiconductor devices 631 provided in a matrix by wires 636.
- a sensor element of the semiconductor device 631 a photoelectric conversion element or a heat sensitive element is preferably used.
- FIG. 20D is an example of a sheet sensor.
- the substrate 642 By providing the semiconductor devices of one embodiment of the present invention in a matrix over the substrate 642, a large-area sheet sensor can be formed. From the viewpoint of convenience, the substrate 642 preferably has flexibility. Electrical connection with the outside is made through a flexible printed circuit (FPC) 643.
- FPC flexible printed circuit
- FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating a combination of the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention and a neural network (artificial intelligence).
- the semiconductor device is an image sensor and the analog memory described in the above embodiment is used as a neural network will be described.
- the sensor element (photoelectric conversion element) corresponds to the human eye.
- the information output from the photoelectric conversion element is input to the OS / Si hybrid arithmetic circuit.
- the OS / Si hybrid arithmetic circuit has a pixel circuit formed of an OS transistor and an arithmetic circuit formed of a Si transistor.
- the pixel circuit and the arithmetic circuit are elements of the product-sum arithmetic circuit, and correspond to the human optic nerve.
- the product-sum operation circuit has an OS memory (OS transistor + analog memory configured by holding node), and performs analog operation (multiplication, addition, etc.) of input signals.
- a weighted signal can be output from the product-sum operation circuit, and the information output from the photoelectric conversion element can be recognized by determining or analyzing the signal with an LSI circuit. That is, the LSI circuit corresponds to a human brain.
- the LSI circuit can be configured of, for example, a Si transistor.
- FIG. 21 shows the flow of information in the horizontal direction for easy understanding, but in an actual configuration, each element can be stacked in the vertical direction. Therefore, the pixel circuit, the arithmetic circuit, the OS memory, and the LSI circuit can have overlapping regions, which can reduce the chip area. Further, the wiring connecting each element can be replaced with a plug or the like, and the wiring resistance and the parasitic capacitance can be reduced, so that the operation can be speeded up.
- the above configuration is capable of massively parallel processing corresponding to the number of pixels, and can be applied to highly difficult parallel computation which becomes a problem when making machine learning into hardware.
- analog arithmetic since analog arithmetic is used, the frequency of data exchange between the arithmetic circuit and the memory can be reduced, and energy loss can be reduced.
- Applications include, for example, wide dynamic range of images, image correction for up-conversion, etc., object recognition during automatic driving of vehicles, prevention of decrease in recognition due to lights of oncoming vehicles (spurious noise removal), etc. be able to.
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である半導体装置について、図面を参照して説明する。
図3(A)は、センサ素子101の動作に対してノードNSの電位が可逆的に変化しない半導体装置100aの回路図である。例えば、センサ素子101には光電変換素子を用いることができる。または、図3(B)に示すように、圧電素子または感熱素子を用いることもできる。光電変換素子としてフォトダイオードを用いる場合は、フォトダイオードのアノードとノードNSを電気的に接続する。
図4(A)は、図3(A)に示す半導体装置100aの変形例である半導体装置100bの回路図である。
図5(A)は、ノードNSをリセットするためのトランジスタを省いた半導体装置100cの回路図である。当該構成では、ノードNSのリセット動作がセンサ素子101を介して行われるため、センサ素子101は非線形特性を有する素子に限定される。例えば、センサ素子101にはフォトダイオードを用いることができ、フォトダイオードのアノードがノードNSに電気的に接続される。フォトダイオードのカソードは配線112と電気的に接続することができるため、電源線の一つを削減することができる。
図6(A)は、図5(A)に示す半導体装置100cの変形例である半導体装置100dの回路図である。
図7(A)は、センサ素子101の動作に対してノードNSの電位が可逆的に変化する半導体装置100eの回路図である。例えば、センサ素子101には自己の状態に応じて容量値が変化する素子を用いることができる。具体的には、前述した誘電率の温度依存性の大きいPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)、PVDF−TrFE(ポリフッ化ビニリデン−三フッ化エチレン共重合体)などの有機材料を一対の電極間に有した可変容量素子などが挙げられる。当該可変容量素子では、特定の温度範囲において、温度の上昇とともに誘電率も上昇する。
図8(A)は、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を一要素とした発振器200を説明する図である。発振器200は奇数個の回路ブロック150を有し、初段の入力端子が最後段の出力端子と電気的に接続されるリングオシレータ型の発振器である。なお、回路ブロック150は1段であって、当該回路ブロック150の入力端子と出力端子が電気的に接続されていてもよい。
図9(A)は、図8(A)に示す回路ブロック150の他の構成例を示す図である。遅延回路152は、センサ素子131と、トランジスタ132、133、134と、容量素子135を有する。センサ素子131としては、センサ素子101と同じ素子を用いることができる。トランジスタ132は、トランジスタ102と同様に第1のゲートおよび第2のゲートを有する。
図10(A)は、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を複数有するセンサ装置を説明するブロック図である。センサ装置は、センサアレイ180、回路170、回路171、回路172および回路173を有する。センサアレイ180は、マトリクス状に配置された回路160を有する。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態1で説明した応用例に用いることのできるニューラルネットワークに用いることが可能な半導体装置の構成例について説明する。
図12に、ニューラルネットワークの演算を行う機能を有する半導体装置MACの構成例を示す。半導体装置MACは、ニューロン間の結合強度(重み)に対応する第1のデータと、入力データに対応する第2のデータの積和演算を行う機能を有する。なお、第1のデータおよび第2のデータはそれぞれ、アナログデータまたは多値のデータ(離散的なデータ)とすることができる。また、半導体装置MACは、積和演算によって得られたデータを活性化関数によって変換する機能を有する。
上記の半導体装置MACを用いて、第1のデータと第2のデータの積和演算を行うことができる。以下、積和演算を行う際の半導体装置MACの動作例を説明する。
まず、時刻T01−T02において、配線WL[1]の電位がハイレベル(High)となり、配線WD[1]の電位が接地電位(GND)よりもVPR−VW[1,1]大きい電位となり、配線WDrefの電位が接地電位よりもVPR大きい電位となる。また、配線RW[1]、および配線RW[2]の電位が基準電位(REFP)となる。なお、電位VW[1,1]はメモリセルMC[1,1]に格納される第1のデータに対応する電位である。また、電位VPRは参照データに対応する電位である。これにより、メモリセルMC[1,1]およびメモリセルMCref[1]が有するトランジスタTr11がオン状態となり、ノードNM[1,1]の電位がVPR−VW[1,1]、ノードNMref[1]の電位がVPRとなる。
次に、時刻T05−T06において、配線RW[1]の電位が基準電位よりもVX[1]大きい電位となる。このとき、メモリセルMC[1,1]、およびメモリセルMCref[1]のそれぞれの容量素子C11には電位VX[1]が供給され、容量結合によりトランジスタTr12のゲートの電位が上昇する。なお、電位VX[1]はメモリセルMC[1,1]およびメモリセルMCref[1]に供給される第2のデータに対応する電位である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の半導体装置の具体的な構成などについて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の半導体装置に用いることのできる電子部品について説明する。
Claims (13)
- センサ素子と、第1のトランジスタと、第2のトランジスタと、第3のトランジスタと、を有し、
前記センサ素子は一対の電極を有し、
前記第1のトランジスタは、第1のゲートと、前記第1のゲートと半導体層を介して対向する第2のゲートと、を有し、
前記センサ素子の一方の電極は前記第1のゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第1のゲートは前記第3のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は前記第2のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記半導体層は金属酸化物を有する半導体装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記センサ素子は、光電変換素子、圧電素子、または感熱素子である半導体装置。 - フォトダイオードと、第1のトランジスタと、第2のトランジスタと、を有し、
前記第1のトランジスタは、第1のゲートと、前記第1のゲートと半導体層を介して対向する第2のゲートと、を有し、
前記フォトダイオードの一方の電極は前記第1のゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は前記第2のトランジスタのゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は前記フォトダイオードの他方の電極と電気的に接続され、
前記半導体層は金属酸化物を有する半導体装置。 - 請求項1または3において、
さらに容量素子を有し、
前記第2のトランジスタのゲートに前記容量素子の一方の電極が電気的に接続されている半導体装置。 - 請求項1または3において、
さらに第4のトランジスタを有し、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方に前記第4のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方が電気的に接続されている半導体装置。 - 請求項5において、
さらにシフトレジスタ回路およびA/Dコンバータ回路を有し、
前記第4のトランジスタのゲートは前記シフトレジスタ回路と電気的に接続され、
前記第4のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方は前記A/Dコンバータ回路と電気的に接続されている半導体装置。 - 請求項1または3において、
さらにインバータ回路およびカウンタ回路を有し、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方に前記インバータ回路の出力端子が電気的に接続され、
前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方に前記インバータ回路の入力端子が電気的に接続され、
前記インバータ回路の入力端子に前記カウンタ回路の入力端子が電気的に接続されている半導体装置。 - 奇数個の回路ブロックが直列に接続され、初段の入力端子と最後段の出力端子が電気的に接続する半導体装置であって、
前記回路ブロックはインバータ回路と、遅延回路と、を有し、
前記遅延回路は、センサ素子と、第1のトランジスタと、第2のトランジスタと、第3のトランジスタと、を有し、
前記センサ素子は一対の電極を有し、
前記第1のトランジスタは、第1のゲートと、前記第1のゲートと半導体層を介して対向する第2のゲートと、を有し、
前記センサ素子の一方の電極は前記第1のゲートと電気的に接続され、
前記第1のゲートは前記第3のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第2のゲートは前記第2のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方と電気的に接続され、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの一方は、前記インバータ回路の出力端子と電気的に接続され、
前記半導体層は金属酸化物を有し、
前記インバータ回路の入力端子を前記回路ブロックの入力端子とし、
前記第1のトランジスタのソースまたはドレインの他方を前記回路ブロックの出力端子とする半導体装置。 - 請求項8において、
前記センサ素子は、光電変換素子、圧電素子、または感熱素子である半導体装置。 - 請求項8または9において、
前記センサ素子は、全ての回路ブロックにおいて共有されている半導体装置。 - 請求項8または9において、
前記第3のトランジスタは、全ての回路ブロックにおいて共有されている半導体装置。 - 請求項1、3、及び8のいずれか一項において、
前記金属酸化物は、Inと、Znと、M(MはAl、Ti、Ga、Sn、Y、Zr、La、Ce、NdまたはHf)と、を有する半導体装置。 - 請求項1、3、及び8のいずれか一項に記載の半導体装置と、リードと、を有する電子部品。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2019526388A JP7139327B2 (ja) | 2017-06-27 | 2018-06-15 | 半導体装置および電子部品 |
| KR1020197038542A KR102637438B1 (ko) | 2017-06-27 | 2018-06-15 | 반도체 장치 및 전자 부품 |
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| KR20230039668A (ko) * | 2020-07-17 | 2023-03-21 | 가부시키가이샤 한도오따이 에네루기 켄큐쇼 | 반도체 장치 및 전자 기기 |
| US12183835B2 (en) * | 2021-11-17 | 2024-12-31 | Electronics And Telecommunications Research Institute | Synaptic device |
| CN116166183A (zh) * | 2021-11-25 | 2023-05-26 | 爱思开海力士有限公司 | 存储装置及控制器的操作方法 |
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Also Published As
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| JP7139327B2 (ja) | 2022-09-20 |
| KR102637438B1 (ko) | 2024-02-15 |
| KR20200021480A (ko) | 2020-02-28 |
| JPWO2019003037A1 (ja) | 2020-07-02 |
| US11367739B2 (en) | 2022-06-21 |
| US20210159252A1 (en) | 2021-05-27 |
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